https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-7111
Figures
Abstract
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a common respiratory disease in the high altitude area, which is rapid and harmful. We firstly conducted a case-control study to assess the potential association of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms with HAPE susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. The study recruited 238 patients with HAPE and 230 healthy controls in Northwest China. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples, and gene polymorphisms were detected using the Agena MassARRAY platform. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and P-value were used to evaluate the relationship between HAPE risk and CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms. Multi-factor dimension reduction (MDR) was used to assess the optimal interaction of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms on HAPE risk. We found rs3093193 was shown to reduce the risk of HAPE (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.93, P = 0.014), while rs12459936 was increased the susceptibility to HAPE (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.33–3.26, P = 0.001). Age stratified analysis revealed that rs3093193 and rs12459936 were correlated with HAPE risk in people at age > 32 years old, and rs3093193 and rs3093110 were correlated with the HAPE risk in people at age ≤ 32 years old. Gender stratification analysis was found that rs3093193, rs12459936, and rs3093110 were all related to HAPE risk in males. A combination of rs12459936 and rs3093110 was the best multi-loci model with the highest testing accuracy. Our study is the first to provide the association between CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms and HAPE risk in the Chinese Han population.
Citation: Si L, Wang H, Wang R, Tsering L, Long Q, Jiang Y, et al. (2023) Suggestive evidence of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms with HAPE susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. PLoS ONE 18(1): e0280136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280136
Editor: Jed N. Lampe, University of Colorado Denver Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNITED STATES
Received: March 25, 2022; Accepted: December 20, 2022; Published: January 12, 2023
Copyright: © 2023 Si et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by grants for a Keypoint Research and Invention Program of Qinghai Provincial (grant no. 2022-SF-139 to YL Zhao), for a project under the Basic Research of the Qinghai Natural Science Fund (grant no. 2022-ZJ-754 to LN Si).
Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
1. Introduction
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a hypoxia-induced non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which may have a further development when healthy individuals are first quickly ascended and exposed to altitude above 2500m [1]. HAPE, a kind of high permeability type of life-threatening pulmonary edema, is characterized by excessive pulmonary arterial hypertension [2,3] and its common symptoms are cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, and fatigue [4]. HAPE with its rapid occurrence and development can bloom into a coma or even life-threatening in an unexpected short time if left untreated [5]. However, the pathogenesis and influencing factors of HAPE remain to be studied. As is known to all, hypoxia induction is one of the principal elements in the occurrence of HAPE [6]. What’s more, hypoxia can also induce inflammation [7]. The inflammatory mediator is a vital and essential regulator of increasing vascular permeability and vasodilatation [8]. The increase of vascular permeability and vasoconstriction of diastolic imbalance is a crucial mechanism of acute high-altitude sickness. The bronchoalveolar fluid of patients with HAPE contains a large number of alveolar macrophages and detectable amounts of inflammatory factors such as leukotriene-B4 and other lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism [9,10].
CYP4F2, which is a member of 4 subfamily F2 of the cytochrome P450 family, is a member of the cytochrome P450 enzyme superfamily as well. Gilroy et al. stated that the expression of CYP4F2, CYP4F3, and CYP4A family enzymes was upregulated during inflammation [11]. Additionally, CYP4F2-encoded enzymes start the process of inactivating and degrading leukotriene B4, a potent mediator of inflammation [12]. Furthermore, CYP4F2 related pathway also includes arachidonic acid metabolism, which can be metabolize arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Arachidonic acid is also an important inflammatory cytokine, and its metabolic network is the core of the inflammatory metabolic network [13]. CYP4F2-derived 20-HETE is known to have the characteristics of prehypertension and angiogenesis promotions [14]. Therefore, we propose a reasonable hypothesis that the pathogenesis of HAPE is related to CYP4F2. Previously, polymorphisms of CYP4F2 were reported to be linked with the susceptibility to pulmonary disease including lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [15,16], but not HAPE. Our study is the first to discuss the relationship between CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms and HAPE risk in the Chinese Han population.
Here, we perform a hospital-based case-control study to explore the correlation of the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP4F2 at allele, genotype, and SNP-SNP interface with HAPE susceptibility among Chinese Han population.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Participants
Patients with HAPE treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University were enrolled as the case group. This research sought the consent of the Human Research Committee of Qinghai University (AF-RHEC-0018-01) and was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines. During recruitment, the purpose of this study was well informed to the participants and written informed consent was obtained from each of them. The diagnosis of patients with HAPE was dependent on the standard criteria, including cough, dyspnea, cyanosis at rest, and imagological examination like X-ray radiograph, computed tomography (CT) of the patient chest or magnetic resonance imaging. All the patients with HAPE eventually showed that their chest has chest radiographic troves of infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema. Healthy individuals who had a checkup in the hospital during the same period were recruited as the control group. Healthy controls were unrelated to each other and had no HAPE or related pulmonary diseases after exposure to 4000m altitude within 7 days. Each subject that we recruited in present study was healthy people without any previous history of cancers, cardiopulmonary and infectious diseases, or any other genetic diseases. Healthy controls were matched based on age. Finally, 238 patients with HAPE and 230 healthy individuals were enrolled in our study from 01/2019 to 12/2020. DNA extraction is performed immediately after the collected samples. Genotyping is performed after the collection and check of samples and clinical information (within 30 days after the completion of sample collection). All the subjects were the Han population in Northwest China and had no relation with each other.
2.2. SNP selection and genotyping
Peripheral blood samples of each subject (about 5 mL) were collected in tubes coated with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). All samples were stored at -80°C. After being centrifugated, the whole blood cells were collected for further analysis [17]. Then, genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood using a GoldMag whole blood genomic DNA purification kit (GoldMag Co. Ltd., Xi an, China) and following the manufacturer’s guidelines, and DNA quantity was assessed utilizing the NanoDrop 2000C spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Four SNPs (rs2881766, rs9383951, rs9340799, and rs3020449) in CYP4F2 were involved in our study based on the 1,000 Genomes Project (http://www.1000genomes.org/) and the dbSNP (https: //www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/) databases. The minor allele frequency (MAF) value > 0.05 was also applied to select candidate SNPs. The potential function of SNPs in CYP4F2 was identified using HaploReg v4.1 in Table 1 (https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php). Agena MassARRAY Assay Design 3.0 Software (San Diego, California, USA) was used to design the primers for amplification and single-based extension. The corresponding primers of the selected SNPs in this study are listed in Table 2. SNP genotyping was carried out by two laboratory personnel in a double-blinded manner using the Agena MassARRAY system (Agena, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.). Agena Bioscience TYPER version 4.0 software was used for data analysis. In order to verify the accuracy of genotyping, approximately 10% of the samples were randomly selected for repeated genotyping and the reproducibility was 100%.
2.3. Functional enrichment analysis
The CYP4F2-other interactions in our study were predicted with STRING (https://string-db.org/). After STRING database analysis, we obtained the gene interaction related to file package, and then through the analysis of the Cytoscape software to generate gene interaction result. Gene function analysis at the gene ontology (GO) level and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were performed using R package clusterProfiler. Furthermore, the NCBI Gene (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/) were used to search for HAPE susceptible genes by entering the key words of ‘High altitude pulmonary edema and susceptibility’. Here, 39 genes were found. We mixed these genes and CYP4F2 related genes to perform PPI, GO and KEGG.
2.4. Statistical analysis
The differences of basic characteristics between the cases and controls were compared using Student’s t-test or χ2 test. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was used for selected SNPs among controls, and the differences in genotypes distribution between cases and controls were examined using χ2 test. We evaluated the relationship of four SNPs with HAPE risk based on the five different genetic models that A and a are used to represent the major and minor alleles, respectively: the allele (a vs. A), codominant (homozygote model: aa vs. AA; heterozygote model: Aa vs. AA), recessive (aa vs. AA + Aa), dominant (Aa + aa vs. AA), log-additive models. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age and gender using the PLINK software. Stratified analysis was also performed by gender and age to find out the relationship between each SNP and HAPE risk in different subgroups. Multi-factor dimension reduction (MDR) was used to assess the optimal interaction of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms on HAPE risk. False-positive report probability (FPRP) analysis was applied to assess the significant relationship of concerns. FPRP threshold was set at 0.2 for the significant relationship under investigation. A two-sided P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using the software SPSS software package (version 20.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows [18].
3. Results
3.1. The basic characteristics of study subjects
A total of 468 subjects including 238 patients with HAPE (220 males and 18 females) and 230 healthy individuals (213 males and 17 females) were enrolled in this study. The mean age and standard deviation of the cases and controls were 32.35 ± 10.78 years and 33.45 ± 9.05 years, respectively. As shown in Table 3, there was no significant difference between the case and control groups in regards to the distribution of gender and age (P = 0.915 and 0.236, respectively).
3.2. Basic information and preliminary statistics of the selected SNPs
The basic information of the four SNPs was presented in Table 4. We genotyped the four SNPs (rs3093193, rs12459936, rs3093144, and rs3093110), and their genotyping success rates were > 99.0%. The genotype distribution of all SNPs in the control group were in accordance with HWE (P > 0.05). The allele frequency of rs3093193 was significantly different between healthy controls and HAPE patients, and rs3093193 was significantly correlated with a reduced risk of HAPE (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.93, P = 0.014). However, the other three SNPs (rs12459936, rs3093144, and rs3093110) were not significantly associated with HAPE risk in the allele model (P = 0.099, 0.252, and 0.050, respectively).
3.3. Associations between genotype frequencies and HAPE susceptibility
Multiple inheritance models (dominant, recessive, additive, and codominant) were applied for analyzing the association between each SNP and HAPE risk (Table 5). Among four CYP4F2 polymorphisms, rs3093193 was found to reduce HAPE risk in the dominant (C/G-G/G vs. C/C: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46–0.95, P = 0.027) and log-additive (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.94, P = 0.017) models. As for rs12459936, an increased risk of HAPE was found in the codominant (C/T vs. C/C: OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.33–3.26, P = 0.001) and dominant (C/T-T/T vs. C/C: OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.23–2.88, P = 0.003) models. The other two SNPs (rs3093144 and rs3093110) were not related to HAPE susceptibility (P > 0.05).
3.4. Stratification analysis of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms and HAPE risk
Stratified analysis regarding the impact of CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms on HAPE according to age was displayed in Table 6. The results indicated that rs3093193 was correlated with a decreased HAPE risk at age ≤ 32 years in the allele (OR = 0.63, P = 0.028), codominant (G/G vs. C/C: OR = 0.28, P = 0.024) and recessive (G/G vs. C/C-C/G: OR = 0.30, P = 0.027) models. Rs12459936 was related to enhance the HAPE risk at age ≤ 32 years in the allele (OR = 1.52, P = 0.022), codominant (C/T vs. C/C: OR = 2.92, P = 0.001; T/T vs. C/C: OR = 2.30, P = 0.027), dominant (C/T-T/T vs. C/C: OR = 2.69, P = 0.002) and log-additive (OR = 1.52, P = 0.026) models. Besides, two loci (rs3093193 and rs3093110) of CYP4F2 were observed to be associated with the decreased HAPE risk at age > 32 years. Rs3093193 was correlated with a decreased HAPE risk at age > 32 years in the codominant model (C/G vs. C/C: OR = 0.57, P = 0.046). Rs3093110 was associated with a decreased HAPE risk at age > 32 years under the allele (OR = 0.53, P = 0.034), codominant (A/G vs. A/A: OR = 0.42, P = 0.013), dominant (A/G-G/G vs. A/A: OR = 0.44, P = 0.016), and log-additive (OR = 0.52, P = 0.034) models.
Furthermore, we conducted another stratified analysis of gender adjusted for age as shown in Table 7. In males, rs3093193 was correlated with a decreased risk of HAPE in the allele (OR = 0.67, P = 0.010), codominant (C/G vs. C/C: OR = 0.65, P = 0.036), dominant (C/G-G/G vs. C/C: OR = 0.62, P = 0.015) and log-additive (OR = 0.67, P = 0.011) models. Rs12459936 was related to an increased risk of HAPE in the codominant (C/T vs. C/C: OR = 2.12, P = 0.002) and dominant (C/T-T/T vs. C/C: OR = 1.94, P = 0.003) models. Rs3093110 was related to a reduced HAPE risk in the allele (OR = 0.61, P = 0.026) and log-additive (OR = 0.63, P = 0.034) models. No significant correlation between the genotype of rs3093144 and HAPE risk was observed.
3.5. MDR analysis for SNP-SNP interaction in CYP4F2 with HAPE risk
MDR analysis was used for SNP-SNP interaction in CYP4F2 with HAPE risk (Table 8 and Fig 1). Rs12459936 was the best single-locus model for HAPE risk (testing accuracy, 0.559; P = 0.002; cross-validation consistency, 10/10). Rs12459936rs3093110 was the best multi-loci model with the highest testing accuracy (testing accuracy, 0.5131). Fig 1 revealed the additive effect between rs12459936-CT and rs3093110-AA on conferring risk towards the susceptibility to HAPE.
(A) Single-locus model. (B) Two-locus model. Each cell shows counts of “case” on left and “control” on right.
3.6. FPRP analysis for the association of CYP4F2 with HAPE risk
FPRP analysis was used to assess whether the important findings were worthy of attention (Table 9). At a prior probability level of 0.1, the significant relationship for rs3093193 (FPRP = 0.112, 0.197 and 0.139) and rs12459936 (FPRP = 0.028, and 0.052) was still noteworthy in the overall analysis. The significant finding for rs12459936 (FPRP = 0.181, 0.088, 0.074, and 0.193) in the subgroup at age 32 years remained noteworthy. Moreover, the relationship on rs3093193 (FPRP = 0.088, 0.132 and 0.088) and rs12459936 (FPRP = 0.032 and 0.051) in males was also positive at the prior probability level of 0.1.
3.7. Gene interaction, gene ontology, and KEGG analysis
Fig 2 showed the results of functional enrichment analysis. The interaction of CYP4F2 with other protein (top 10) was displayed in Fig 2A. Go analysis results are divided into three parts: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. The possible function of CYP4F2 was related to omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway, regulation of blood pressure, organelle membrane, heme binding, iron ion binding, and oxidoreductase activity (Fig 2B and 2C).
(A) The interaction of CYP4F2 with other protein (top 10). The yellow circle represents the CYP4F2, while red circles delineate other proteins. (B) The KEGG analysis. The KEGG pathway with corresponding adjusted p-values analyzed by clusterProfiler, which are displayed in a dot plot. The color scales indicated the different thresholds of adjusted p-values, and the sizes of the dots represented the gene count of each term. (C) Gene ontology analysis. The x-axis shows significantly enriched ‘biological process (green)’ categories, ‘cellular component (orange)’ categories and ‘molecular function (purple)’ categories associated with the targets; the y-axis shows the enrichment scores (P value) of these terms. (D) The flow chart. The study recruited 238 patients with HAPE and 230 healthy controls. Rs3093193 was shown to reduce the risk of HAPE, while rs12459936 was increased the susceptibility to HAPE.
S1 Fig displayed the results of functional enrichment analysis for HAPE susceptible genes and CYP4F2 related genes. PPI results (S1A Fig) displayed that there was interaction between these genes. These HAPE susceptible genes may participate in the CYP gene related signal pathway and CYP4F2 may also participate in the related inflammatory through CYP2E1 and CYP11B2. These studies suggest that CYP2E1 and CYP11B2 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HAPE, and we will further study the correlation between polymorphisms in these genes and HAPE susceptibility. KEGG analysis displayed that these genes were associated with arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, HIF-1 signaling pathway, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, retinol metabolism, drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, vascular smooth muscle contraction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and pathways in cancer (S1B and S1C Fig).
4. Discussion
In the study, rs3093193 was shown to reduce the risk of HAPE, while rs12459936 conferred an increased susceptibility to HAPE in the Chinese Han population (Fig 2D). Age stratified analysis revealed that rs3093193 and rs12459936 were correlated with the HAPE risk in the subgroup at age ≤ 32 years, and rs3093193 and rs3093110 were correlated with the HAPE risk at age > 32 years. In males, rs3093193, rs12459936, and rs3093110 were related to HAPE risk. SNP-SNP interaction analysis revealed the additive effect between rs12459936-CT and rs3093110-AA on conferring risk towards the susceptibility to HAPE. A comprehensive search in PubMed, Embase, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases was conducted using the search terms: “CYP4F2 and HAPE/ High altitude pulmonary edema”. As far as we know, this is the first study to evaluate the correlation of CYP4F2 SNPs with HAPE risk in the Chinese Han population.
Severe hypoxia induced by HAPE is prone to immunogenic changes and involvement in the development of HAPE, leading to significant changes in the prevalence of immune function during HAPE [19]. Inflammatory markers of leukotriene B4, arachidonic acid, CRP, and CCR5 are upregulated in response to high altitude, and hypoxia-induced inflammation at high altitude may contribute to the development of HAPE [20,21]. The CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms, known as a major member of the CYP450 subfamily, is located on chromosome 19p13.12 and encodes o-hydroxylase. CYP4F2 is the major catalyst of 20-HETE formation in human liver and kidney microsomes. In addition to CYP4Fs catalyzing the formation of 20-HETE, these enzymes also ω-hydroxylate and deactivate proinflammatory 5-, 8-, and 12-HETE, suggesting the dual roles for the P450 ω-hydroxylases in both the initiation and resolution phases of inflammation [22]. 20-HETE protects pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) under normoxia and hypoxia [23]. CYP4Fs/20-HETE has been reported to enhance angiogenesis, pulmonary vascular tone, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase function [24]. These suggested that CYP4F2 might have an important pathogenesis on HAPE.
HAPE is a potentially fatal disease caused by nonuniform hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, leading to pulmonary capillary stress failure and a high-permeability pulmonary edema [25]. A previous study showed that some individuals are more susceptible to HAPE than others when exposed to identical hypoxic conditions, suggesting that genetic susceptibility might contribute to an individual’s risk of HAPE [26]. Several genetic studies have demonstrated that a genetic susceptibility may play a vital role in the development of HAPE, such as ACE, EDN1, ACYP2, RTEL1, and VEGF [27,28]. It is reported that some SNPs in CYP4F2 gene, such as rs3093105, rs3093135, rs3093200, rs1558139, and rs2108622, can cause an increase or decrease risk in o-hydroxylase activity, which results in altered levels of 20-HETE production [29]. Studies have also shown that rs1558139 and rs2108622 can lead to an increased or decreased activity of the CYP4F2 gene [30]. Furthermore, studies show that SNPs of the CYP4F2 gene are associated with various diseases, such as hypertension [31,32], cerebral infarction [33], myocardial infarction [34–36], and metabolic syndrome [37]. In the present case-control study, our results first showed that rs3093193 and rs12459936 in CYP4F2 were linked to the risk of HAPE in the Chinese Han population. Based on HaploReg database, rs3093193 and rs12459936 might be related to the regulation of enhancer histone, motifs changed, and/or selected eQTL hits. Considering the established function of SNPs and their influence on gene expression, we speculated that SNPs may affect the occurrence risk of HAPE by changing the expression of CYP4F2 or its o-hydroxylase activity. However, the mechanisms still need more functional studies to testify.
Age is not a risk factor for altitude illness, and in fact, it may be protective against severe altitude illness [38]. Age stratified analysis revealed that rs3093193 was correlated with a decreased HAPE risk in both the subgroup with age ≤ 32 years and > 32 years. Moreover, rs12459936 was related to enhance the HAPE risk in people at age ≤ 32 years, while rs3093110 was associated with a decreased HAPE risk in people at age > 32 years. Male may be at greater risk for HAPE [39]. In males, rs3093193 and rs3093110 were correlated with a decreased risk of HAPE, while rs12459936 improved. These findings may suggest that genetic susceptibility to HAPE differs by age and sex, and emphasizes the importance of considering heterogeneity in hereditary and HAPE association studies.
A previous study reported a genome-wide association study of high-altitude pulmonary edema in Han Chinese, and GO and pathway enrichment analysis displayed that these genes were significantly correlated with arachidonic acid metabolism and other metabolism [40]. A study found that plasma retinol binding precursor showed overexpression in HAPE patients as compared to controls [41], suggesting retinol metabolism related inflammatory response system might be linked to the pathophysiology of HAPE. Through gene interaction and functional enrichment analysis, we found that CYP4F2 gene was related to arachidonic acid metabolism and retinol metabolism, suggesting that CYP4F2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of HAPE. Although we first investigated the association of rs3093193, rs12459936 and rs3093110 in CYP4F2 on HAPE susceptibility, there are still some potential limitations. First and foremost, all participants were recruited from the identical hospitals, which may result in a selection offset. Next, the number of cases in our study was not huge and sufficient, and our study population was all Chinese Han people which can’t preclude false-negative results and cannot be extrapolated to other populations. Then, CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms may be related to the development of HAPE, but the mechanisms had not been studied. Further functional studies and a large number of well-designed studies are still needed to further clarify the effect of CYP4F2 polymorphisms on HAPE. Finally, due to the lack of information on the comorbidities, this study failed to assess the association of genetic variants with HAPE comorbidities. In the future, we would like to enlarge sample size and complete these data to evaluate the relationship.
In conclusion, our study is the first to offer some useful and substantial information on the association between CYP4F2 gene polymorphisms and HAPE risk in the Chinese Han population, which may provide new data to facilitate earlier diagnosis and promote early prevention and control, and shed light on the new candidate genes and new ideas for the study.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. Functional enrichment analysis for HAPE susceptible genes and CYP4F2 related genes.
(A) The protein and protein interaction of HAPE susceptible genes and CYP4F2 related genes. (B) Gene ontology analysis. The x-axis shows significantly enriched GO categories associated with the targets; the y-axis shows the enrichment scores (P value) of these terms. (C) The KEGG analysis. The KEGG pathway with corresponding adjusted p-values analyzed by clusterProfiler. The color scales indicated the different thresholds of adjusted p-values.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280136.s001
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Peng Li and Suna Tian in preparing the figures.
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