https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-607X
Figures
Abstract
Background
Patients with advanced fibrosis are at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) even after hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. We previously reported that serum fucosylated haptoglobin (Fuc-Hp) levels increase as the disease progresses from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and then HCC. However, it remains unclear whether serum Fuc-Hp levels can stratify the risk of HCC occurrence after a sustained virological response (SVR) is achieved with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in patients with advanced liver fibrosis.
Methods
Among 3,550 patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with DAAs at Osaka University Hospital and related hospitals, the stored sera of 140 patients who were diagnosed with F3 or F4 by liver biopsy before DAA treatment, achieved SVR, and had no history of HCC were available at both baseline and the end of treatment (EOT). We measured the Fuc-Hp levels in these samples.
Results
The median serum levels of Fuc-Hp at EOT were significantly lower than those at baseline. During the 54.4-month follow-up period, 16 of 140 patients developed HCC. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that high Fuc-Hp at EOT, high body mass index (BMI), and low albumin at EOT were independent risk factors for HCC occurrence. Patients with all three factors—high Fuc-Hp, high BMI, and low albumin—had a higher incidence of HCC than patients without these factors.
Citation: Shirai K, Hikita H, Sakamori R, Doi A, Tahata Y, Sakane S, et al. (2022) Fucosylated haptoglobin is a novel predictive marker of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis C virus elimination in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. PLoS ONE 17(12): e0279416. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279416
Editor: Matias A. Avila, University of Navarra School of Medicine and Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), SPAIN
Received: September 28, 2022; Accepted: December 6, 2022; Published: December 21, 2022
Copyright: © 2022 Shirai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The present work is partly supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Research on Hepatitis from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; JP22fk0210064).
Competing interests: I have read the journal’s policy and would like to include amended declaration regarding competing interests: [Kumiko Shirai is on the speakers’ bureau for AbbVie GK. Hayato Hikita is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., and AbbVie GK. Ryotaro Sakamori is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., MSD, and AbbVie GK. Yuki Tahata is on the speakers’ bureau for AbbVie GK. Takahiro Kodama received grants from Gilead Sciences and is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., MSD, and AbbVie GK. Yasutoshi Nozaki is on the speakers’ bureau for AbbVie GK. Naruyasu Kakita is on the speakers’ bureau for AbbVie GK. Kazuho Imanaka is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., and AbbVie GK. Mitsuru Sakakibara is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., and AbbVie GK. Tetsuo Takehara received grants from Gilead Sciences, Inc., MSD, and AbbVie GK and is on the speakers’ bureau for Gilead Sciences, Inc., MSD, and AbbVie GK. All of them don’t have competing interests relating to employment, consultancy, patents, products in development, and marketed products. Furthermore, the present work is not supported by funding from these commercial sources. All other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Abbreviations: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; DAA, direct-acting antiviral; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EOT, end of treatment; FIB-4 index, fibrosis-4 index; Fuc-Hp, fucosylated haptoglobin; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV-RNA, hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid; M2BPGi, Mac 2-binding protein glycan isomer; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; SVR, sustained virological response
Introduction
The widespread availability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has dramatically changed the landscape of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy. Treatment with DAA is well tolerated, and patients with cirrhosis as well as chronic hepatitis C can safely and efficiently achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) [1–4]. Although achieving SVR reduces the incidence of subsequent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [5, 6], the risk of HCC occurrence may remain in some patients even after achieving SVR. In particular, patients with advanced fibrosis still have a high occurrence rate of HCC [3, 4, 7, 8]. Therefore, the guidelines of The European Association for the Study of the Liver recommend follow-up after achieving a virologic cure in patients with a METAVIR score of F3-F4 [9]. However, HCC surveillance after SVR with biannual abdominal ultrasound examinations has been reported to be less cost-effective in F3 patients [10]. Therefore, there is a need for markers that can efficiently predict the likelihood of developing HCC after SVR in patients with advanced liver fibrosis.
Fucosylation is one of the most important glycosylations involved in cancer and inflammation. We previously identified increases in fucosylated haptoglobin (Fuc-Hp) in the sera of patients with pancreatic cancer and succeeded in establishing a lectin antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system to measure serum Fuc-Hp levels [11]. Using this ELISA system, we found that serum Fuc-Hp levels increase as liver disease progresses from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis and then HCC [12]. Another group also reported that the Fuc-Hp/Hp ratio was useful as a diagnostic marker for HCC, even in patients with low alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) [13]. In chronic hepatitis C patients with histologically evaluated liver fibrosis stage, Fuc-Hp levels increase with the progression of fibrosis, and patients with higher Fuc-Hp levels at the time of liver biopsy have a higher incidence of subsequent HCC [14]. However, it remains unclear whether Fuc-Hp is an independent risk factor for HCC in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated whether Fuc-Hp could predict HCC development after SVR was achieved with DAA treatment, especially in patients with advanced liver fibrosis.
Materials and methods
Patients
The flowchart for patient enrollment in the present study is shown in Fig 1. There were 3,550 chronic hepatitis C patients without other liver diseases who were enrolled in a prospective observational study and received DAA treatments from September 2014 to May 2020 at Osaka University Hospital and related hospitals. Among the 3,550 patients, 321 patients were diagnosed with METAVIR scores of F3 and F4 [15] by liver biopsy before DAA treatments. A SVR was defined as no detectable serum hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) at 24 weeks after EOT, and 298 patients achieved SVR. We excluded patients with a history of HCC, patients whose sera from both pretreatment and EOT were not available, and patients without HCC surveillance after SVR; a total of 140 patients were included in the present study. This study was performed in accordance with the ethics guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Research Board of Osaka University Hospital (No. 17032). All patients signed written informed consent forms before participating in the study. Clinical information and sera are stored anonymized, and we do not have access to information that could identify individual participants during and after data collection.
Abbreviations: EOT, end of treatment; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; SVR, sustained virological response.
Treatment regimens
Patients with HCV genotype 1 were treated with 24 weeks of daclatasvir and asunaprevir, 12 weeks of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir, 12 weeks of ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir, 12 weeks of elbasvir and grazoprevir or 8–12 weeks of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir. Patients with HCV genotype 2 were treated with 12 weeks of sofosbuvir and ribavirin or 8–12 weeks of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir.
Follow-up and HCC surveillance
Prior to starting DAA treatment, all patients underwent ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm the absence of HCC at that time. The patients underwent HCC surveillance using ultrasonography and/or CT/MRI at least every 6 months after starting DAA treatment. HCC was diagnosed when contrast-enhanced CT or MRI showed typical imaging findings described by the guidelines of the Japanese Society of Hepatology [16]. The observation period began at EOT. The endpoint was the date when HCC was diagnosed in patients who developed HCC or the date of the most recent follow-up imaging test in patients who did not develop HCC before 30 November 2021.
ELISA for Fuc-Hp
The sera were stored at -80°C until analysis. The serum Fuc-Hp levels were determined using a lectin-antibody ELISA kit, as previously reported [11]. Briefly, the sera were added to an ELISA plate coated with the Fab fragment of an anti-haptoglobin polyclonal antibody to capture serum haptoglobin. Fucosylation of haptoglobin was detected using biotinylated Aleuria aurantia lectin.
Statistical analysis
Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze categorical data. Statistical analysis was performed with Mann–Whitney U tests to assess differences between unpaired groups and Wilcoxon Signed-rank sum test for paired groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic performance, and the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was used to evaluate predictive power. We compared the AUROC values with the Delong test. The Youden index was used to identify the optimal cutoff points. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to examine the factors associated with HCC occurrence. We chose age, sex, liver function markers, liver fibrosis markers, tumor markers and factors related to diabetes as factors to perform the Cox proportional hazards model according to previous reports [17–21]. The Kaplan‒Meier method was used to assess the cumulative incidence of HCC, and the groups were compared using the log-rank test. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using Prism v.9.2.0 for Windows.
Results
Serum fucosylated haptoglobin levels decrease at the end of treatment
The characteristics of the patients at baseline are summarized in S1 Table. The median serum Fuc-Hp level at EOT was 1330 relative unit, which was significantly lower than the 1684 relative unit at baseline (Fig 2). When divided the patients into two groups according to the median Fuc-Hp level, and patients with a higher Fuc-Hp level at baseline had higher aspartate transaminase (AST), higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), higher γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), higher type IV collagen 7S, and higher AFP at baseline (S2 Table). Patients who were female and had higher AST, higher ALT, higher total bilirubin, higher hyaluronic acid, higher type IV collagen 7S, and higher fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index at the end of treatment (EOT) were more likely to have higher Fuc-Hp levels at EOT (S3 Table).
Serum fucosylated haptoglobin levels at the end of treatment associate with HCC occurrence after SVR
HCC occurred in 16 patients during a median follow-up of 54.4 months (Fig 3). The cumulative HCC incidence rate was 2.2% at 1 year, 9.2% at 3 years, and 14.6% at 5 years (Fig 3). We examined whether Fuc-Hp levels at baseline or EOT were risk factors for HCC occurrence after SVR was achieved with DAA treatment using Cox proportional hazards models (Table 1). In univariate analysis, high BMI, high Fuc-Hp levels and low albumin levels at EOT were significant risk factors related to HCC occurrence after HCV elimination. A multivariate analysis incorporating these three factors showed that all three factors (Fuc-Hp, p = 0.0036, BMI, p = 0.0020, albumin, p = 0.018) independently contributed to HCC occurrence after HCV elimination.
Serum fucosylated haptoglobin levels combined with albumin levels and BMI stratify the risk of HCC development after SVR
The AUROCs of Fuc-Hp at EOT, BMI and albumin at EOT for predicting HCC occurrence within 3 or 5 years after SVR did not significantly differ among the three factors, according to the Delong test (Fig 4A, 4B). The optimal cutoff levels for HCC occurrence within 3 and 5 years after SVR, as calculated by the Youden index, were 1708 relative unit and 1708 relative unit for Fuc-Hp at EOT, 23.69 kg/m2 and 22.89 kg/m2 for BMI, and 3.7 g/dL and 4.1 g/dL for albumin at EOT, respectively. Based on the cutoff values calculated from the ROC curves for predicting HCC occurrence within 3 and 5 years after SVR, we set the cutoff values for Fuc-Hp, BMI, and albumin at 1700 relative unit, 23 kg/m2, and 3.8 g/dL, respectively. We divided patients into two groups based on each cutoff value and compared the cumulative HCC occurrence rates of each group. The cumulative HCC incidence rates in patients with Fuc-Hp levels at EOT ≥ 1700 relative unit and < 1700 relative unit were 15.3% and 6.2% at 3 years and 26.3% and 9.1% at 5 years, respectively (Fig 4C). The cumulative HCC incidence rates in patients with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 and < 23 kg/m2 were 13.1% and 5.4% at 3 years and 21.1% and 8.3% at 5 years, respectively (Fig 4D). The cumulative HCC incidence rates in patients with albumin levels ≥ 3.8 g/dL and < 3.8 g/dL were 5.1% and 18.6% at 3 years and 9.4% and 25.8% at 5 years, respectively (Fig 4E). Among patients with advanced liver fibrosis, those with Fuc-Hp ≥ 1700 relative unit, BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2, and albumin < 3.8 g/dL had a significantly higher incidence of HCC than patients not meeting these cutoffs, with a 25% incidence within 3 years and a 55% incidence within 4 years (Fig 4F). In contrast, none of the patients with Fuc-Hp < 1700 relative unit, BMI < 23 kg/m2, and albumin ≥ 3.8 g/dL developed HCC during the median 5-year observation period (Fig 4F).
(A) ROC curves of Fuc-Hp, BMI, and albumin for predicting HCC occurrence within 3 years after SVR. (B) ROC curves of Fuc-Hp, BMI, and albumin for predicting HCC occurrence within 5 years after SVR. (C-E) Kaplan–Meier curves for HCC occurrence after SVR stratified according to a Fuc-Hp level of 1700 relative unit (C), BMI of 23 kg/m2 (D), and albumin level of 3.8 g/dl (E). (F) Kaplan–Meier curves for HCC occurrence after SVR stratified into three groups according to the number of risk factors for HCC occurrence present: all, none, and one or two factors.
Discussion
In the present study, we identified that serum Fuc-Hp levels decreased after HCV elimination and that a high Fuc-Hp level at EOT was an independent factor contributing to the development of HCC after SVR in F3 and F4 patients. Based on Fuc-Hp levels at EOT, BMI, and albumin levels at EOT, we were able to stratify the risk of HCC occurrence after SVR among patients with advanced liver fibrosis.
Glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins and lipids [22]. There are two major types of glycosylation in glycoproteins, N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation [23]. Fucosylation is a type of glycan change in N-glycans and increases in states of inflammation [24]. Inflammatory stimuli, such as IL6, increase the expression of fucosylation regulatory genes [25]. It has been demonstrated that N-glycans of glycoproteins such as haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, α-fetoprotein, immunoglobulins, and others change during inflammation caused by hepatitis virus [26]. An in vitro examination showed that fucosylation levels are significantly increased by HCV infection in human hepatocytes [27]. Furthermore, haptoglobin is an acute phase protein mainly produced in the liver and increases in response to inflammatory stimuli [28]. Chronic HCV infection is accompanied by an increase in acute phase proteins, which are mostly glycoproteins [29]. Among chronic hepatitis C patients with pathological activity, patients with METAVIR scores of A1-3 have higher serum Fuc-Hp levels than those with A0 [12]. However, changes in serum Fuc-Hp levels after HCV elimination have not yet been reported. In the present study, we revealed that serum Fuc-Hp levels decreased after HCV elimination. It is speculated that the elimination of HCV reduces the inflammatory stimulus, resulting in a reduction in the amount of haptoglobin and its degree of fucosylation, both of which contribute to decreased serum Fuc-Hp levels after HCV elimination.
In the present study, a high Fuc-Hp level at EOT was an independent risk factor for the development of HCC after SVR. Altered glycosylation in serum proteins is a frequent event during tumor development and progression and thus served as a promising biomarker [30]. Fucosylation status is elevated in cancer tissue due to the induction of several glycosyltransferases, GDP-fucose production, and upregulation of the GDP-fucose transporter [31]. In addition to the increased fucosylation status, cell polarity contributes to serum levels of Fuc-Hp [32, 33]. Namely, fucosylated glycoproteins produced intracellularly are secreted into bile in normal hepatocytes [32]. However, in cells that have lost polarity, such as hepatoma cells, fucosylated glycoproteins are also secreted into the blood, resulting in increased serum concentrations [33]. Collectively, the presence of malignant transformed cells with lost polarity increases serum Fuc-Hp levels via both increased fucosylation status and increased secretion of fucosylated proteins into the serum, which may explain why high Fuc-Hp levels after DAA treatment were a risk factor for HCC development.
Previous studies have reported that AFP [34], the FIB-4 index [17], Mac 2-binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGi) [35], and GGT [21] are risk factors for the development of HCC after SVR in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Elevated levels of AFP, the FIB-4 index, and M2BPGi are associated with advanced liver fibrosis, which is a well-known HCC risk factor [36–38]; however, it remains unclear how strong these markers are as risk factors for HCC occurrence after SVR among patients with advanced fibrosis. In the present study, only patients with advanced liver fibrosis diagnosed on liver biopsy were included. The median baseline levels of AFP and the FIB-4 index in the present study were 10 ng/ml and 4.61, respectively (S1 Table), higher than those reported in previous studies [17, 34, 39]. On the other hand, GGT has been reported to be a risk factor for HCC development in only noncirrhotic patients [21]. In the present study, Fuc-Hp but not AFP, the FIB-4 index or GGT was shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of HCC in patients with advanced liver fibrosis, suggesting that Fuc-Hp may be more useful than these other markers in stratifying the risk of HCC development in patients with advanced liver fibrosis.
On the other hand, baseline Fuc-Hp was not associated with the development of HCC in the present study. One drawback of Fuc-Hp is that it cannot stratify the risk of developing HCC after SVR before the initiation of antiviral therapy. In addition, one technical note is that hemolysis must be avoided when measuring Fuc-Hp, since hemoglobin contamination has been shown to reduce the measured concentration of Fuc-Hp [11].
Since clinical factors at EOT, such as AFP levels, have been reported as risk factors for the development of HCC after SVR [40, 41], and the present study included factors at EOT as well as at baseline in the analysis. High BMI and low albumin at EOT were also found to be independent risk factors for the development of HCC after SVR. Obesity, a main component of metabolic syndrome, causes remodeling of adipose tissue. Obesity potentially accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines and decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines [42, 43]. Obesity has been reported to be a risk factor for HCC, including in studies on hepatitis C [44, 45]. Albumin is a factor included in the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score and the Child‒Pugh classification, which reflect liver function [46, 47]. Low serum albumin levels when achieving SVR are a risk factor for carcinogenesis after SVR [48, 49]. Although serum albumin levels increase with HCV elimination [50–52], patients with inadequate improvement in liver function may still develop HCC after SVR. In the present study, patients with higher BMI, higher Fuc-Hp at EOT, and lower albumin at EOT had a higher incidence of HCC. On the other hand, although observed in a small number of patients, those with lower BMI, lower Fuc-Hp, and higher albumin did not develop HCC during the observation period of the present study. The combination of Fuc-Hp levels suggesting hepatocyte degeneration, albumin levels reflecting liver function, and obesity associated with carcinogenesis may be useful for further stratifying the risk of carcinogenesis among patients with advanced fibrosis.
In the current study, patients with advanced liver fibrosis were selected based on histological evaluation by liver biopsy, the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Since liver biopsy is an invasive procedure, many patients do not undergo it prior to antiviral therapy, which contributed to the small number of cases in the present study.
In conclusion, serum Fuc-Hp levels decrease after HCV elimination. High serum Fuc-Hp levels at EOT is a risk factor for the development of HCC after SVR. Among patients with advanced liver fibrosis, patients who have high Fuc-Hp levels at EOT, high BMI, and low albumin levels at EOT should be carefully monitored for HCC occurrence after HCV elimination.
Supporting information
S1 Checklist. STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279416.s001
(DOCX)
S1 Table. Patient characteristics at baseline (median (IQR)).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279416.s002
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Characteristics of patients with high Fuc-Hp and low Fuc-Hp at baseline.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279416.s003
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Characteristics of patients with high Fuc-Hp and low Fuc-Hp at the end of treatment.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279416.s004
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
Other hospitals that contributed to this study were as follows: Daini Osaka Police Hospital, Sumitomo Hospital, National Hospital Organization Minami Wakayama Medical Center, and Osaka General Medical Center.
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