Access to support services for individuals who experience intimate partner violence during stressful life events (SLEs) in high-income countries: Protocol for a scoping review

Dina Idriss-Wheeler; Ziad El-Khatib; Sanni Yaya

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277903

Abstract

Background

Women, gender minorities and their children are at heightened risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) following stressful life events (SLE). The increase in IPV during the global pandemic of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) is recent evidence. Studies have linked IPV to poor health, resulting in lower mental, physical, sexual, and reproductive health outcomes. IPV has also been shown as a barrier to labour force participation, leading to negative socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., low or no employment). Formal and informal supports help individuals who experience IPV, but it is unclear if and how these are being accessed during SLEs such as environmental disasters, pandemics, and economic recessions. Accessibility to programs is an issue in normal times because of stigma, social norms, and lack of knowledge; this has been further amplified by situations where individuals who experience violence are isolated physically and emotionally, as well as face controlling behaviours by their perpetrators of violence. This scoping review will be used to conduct a comprehensive review of literature and address the research question: What is known in published literature about access to services by individuals who experience IPV during stressful life events in high-income countries?

Methods

The following electronic databases will be searched for relevant publications: MEDILINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsychINfo (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Global Health (EBSCO), Gender Watch (ProQuest), Web of Science and Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ProQuest). Key terms and medical subject headings (MeSH) will be based on previous literature and consult with an expert librarian. The major concepts include ‘stressful life events’ AND intimate partner violence’ AND ‘access to services’. Google, Google Scholar, and the WHO website will be used to search for grey literature, books/chapters, and programme reports as well as references of relevant reviews. Studies will be screened and extracted by two reviewers and conflicts resolved through discussion or a third reviewer. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of relevant data will outline key findings.

Discussion

The scoping review will provide synthesized and summarized findings on literature regarding access to informal and formal social supports by victims of IPV during SLEs (i.e., pandemics and natural/environmental disasters/emergencies, economic recessions) where possible, highlighting key barriers, facilitators and lessons learned. Findings have potential to inform programs, policies, and interventions on accessibility to necessary support and health services during disasters.

Citation: Idriss-Wheeler D, El-Khatib Z, Yaya S (2022) Access to support services for individuals who experience intimate partner violence during stressful life events (SLEs) in high-income countries: Protocol for a scoping review. PLoS ONE 17(12): e0277903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903

Editor: Guangyu Tong, Yale University, UNITED STATES

Received: June 9, 2022; Accepted: November 6, 2022; Published: December 8, 2022

Copyright: © 2022 Idriss-Wheeler et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is “any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to those in the relationship” [1]. This includes controlling behaviours that lead to isolation from family and friends, monitoring movements, as well as restricting access to financial resources, employment, education, social services, or medical care. Isolation and taking away the freedoms of the victims to maintain power and control are paramount forms of IPV during stressful life events (SLEs).

SLEs are “undesirable, unscheduled, nonnormative, and/or uncontrollable discrete, observable events with a generally clear onset and offset that usual signify major life changes” [2]. In the context of IPV, public health emergencies, disasters and economic recessions are known as key SLEs that lead to increased risk of or exacerbation of existing IPV. A recent systematic review on domestic violence during COVID-19 revealed that several countries reported increased violence post-lockdown [3], most likely due to victims isolated with their abusive partners. Historically, studies since the Great Depression have outlined the harmful effects of economic uncertainty on marital conflict and quality, particularly looking at the effects of unemployment, loss of income and economic hardship [4–6]. Schneider et al., (2016) revealed that rapid increases in unemployment rates increased male partner’s controlling behaviour, even after controlling for unemployment and economic stress. Findings suggested that anxiety and uncertainty have negative effects on relationships [6]. A recent systematic review assessed the global literature on the association between disasters from natural hazards and violence against women and girls (VAWG), concluding positive associations between disaster exposure and increased VAWG [7].

It is well documented in literature that IPV is a population health problem that leads to health inequities faced by survivors globally; it is linked with poor psychological, physiological and behavioural health outcomes [1, 8]. A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies investigated the association between IPV and adverse health outcomes or health risk behaviours [9]. Findings revealed a positive statistically significant relationship between depressive symptoms and subsequent IPV as well as a bidirectional relationship between recent IPV and substance use [9]. Long-term outcomes of the abuse are now emerging with a recent study that focused on the long-term effects of sexual abuse, indicating a higher risk of developing brain damage linked to stroke, cognitive decline and dementia [10]. Encouragingly, access to formal and informal (perceived or received) social and health supports are beneficial to mental health, physical health and well-being [11, 12]. In fact, theories regarding factors implicated in the experience of violence and how social networks impact health are well established [13].

For individuals who have experienced IPV, the importance of formal (i.e. social service providers, violence against women (VAW) services, criminal justice, health professionals, religious organizations) and informal (i.e., friends, relatives, neighbours) supports for improved health outcomes is well documented in literature [13, 14]. Social supports, particularly informal ones, mean closer relationships (i.e., increased psychological and material resources) that lead to better mental health [15, 16]. For victims of IPV, better social supports, and even perception of supports, are a protective factor because the emotional and tangible support reduces susceptibility to negative psychological impacts of partner abuse [14]. Similarly, both formal and informal supports have been shown to protect individuals who experience physical violence [14]. Strong informal support networks have been shown to reduce the experience of less severe physical violence over the course of a year [17]. Furthermore, those who used formal services (i.e., shelters, civil protection, legal advocacy services) were less likely to experience IPV [14]. A recent systematic review revealed that advocacy and case-management interventions with strong linkages to the community improved the access to social supports (i.e., resources, coping strategies) and mental health outcomes of IPV survivors [13]. So, what happens to survivors and how do they access services when a stressful life event such as a pandemic, environmental disaster or economic recession takes place?

Previous work in the disaster arena demonstrated challenges in access to formal and informal support services to inform disaster and emergency preparedness [18]. Enarson (1999) documented the organizational readiness, impact and response by domestic violence programs in the US and Canada in communities hit by environmental disasters [19]. The study outlined a gendered lens to disaster social science. It related the issues of increased violence and vulnerability to violence during and in the aftermath of a disaster and women’s diminished access to resources and supports [19]. A small study post-2008 economic downturn in Ireland suggested that the recession had a direct impact on VAW services and their funding [20]. Given that the general source of funding came from grants or fundraising, the economic downturn meant that less disposable income for donations by the community and government negatively affected the number of services available, reducing access to formal services [20]. Unfortunately, for victims of violence, the recent COVID-19 lockdown has only increased isolation from informal and formal social and health networks.

Some scoping reviews are currently investigating the impact of COVID-19, with specific focus on access to and utilization of services for sexual and reproductive health. This includes services for gender-based violence and IPV [21], while others are looking at virtual supports and IPV services [22]. There are also reviews underway on women’s mental health and experience of IPV following natural disasters [23] and the impact of IPV on work and employment [24]. Additionally, research studies are looking at service provider perspectives on how the pandemic restrictions affected survivors [25] as well as their engagement with advocacy services during COVID-19 [26].

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has introduced several rapid reviews, commentaries and editorials on the experience of IPV during the pandemic with some anecdotal evidence regarding formal and informal support utilization, with preliminary recommendations to service providers working with IPV victims [27–29]. However, no review to the authors’ knowledge has identified key characteristics/factors related to accessibility to services by individuals who experience IPV during SLEs. More specifically, the review will focus on SLEs known to exacerbate or increase risk of IPV because of increased isolation, financial dependence and controlling behaviours—these include pandemics, natural disasters, and economic recessions.

Rationale for a scoping review

A scoping review is appropriate in this case because (i) it involves synthesis and analysis of heterogeneous material on the topic, and (ii) it is looking at identifying and reporting on certain concepts and factors associated with access to services by IPV survivors during SLEs [30, 31].

It is apparent that several factors are implicated in access to services during SLEs by individuals who experience IPV, and a scoping review of the literature will clarify key concepts and contribute to existing knowledge on the accessibility of services during disasters and emergencies. This is a relevant topic considering the recent pandemic as well as the increase in climate-related natural disasters [32] and economic recessions in high-income countries (refer to classification by the World Bank Group [33] over the last two decades [34]. Furthermore, the rapidly emerging work from the current COVID-19 pandemic provides an excellent opportunity to update and supplement existing literature.

Two conceptual frameworks guide this work–Berkman and Krishna’s (2014) conceptual model of how social networks impact health and Heise’s (2012) heuristic-ecological model of factors associated with the experience of IPV. The former provides a framework to examine how macro social structural conditions (i.e., stressful life events) can affect the structure of social networks (i.e., formal VAW social services, informal community support services) at the mezzo level that lead to micro psychosocial mechanisms (disrupted access to services; job loss; school; experience of IPV) to take place and impact health through behavioural, psychological and physiological pathways [35]. The later uses an ecological framework to conceptualize factors at different system levels that play into the experience of violence [16]. The conceptual models are complementary and frame how socio-ecological factors at different levels (macro political/cultural/social, mezzo community, micro individual) enhance or suppress the ability to access services and impact health of IPV survivors through behavioural, psychological, and physiological pathways.

Stage 1: Identification of the research question and objectives

The objective of this scoping review is to examine, summarize and characterize existing literature on access to informal and formal social supports by survivors of IPV during SLEs, including pandemics, natural disasters, and economic recessions in high-income countries. The aim is to understand key factors and issues implicated in access to formal and informal service provision during SLEs by survivors of IPV that can inform work or research on providing better access during these circumstances. The research question is:

What is known in published literature about access to services by individuals who experience intimate partner violence during SLEs in high income countries? More specifically,

What are the barriers and facilitators to accessing informal and formal supports by victims of IPV during SLEs?
What are the barriers and facilitators to providing informal and formal supports to victims of IPV during SLEs?
What approaches are used for sub-groups at higher risk of isolation (i.e., gender minorities, women, girls, minority/ethnic racialized populations, and individuals living in rural remote regions)? How do these sub-groups access support during SLEs?
What are key lessons learned to date from attempting to access or provide formal/informal supports to victims of IPV during SLEs?

Methods

The methodological frameworks for a scoping review as described by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (2020) will be used [31, 36]. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will guide the scoping review [37]. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Protocols (PRISMA-P) will be used to guide the development of this scoping review protocol (S1 Appendix) [38]. This review has been submitted for registration in Open Science Framework.

Stage 2: Identifying relevant studies

In terms of information sources and search strategy, the following electronic databases will be used to search for peer-reviewed studies: MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycInfo (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Global Health (EBSCO), Gender Watch (ProQuest), Web of Science, and Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ProQuest). Key terms and medical subject headings (MeSH) will be based on previous literature and consultation with an expert librarian. The major concepts include ‘stressful life events’ AND ‘intimate partner violence’ AND ‘access to services’. Google, Google Scholar, and the WHO website will be used to search for grey literature, books/chapters, and programme reports. Reference review of selected articles will also take place. Table 1 is the preliminary search strategy in Medline created in consultation with the University of Ottawa Population Health librarian and modified from previously completed search strategies using similar key terms [39–41]:

Download:

Table 1. MEDLINE (OVID) preliminary search strategy.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903.t001

Eligibility criteria.

Key inclusion and exclusion criteria for this scoping review are described in detail below and summarized in Table 2.

Download:

Table 2. Eligibility criteria.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903.t002

Types of participants. The types of participants in this review include individuals who experienced IPV during pandemics, natural disasters, and economic recessions in high-income countries. In many regions, and according to the WHO, the experience of IPV occurs as young as 13 [1], therefore the population will include individuals (regardless of gender), 13 or older who experienced IPV. In times of disasters, women, children and gender minorities are at heightened risk of violence, as seen recently with increased IPV reports during COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns [42, 43]. A commentary by Moffitt et al. (2020) identified the unique impact of COVID-19 on experience of abuse for both victims and the service providers living in rural, remote and northern communities where IPV and femicide pre-pandemic are higher than in larger cities [44]. Where relevant, a sub-group analysis of these populations will be considered.

Concepts. The concept or phenomenon of interest being studied in this scoping review is access to informal or formal supports by individuals who experience IPV during stressful life events such as public health emergencies, disasters, and economic recessions. Supports are defined as formal—social services, VAW services, criminal justice, health services, religious organizations—and informal—friends, relatives, neighbours [13, 14]. Specifically, facilitators and barriers to access as well as lessons learned will be synthesized. Typically, two main types of disasters exist, natural and technological. The former occurs “outside the control of humans” whereas the latter is due to “breakdown in human-made systems” [45]. Therefore, in this scoping review, we focus on both: (i) the breakdown in human-made systems (i.e., breakdown in financial systems,) that lead to economic recessions and other problems as well as natural environment disasters (i.e., floods, hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes) and infectious disease crises (i.e., epidemics and pandemics). Please note that we do not use the key terms of ‘formal and informal services’ as these are academic terms that may not necessarily represent services we are seeking. Rather, they provide a categorical description with a definition of what is meant in the context of this review and the larger study. Acknowledging that males also experience IPV perpetrated by their partners and that the majority of IPV victims are females who experience violence perpetrated by a male partner [46, 47], relevant studies on IPV experienced by women and gender minorities, perpetrated by their partner (regardless of gender) will be retained.

Context. For this review, the focus is on high-income countries because the scoping review is part of (and to inform) a larger study looking at access to both informal (family, friends, neighbours) and formal violence against women (VAW) supports for individuals who experienced IPV during COVID-19 lockdowns in Canada. Low and middle-income (LMICs) countries will be excluded as there are other factors that are not relevant to a study conducted in a high-income country like Canada and require different approaches and considerations. The definition of high-income countries as outlined by the World Bank will be used [48]. Although part of a larger study that focuses on COVID-19 lockdown measures, this scoping review is designed to be broader and will include other stressful live including pandemics, natural disasters, and economic recessions in high-income countries.

Types of evidence sources. The review will include all research study types investigating the phenomenon (i.e., qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) and published in peer-reviewed or grey literature. Evidence sources in the form of published letters, commentaries, opinion pieces, editorials and conference abstracts will be excluded. Systematic, scoping, or other reviews will not be included but the references will be checked for relevant articles. For feasibility, only English and French language studies that explore access to services for victims of IPV during and/or following disasters (i.e., pandemic, economic recession, and natural disasters) in high-income countries will be included. There will be no cut-off for the date as the authors are interested in key historical events (i.e., disasters, emergencies, economic recessions) and the response in terms of service provision for a particular at-risk population (individuals who experience IPV).

Stage 3: Study screening and selection process

Search results from the databases will be collated in the web-based platform Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation) [49]. Duplicates will be removed before abstract screening. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two reviewers and conflicts resolved through discussion. Articles deemed relevant will go to full-text review and follow a similar method by the same two reviewers. If conflict or disagreement takes place during the abstract of full-text review phases, a third reviewer will be enlisted to resolve the issue. The final list to be included in the scoping review will be confirmed by all reviewers and automated through Covidence to produce a flow diagram for inclusion/exclusion decisions.

Stage 4: Data charting and extraction

Two reviewers will independently extract the data for all included studies; charting will be guided by JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis Data Charting tool for Scoping Reviews [50]. Table 3 outlines the key information that will be extracted. This tool will be piloted by the reviewers using three studies, and the extraction parameters will be subsequently adjusted accordingly.

Download:

Table 3. Extraction tool (Peters et al., 2021).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903.t003

Stage 5: Collating, analysis/synthesis of evidence and reporting of the results

Simple frequency counts (quantitative data) of the key concepts, populations, and relevant results/outcomes will be conducted. Additionally, a summary of the qualitative data through a descriptive analysis of the content will be provided. The focus is on key findings related to the questions on barriers and facilitators to accessing health and social services by individuals who experience IPV, during stressful life events. Additionally, a summary of the recommendations and lessons learned (i.e., knowledge gained from the process or experience of providing services or trying to access services during SLEs) will be reported. Results will be presented visually through tables or diagrams and narrative descriptions. Table 4 is an example tabular presentation of facilitators and barriers of access to informal or formal support/services by individuals who experience IPV during pandemics, economic recessions, and natural disasters in high-income countries. This table may be revised through ongoing discussion among the extractors as studies are analyzed.

Download:

Table 4. Example tabular presentation of data for the scoping review.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903.t004

Quality assessment and risk of bias.

As this is a scoping review, a critical appraisal of the quality of the synthesized evidence is not necessary (i.e., summary measures, risk of bias and certainty of the evidence). This scoping review is not intended to appraise the cumulative body of evidence on access to informal and formal services by individuals who experience IPV. It will, instead, map the evidence on barriers and facilitators to accessing these services during SLEs (i.e., pandemics, disasters, recessions) by at-risk individuals. To minimize errors in assessments of the study selection, analysis, and interpretation, at least two reviewers will be involved in the abstract screening, study selection, data extraction and collation of findings. Additionally, the process of resolving disagreements have been decided in advance and the protocol has been completed and shared to ensure all reviewers have a clear outline of the process. The extraction tool will be piloted using three studies and revised accordingly through review team discussion (i.e., exploration and resolution of disagreement) and documentation of decisions. Additionally, to minimize missing data, the team will include two reviewers who are fully bilingual and therefore both French and English publications will be included in this review. As noted in the study design selection, although relevant reviews (i.e., systematic, scoping, narrative) will not be included, the reference list of included studies will be examined to ensure no key articles were missed. Finally, high-income countries are included because of the relevance of the findings to a larger study being conducted in Canada. There are other health systems and social supports systems considerations for LMICs which are not relevant or congruent to a study being conducted in Canada.

Discussion

Research has demonstrated the negative impacts of IPV on survivors’ health outcomes, the strong association between increased experience of IPV during SLEs, as well as the important role of accessing informal and formal services as a protective factor against the experience of IPV. The recent rise in SLEs, be it the pandemic, increasing number of natural or environmental disasters due to climate change or the recurring financial crises present an opportunity and need to understand better ways to provide service to already isolated individuals who experience IPV.

This review will provide key information on known barriers and facilitators for accessing key services and supports for this marginalized population during SLEs, particularly disasters, health emergencies (i.e., pandemics), and economic recessions. The expected results will be used to (i) create dissemination tools (i.e., fact sheets, presentations) to provide more relevant information to/for service providers to use as information for advocacy or program activities; (ii) inform policymakers regarding accessibility to services during disasters and emergency management; (iii) synthesize recent literature emerging as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and contribute to existing knowledge, and (iv) inform that the methodology and content of the larger study on accessibility to violence and against women organizations during COVID-19 in Canada.

The intervention is focusing on individuals who experience IPV and anticipate that most of the evidence will focus on women, girls, gender minorities and individuals living in rural/remote regions who are at higher risk of IPV. Studies directed at men will also be included because the study focus is on access and provision of services during SLEs, and gender is not a limitation. Findings from articles relevant to gender will be discussed should they emerge and show differences.

Authors anticipate that the studies will be heterogeneous and complicated to extract. To mitigate this, the team will work closely during the data extraction phase to ensure that the tool and content analysis are continuously updated as needed. Ongoing communication will take place with the team of screeners and extractors to ensure all are aware of the latest tools and updates.

Any changes in the protocol will be reported in the final manuscript which will be drafted for publication. As this is a scoping review of existing literature (i.e., no human participants were involved in the study), no ethics approval was required. Findings will not only be disseminated through academic journals, but they will also be disseminated to knowledge users who are partners in the larger project (i.e., violence against women organizations and associations).

Supporting information

S1 Appendix. PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist: Recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277903.s001

(DOCX)

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Karine Fournier, the Head of Reference Services at the University of Ottawa Library for her invaluable guidance while creating and finalizing the search strategy. We would also like to acknowledge Julia Hajjar for proof reading/editing the manuscript.

References

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Understanding and addressing Violence against Women—Intimate partner violence [Internet]. WHO; 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77432/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf?sequence=1
2. Carlson D. Stressful Life Events. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014 [cited 2022 May 26]. p. 6362–4.
3. Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Jemison E, Kaukinen C, Knaul FM. Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crim Justice. 2021 May 1;74:101806. pmid:36281275
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Komarovsky M. The unemployed man and his family: The…—Google Scholar [Internet]. New York, USA: Dryden Press; 1940 [cited 2021 Jul 2]. https://scholar-google-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/scholar_lookup?title=The+unemployed+man+and+his+family&author=M+Komarovsky&publication_year=1940&
5. Liker JK, Elder GH. Economic hardship and marital relations in the 1930s. Am Sociol Rev. 1983 Jun;48(3):343–59. pmid:6614668
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Schneider D, Harknett K, McLanahan S. Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession. Demography. 2016 Apr;53(2):471–505. pmid:27003136
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
7. Thurston AM, Stöckl H, Ranganathan M. Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Apr;6(4):e004377. pmid:33958379
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
8. Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet. 2002 Apr 13;359(9314):1331–6. pmid:11965295
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
9. Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, Devries K. Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 1;8(7):e019995. pmid:30056376
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. LaMotte S. Sexual assault linked to later brain damage in women, study finds [Internet]. CNN. [cited 2021 Oct 4]. https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/22/health/sexual-assault-brain-damage-wellness/index.html
11. Kaniasty K, de Terte I, Guilaran J, Bennett S. A scoping review of post-disaster social support investigations conducted after disasters that struck the Australia and Oceania continent. Disasters. 2020;44(2):336–66. pmid:31298760
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLOS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. pmid:20668659
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Ogbe E, Harmon S, Van den Bergh R, Degomme O. A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/ mental health outcomes of survivors. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jun 25;15(6):e0235177. pmid:32584910
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Liang B, Goodman L, Tummala-Narra P, Weintraub S. A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Help-Seeking Processes Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Am J Community Psychol. 2005;36(1–2):71–84. pmid:16134045
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
15. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310–57. pmid:3901065
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
16. Berkman L, Krishna A. Chapter 7: Social Network Epidimiology. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology—Oxford Medicine [Internet]. Second Edition. New York, USA: Oxford Press; 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 3]. https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780195377903.001.0001/med-9780195377903
17. Goodman L, Dutton MA, Vankos N, Weinfurt K. Women’s Resources and Use of Strategies as Risk and Protective Factors for Reabuse Over Time. Violence Women. 2005 Mar 1;11(3):311–36. pmid:16043552
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
18. Public Safety Canada. Emergency Management Planning [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 14]. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/mrgnc-mngmnt/mrgnc-prprdnss/mrgnc-mngmnt-plnnng-en.aspx
19. Enarson E. Violence Against Women in Disasters: A Study of Domestic Violence Programs in the United States and Canada. Violence Women. 1999 Jul 1;5(7):742–68.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
20. Harney C. The Impact of the Recession on Domestic Violence Against Women and Support Services in Ireland: An Exploratory Study. Policy Pract. 2011;3:14.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
21. Vanbenschoten H. The impact of COVID-19 on access to and utilization of services for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) viewed through a health system lens: a systematic scoping review. 2021 Sep 15 [cited 2022 May 30]; Available from: https://osf.io/a89ps
- View Article
- Google Scholar
22. Baird SL, Tarshis S, Messenger C, Falla M. Virtual Support and Intimate Partner Violence Services: A Scoping Review. Res Soc Work Pract [Internet]. 2022 Apr 25 [cited 2022 May 27];10497315221087232. Available from:
- View Article
- Google Scholar
23. Bell SA, Folkerth LA. Women’s Mental Health and Intimate Partner Violence Following Natural Disaster: A Scoping Review. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2016 Dec;31(6):648–57. pmid:27641740
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
24. MacGregor JCD, Oliver CL, MacQuarrie BJ, Wathen CN. Intimate Partner Violence and Work: A Scoping Review of Published Research. Trauma Violence Abuse [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1 [cited 2022 May 27];22(4):717–27. Available from: pmid:31615345
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
25. Michaelsen S, Djiofack H, Nombro E, Ferlatte O, Vissandjée B, Zarowsky C. Service provider perspectives on how COVID-19 and pandemic restrictions have affected intimate partner and sexual violence survivors in Canada: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health [Internet]. 2022 Apr 11 [cited 2022 May 27];22(1):111. Available from: pmid:35410209
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
26. Engleton J, Goodman-Williams R, Javorka M, Gregory K, Campbell R. Sexual assault survivors’ engagement with advocacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Community Psychol. 2022 Feb 12; pmid:35150008
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
27. Aujla W. “It Was Like Sugar-Coated Words”: Revictimization When South Asian Immigrant Women Disclose Domestic Violence. Affilia. 2021 May 1;36(2):182–203.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
28. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-Home Orders Leave Victims Unsafe at Home: Exploring the Risk and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice. 2020 Jun 6;1–12. pmid:32837152
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
29. Slakoff DC, Aujla W, PenzeyMoog E. The Role of Service Providers, Technology, and Mass Media When Home Isn’t Safe for Intimate Partner Violence Victims: Best Practices and Recommendations in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(8):2779–88. pmid:32844303
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
30. Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010 Dec;5(1):1–9. pmid:20854677
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
31. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2022 Apr 21];19(1):3–10. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/ijebh/Fulltext/2021/03000/Updated_methodological_guidance_for_the_conduct_of.2.aspx pmid:33570328
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
32. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). World Disasters Report 2020 Executive Summary—Come Heat or High Water [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva; 2020 [cited 2021 Jul 8]. https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/human-rights-documents-online/international-federation-of-red-cross-and-red-crescent-societies-geneva;hrdhrd98132015012
33. World Bank Group. High income | Data [Internet]. The World Bank Data. 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 13]. https://data.worldbank.org/country/XD
34. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Recession in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Aug 24]. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/recession
35. Heise LL. Determinants of partner violence in low and middle-income countries: exploring variation in individual and population-level risk [Internet] [doctoral]. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2012 [cited 2021 May 11]. https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/682451/
36. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol [Internet]. 2005 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Apr 21];8(1):19–32. Available from:
- View Article
- Google Scholar
37. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):467–73. pmid:30178033
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
38. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 May 9];349:g7647. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7647 pmid:25555855
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
39. Jahanfar S, Howard LM, Medley N. Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 25];(11). Available from: http://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009414.pub3/references pmid:25390767
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
40. Hameed M, O’Doherty L, Gilchrist G, Tirado-Muñoz J, Taft A, Chondros P, et al. Psychological therapies for women who experience intimate partner violence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 25];2020(7). Available from: https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2F14651858.cd013017.pub2 pmid:32608505
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
41. Canadian Agency For Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). CADTH COVID-19 Search Strings [Internet]. CADTH Covid-19 Evidence Portal. [cited 2022 May 25]. https://covid.cadth.ca/literature-searching-tools/cadth-covid-19-search-strings/
42. Nicholson K. “Barriers” in Canada’s legal system complicating fight to end domestic violence | CBC News. CBC News [Internet]. 2020 Mar 9 [cited 2021 May 13]; https://www.cbc.ca/news/barriers-in-canada-s-legal-systemcomplicating-fight-to-end-domestic-violence-1.5488510
43. American Psychological Association. Intimate partner violence and natural disasters [Internet]. https://www.apa.org. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 20]. https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/partner-violence-disasters
44. Moffitt P, Aujla W, Giesbrecht CJ, Grant I, Straatman AL. Intimate Partner Violence and COVID-19 in Rural, Remote, and Northern Canada: Relationship, Vulnerability and Risk. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 Nov 19 [cited 2021 Feb 17]; Available from: pmid:33230368
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
45. Davis JR, Wilson S, Brock-Martin A, Glover S, Svendsen ER. The Impact of Disasters on Populations With Health and Health Care Disparities. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010 Mar;4(1):30–8. pmid:20389193
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
46. Cotter A. Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview. (85):23.
47. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). National Statistics Domestic Violence Fact Sheet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Aug 24]. https://ncadv.org/STATISTICS
48. The World Bank. High income Data [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 22]. https://data.worldbank.org/country/XD
49. Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software [Internet]. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation; 2022. https://www.covidence.org/
50. JBI. Scoping Review Data extraction—JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Jul 9]. https://wiki.jbi.global/display/MANUAL/11.2.7+Data+extraction

[ref1] 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Understanding and addressing Violence against Women—Intimate partner violence [Internet]. WHO; 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77432/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf?sequence=1

[ref2] 2. Carlson D. Stressful Life Events. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014 [cited 2022 May 26]. p. 6362–4.

[ref3] 3. Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Jemison E, Kaukinen C, Knaul FM. Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crim Justice. 2021 May 1;74:101806. pmid:36281275
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[4] View Article

[5] PubMed/NCBI

[6] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Komarovsky M. The unemployed man and his family: The…—Google Scholar [Internet]. New York, USA: Dryden Press; 1940 [cited 2021 Jul 2]. https://scholar-google-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/scholar_lookup?title=The+unemployed+man+and+his+family&author=M+Komarovsky&publication_year=1940&

[ref5] 5. Liker JK, Elder GH. Economic hardship and marital relations in the 1930s. Am Sociol Rev. 1983 Jun;48(3):343–59. pmid:6614668
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[9] View Article

[10] PubMed/NCBI

[11] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Schneider D, Harknett K, McLanahan S. Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession. Demography. 2016 Apr;53(2):471–505. pmid:27003136
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[13] View Article

[14] PubMed/NCBI

[15] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Thurston AM, Stöckl H, Ranganathan M. Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: a global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Apr;6(4):e004377. pmid:33958379
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[17] View Article

[18] PubMed/NCBI

[19] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Campbell JC. Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet. 2002 Apr 13;359(9314):1331–6. pmid:11965295
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[21] View Article

[22] PubMed/NCBI

[23] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Bacchus LJ, Ranganathan M, Watts C, Devries K. Recent intimate partner violence against women and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2018 Jul 1;8(7):e019995. pmid:30056376
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[25] View Article

[26] PubMed/NCBI

[27] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. LaMotte S. Sexual assault linked to later brain damage in women, study finds [Internet]. CNN. [cited 2021 Oct 4]. https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/22/health/sexual-assault-brain-damage-wellness/index.html

[ref11] 11. Kaniasty K, de Terte I, Guilaran J, Bennett S. A scoping review of post-disaster social support investigations conducted after disasters that struck the Australia and Oceania continent. Disasters. 2020;44(2):336–66. pmid:31298760
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[30] View Article

[31] PubMed/NCBI

[32] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review. PLOS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. pmid:20668659
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[34] View Article

[35] PubMed/NCBI

[36] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Ogbe E, Harmon S, Van den Bergh R, Degomme O. A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/ mental health outcomes of survivors. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jun 25;15(6):e0235177. pmid:32584910
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] PubMed/NCBI

[40] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Liang B, Goodman L, Tummala-Narra P, Weintraub S. A Theoretical Framework for Understanding Help-Seeking Processes Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Am J Community Psychol. 2005;36(1–2):71–84. pmid:16134045
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[42] View Article

[43] PubMed/NCBI

[44] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310–57. pmid:3901065
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[46] View Article

[47] PubMed/NCBI

[48] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Berkman L, Krishna A. Chapter 7: Social Network Epidimiology. In: Berkman L, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, editors. Social Epidemiology—Oxford Medicine [Internet]. Second Edition. New York, USA: Oxford Press; 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 3]. https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780195377903.001.0001/med-9780195377903

[ref17] 17. Goodman L, Dutton MA, Vankos N, Weinfurt K. Women’s Resources and Use of Strategies as Risk and Protective Factors for Reabuse Over Time. Violence Women. 2005 Mar 1;11(3):311–36. pmid:16043552
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[51] View Article

[52] PubMed/NCBI

[53] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Public Safety Canada. Emergency Management Planning [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Jul 14]. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/mrgnc-mngmnt/mrgnc-prprdnss/mrgnc-mngmnt-plnnng-en.aspx

[ref19] 19. Enarson E. Violence Against Women in Disasters: A Study of Domestic Violence Programs in the United States and Canada. Violence Women. 1999 Jul 1;5(7):742–68.
View Article
Google Scholar

[56] View Article

[57] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Harney C. The Impact of the Recession on Domestic Violence Against Women and Support Services in Ireland: An Exploratory Study. Policy Pract. 2011;3:14.
View Article
Google Scholar

[59] View Article

[60] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Vanbenschoten H. The impact of COVID-19 on access to and utilization of services for sexual and reproductive health (SRH) viewed through a health system lens: a systematic scoping review. 2021 Sep 15 [cited 2022 May 30]; Available from: https://osf.io/a89ps
View Article
Google Scholar

[62] View Article

[63] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Baird SL, Tarshis S, Messenger C, Falla M. Virtual Support and Intimate Partner Violence Services: A Scoping Review. Res Soc Work Pract [Internet]. 2022 Apr 25 [cited 2022 May 27];10497315221087232. Available from:
View Article
Google Scholar

[65] View Article

[66] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Bell SA, Folkerth LA. Women’s Mental Health and Intimate Partner Violence Following Natural Disaster: A Scoping Review. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2016 Dec;31(6):648–57. pmid:27641740
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[68] View Article

[69] PubMed/NCBI

[70] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. MacGregor JCD, Oliver CL, MacQuarrie BJ, Wathen CN. Intimate Partner Violence and Work: A Scoping Review of Published Research. Trauma Violence Abuse [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1 [cited 2022 May 27];22(4):717–27. Available from: pmid:31615345
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[72] View Article

[73] PubMed/NCBI

[74] Google Scholar

[ref25] 25. Michaelsen S, Djiofack H, Nombro E, Ferlatte O, Vissandjée B, Zarowsky C. Service provider perspectives on how COVID-19 and pandemic restrictions have affected intimate partner and sexual violence survivors in Canada: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health [Internet]. 2022 Apr 11 [cited 2022 May 27];22(1):111. Available from: pmid:35410209
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[76] View Article

[77] PubMed/NCBI

[78] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Engleton J, Goodman-Williams R, Javorka M, Gregory K, Campbell R. Sexual assault survivors’ engagement with advocacy services during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Community Psychol. 2022 Feb 12; pmid:35150008
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[80] View Article

[81] PubMed/NCBI

[82] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Aujla W. “It Was Like Sugar-Coated Words”: Revictimization When South Asian Immigrant Women Disclose Domestic Violence. Affilia. 2021 May 1;36(2):182–203.
View Article
Google Scholar

[84] View Article

[85] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Kaukinen C. When Stay-at-Home Orders Leave Victims Unsafe at Home: Exploring the Risk and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Crim Justice. 2020 Jun 6;1–12. pmid:32837152
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[87] View Article

[88] PubMed/NCBI

[89] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. Slakoff DC, Aujla W, PenzeyMoog E. The Role of Service Providers, Technology, and Mass Media When Home Isn’t Safe for Intimate Partner Violence Victims: Best Practices and Recommendations in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(8):2779–88. pmid:32844303
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[91] View Article

[92] PubMed/NCBI

[93] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010 Dec;5(1):1–9. pmid:20854677
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[95] View Article

[96] PubMed/NCBI

[97] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Implement [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2022 Apr 21];19(1):3–10. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/ijebh/Fulltext/2021/03000/Updated_methodological_guidance_for_the_conduct_of.2.aspx pmid:33570328
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[99] View Article

[100] PubMed/NCBI

[101] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). World Disasters Report 2020 Executive Summary—Come Heat or High Water [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva; 2020 [cited 2021 Jul 8]. https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/human-rights-documents-online/international-federation-of-red-cross-and-red-crescent-societies-geneva;hrdhrd98132015012

[ref33] 33. World Bank Group. High income | Data [Internet]. The World Bank Data. 2022 [cited 2022 Sep 13]. https://data.worldbank.org/country/XD

[ref34] 34. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Recession in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Aug 24]. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/recession

[ref35] 35. Heise LL. Determinants of partner violence in low and middle-income countries: exploring variation in individual and population-level risk [Internet] [doctoral]. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2012 [cited 2021 May 11]. https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/682451/

[ref36] 36. Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol [Internet]. 2005 Feb 1 [cited 2022 Apr 21];8(1):19–32. Available from:
View Article
Google Scholar

[107] View Article

[108] Google Scholar

[ref37] 37. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):467–73. pmid:30178033
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[110] View Article

[111] PubMed/NCBI

[112] Google Scholar

[ref38] 38. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2022 May 9];349:g7647. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7647 pmid:25555855
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[114] View Article

[115] PubMed/NCBI

[116] Google Scholar

[ref39] 39. Jahanfar S, Howard LM, Medley N. Interventions for preventing or reducing domestic violence against pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 25];(11). Available from: http://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009414.pub3/references pmid:25390767
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[118] View Article

[119] PubMed/NCBI

[120] Google Scholar

[ref40] 40. Hameed M, O’Doherty L, Gilchrist G, Tirado-Muñoz J, Taft A, Chondros P, et al. Psychological therapies for women who experience intimate partner violence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 May 25];2020(7). Available from: https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002%2F14651858.cd013017.pub2 pmid:32608505
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[122] View Article

[123] PubMed/NCBI

[124] Google Scholar

[ref41] 41. Canadian Agency For Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). CADTH COVID-19 Search Strings [Internet]. CADTH Covid-19 Evidence Portal. [cited 2022 May 25]. https://covid.cadth.ca/literature-searching-tools/cadth-covid-19-search-strings/

[ref42] 42. Nicholson K. “Barriers” in Canada’s legal system complicating fight to end domestic violence | CBC News. CBC News [Internet]. 2020 Mar 9 [cited 2021 May 13]; https://www.cbc.ca/news/barriers-in-canada-s-legal-systemcomplicating-fight-to-end-domestic-violence-1.5488510

[ref43] 43. American Psychological Association. Intimate partner violence and natural disasters [Internet]. https://www.apa.org. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 20]. https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/partner-violence-disasters

[ref44] 44. Moffitt P, Aujla W, Giesbrecht CJ, Grant I, Straatman AL. Intimate Partner Violence and COVID-19 in Rural, Remote, and Northern Canada: Relationship, Vulnerability and Risk. J Fam Violence [Internet]. 2020 Nov 19 [cited 2021 Feb 17]; Available from: pmid:33230368
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[129] View Article

[130] PubMed/NCBI

[131] Google Scholar

[ref45] 45. Davis JR, Wilson S, Brock-Martin A, Glover S, Svendsen ER. The Impact of Disasters on Populations With Health and Health Care Disparities. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2010 Mar;4(1):30–8. pmid:20389193
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[133] View Article

[134] PubMed/NCBI

[135] Google Scholar

[ref46] 46. Cotter A. Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview. (85):23.

[ref47] 47. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV). National Statistics Domestic Violence Fact Sheet [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Aug 24]. https://ncadv.org/STATISTICS

[ref48] 48. The World Bank. High income Data [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Apr 22]. https://data.worldbank.org/country/XD

[ref49] 49. Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software [Internet]. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation; 2022. https://www.covidence.org/

[ref50] 50. JBI. Scoping Review Data extraction—JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Jul 9]. https://wiki.jbi.global/display/MANUAL/11.2.7+Data+extraction

Figures

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Background

Rationale for a scoping review

Stage 1: Identification of the research question and objectives

Methods

Stage 2: Identifying relevant studies

Eligibility criteria.

Stage 3: Study screening and selection process

Stage 4: Data charting and extraction

Stage 5: Collating, analysis/synthesis of evidence and reporting of the results

Quality assessment and risk of bias.

Discussion

Supporting information

S1 Appendix. PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) 2015 checklist: Recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol.

Acknowledgments

References