Tetraspanin Cd9b plays a role in fertility in zebrafish

Sarah Greaves; Katherine S. Marsay; Peter N. Monk; Henry Roehl; Lynda J. Partridge

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277274

Abstract

In mice, CD9 expression on the egg is required for efficient sperm-egg fusion and no effects on ovulation or male fertility are observed in CD9 null animals. Here we show that cd9b knockout zebrafish also appear to have fertility defects. In contrast to mice, fewer eggs were laid by cd9b knockout zebrafish pairs and, of the eggs laid, a lower percentage were fertilised. These effects could not be linked to primordial germ cell numbers or migration as these were not altered in the cd9b mutants. The decrease in egg numbers could be rescued by exchanging either cd9b knockout partner, male or female, for a wildtype partner. However, the fertilisation defect was only rescued by crossing a cd9b knockout female with a wildtype male. To exclude effects of mating behaviour we analysed clutch size and fertilisation using in vitro fertilisation techniques. Number of eggs and fertilisation rates were significantly reduced in the cd9b mutants suggesting the fertility defects are not solely due to courtship behaviours. Our results indicate that CD9 plays a more complex role in fish fertility than in mammals, with effects in both males and females.

Citation: Greaves S, Marsay KS, Monk PN, Roehl H, Partridge LJ (2022) Tetraspanin Cd9b plays a role in fertility in zebrafish. PLoS ONE 17(11): e0277274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274

Editor: Michael Klymkowsky, University of Colorado Boulder, UNITED STATES

Received: February 11, 2022; Accepted: October 24, 2022; Published: November 10, 2022

Copyright: © 2022 Greaves et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the article and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

CD9 is a member of the tetraspanin superfamily of proteins that function as organisers of other membrane proteins [1]. CD9 is involved in a wide range of cell functions, including adhesion, motility, signalling and cell fusion [2]. Knockout (KO) of CD9 in female mice results in infertility due to a defect in sperm/oocyte fusion (reviewed in [3]). In a mechanism that appears conserved in mammals, CD9 is suggested to partner Juno, the egg receptor for sperm ligand Izumo1, thus facilitating the formation of adhesion sites prior to fusion [4]. CD9 concentrates at the interaction site on the oocyte in response to sperm oscillations immediately before fusion [5]. Whilst male CD9 KO mice appear fertile, CD9 is expressed on mouse sperm and male germline stem cells [6, 7] and is present at various stages of spermatogenesis, suggesting a role in this process [8].

Tetraspanins are widely expressed in teleosts [9] but there are no reports of roles in fish fertility. Several tetraspanins have roles during zebrafish development, including pigment cell interactions [10], hatching [11], vascularisation [12, 13] migrasome formation [14] and primordium migration [15]. However, the role of Cd9 in fertilisation has not yet been investigated. There are two paralogues of cd9 in zebrafish (cd9a and cd9b), which have 63% amino acid identity and similar mRNA expression patterns [15].

In this report, we investigate the role of Cd9 in zebrafish fertility. Two zebrafish cd9b alleles were used, and homozygous in-crosses of both alleles exhibited defects in fertilisation rates. The number of eggs produced per female (clutch size) was also significantly reduced. The defect in fertilisation was not further exacerbated by the additional KO of the paralogue, cd9a. Reduced clutch size could be rescued by crossing either cd9b KO male or female fish with a wildtype (WT) partner. In contrast, reduced fertilisation was only rescuable by crossing a KO female with a WT male. Our results indicate that Cd9 plays a more complex role in fish fertility than in mammals, with effects on both male and female fertility.

Methods and materials

Zebrafish maintenance

Adult wildtype AB zebrafish (WT) and cd9a/b/dKO mutants were housed and bred in a regulated 14:10 hour light: dark cycle under UK Home Office project licence 40/3459 in Bateson Centre aquaria at the University of Sheffield or project licence IACUC 140924 in the Singapore IMCB zebrafish facility. Zebrafish were raised under the standard conditions at 28°C [16].

Zebrafish mutant production

cd9b mutants were created from WT embryos using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and maintained on an WT background. TALENs (ZGene Biotech Inc., Taiwan) were provided in a pZGB4L vector, targeting the cd9b sequence 5’ ttgctctttatcttca 3’. Two frameshift mutants, c.46del (cd9b^is16 allele) or c.42_49del (cd9b^pg15 allele) were selected that caused premature termination in the second transmembrane domain or just after the first transmembrane domain respectively (S1 Fig) (previously described by Marsay et al., 2021). cd9a mutants were created by Marsay et al., 2021 using CRISPR/Cas9. An indel mutation deleting 4bp and inserting 8bp (c.180_187delinsTCGCTATTGTAT; cd9a^la61) generated a frameshift mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 3, which was predicted to truncate the protein before the large extracellular domain. cd9 dKO mutants were created by injecting the cd9a gRNA and Cas9 RNA into cd9b^pg15 embryos. These fish were screened for germline transmission by sequencing and backcrossed to cd9b^pg15 mutants. Heterozygous fish of the same genotype were in-crossed and adult F2 fish were genotyped to identify homozygous cd9b^pg15; cd9a^la61 (cd9 dKO).

Embryo collection and analysis

Adult zebrafish male/female pairs were placed in plastic breeding tanks overnight, separated by a divider. The wildtype and mutants were not siblings but fish of similar sizes were paired together when conducting pair mating experiments. All AB fish used were born within the same month and the cd9b mutants were born within 2 months of the AB fish used. The divider was removed the following morning after the lights came on and spontaneous spawning occurred. Embryos were collected every 20 min and collection time was recorded. Zebrafish pairs were allowed to spawn until no more embryos were produced and the number of embryos produced by each pair was recorded. Dead eggs (opaque eggs) were counted and removed on collection and fertilisation was assessed four hours post collection. Embryos that presented a well-developed blastodisc were counted as fertilised. It is known that egg laying is highly variable and so repeats were carried out over several weeks to ensure that the results were robust. Details of repeats are described in each figure legend. In addition, the experiments were conducted in the same environment, with the same protocol and the same equipment to try to minimise any environmental variation or influence.

Probe synthesis for in situ hybridisation

vasa cDNA was provided by H. Knaut (NYU Medical Center and School of Medicine, USA) in a pBS+ cloning vector. The vector conferred ampicillin resistance and contained M13 primer binding sites flanking the vasa cDNA. vasa cDNA containing plasmid was transformed into NEB 10-beta competent E.coli, and purified using a Miniprep kit (Qiagen, UK). The DNA template for the vasa RNA probe was then produced using a standard PCR protocol with M13 primers (Forward: 5’gtaaaacgcggccagt3’, Reverse: 5’ggaaacagctatgaccatg 3’), and purified using a 50 kDal centrifugal filter unit (Amicon, UK). Anti-sense RNA probes were transcribed from the DNA template using digoxigenin (DIG)-11-UTP Labelling Mix (Roche, UK), cleaned using spin filters (Sigma-Aldrich) and eluted into RNA-later (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) before storing at -20°C.

In situ hybridisation

Embryos were raised at 28°C in petri dishes containing E3 solution. The E3 was changed daily and any dead embryos removed. At 30–32 hours post fertilisation (hpf), embryos were anaesthetised using tricaine, dechorionated and then fixed using 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA; Sigma-Aldrich, UK) in PBS. The fixed embryos were left overnight at 4°C in 4% PFA before being washed twice with PBS/0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 (PBST) the following morning. Embryos were then put through a MeOH/PBS series using 30%, 60% and 100% (v/v) MeOH before being stored in 100% MeOH (Sigma-Aldrich) at -20°C. In situ hybridisation was carried out as described (Thisse and Thisse, 2008), except for the embryo digestion with proteinase K, for which 30–32 hpf embryos were digested with 10 mg/ml proteinase K at 20°C for 22 min. The protocol was performed with embryos in 1.5 ml microfuge tubes for the first two days, after which they were placed in 12-well plates for staining before transferring back to microfuge tubes for storage. Stained embryos were stored in the dark in 80% (v/v) glycerol.

qRT-PCR

Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted using the Sigma S5193 kit and run on a Stratagene qPCR machine using MXPro software. All reactions were set up with 1 μL of 7.5 μM primer, 2.8 μL 25 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 μL ROX reference dye, 10 μL SYBR Green ready mix, (Jumpstart) and 5 μL 1:20 cDNA. All reactions followed the following thermal cycle; 3 minutes initial denaturation at 95°C, 40 cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C, 15 seconds at 57°C and 20 seconds at 72°C, then finally 1 minute at 95°C, 30 seconds at 55°C and 30 seconds at 95°C. Primers were first tested to ensure they did not produce primer dimers or other non-specific products by checking for a sharp peak in the melting curve (S2 Fig). Primers used were β-actin2 F 5’- ggacctgtatgccaacactg-3’, β-actin2 R 5’- tgatctccttctgcatcctg-3’, cd9b F 5’-gaacccgtgacatcgtgtaa-3’ and cd9b R 5’- tacaacaggacaaccactcg-3’. The fold expression was calculated by initially normalising the expression of cd9b to the control gene, β-actin-2, and then differences in fold expression between mutants and WT were calculated by normalising the mutant expression to the wild type.

Primordial germ cell (PGC) assays

PGC were stained using a vasa in situ hybridisation and then embryos were imaged in 80% glycerol using a microscope mounted camera and a 5x or 10x objective. The number of PGCs was counted across the whole embryo and PGC migration was analysed by measuring the distance between the most anterior and posterior PGCs, with the measurement following the body axis. Measurements were taken using Image J software.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Adult zebrafish were paired, as described above, 4 days before the IVF procedure and then transferred back to their normal tanks. The fish were then paired again in the afternoon before the IVF procedure. The following morning, fish of the same genotype were placed together in larger tanks as zebrafish will not normally lay when grouped. Individual fish were then anaesthetised using tricaine and dried before gamete extraction. Sperm was extracted from male fish using suction through 10 μl capillaries (Hirschmann Laborgeräte GmbH, Germany), whereas females were gently pressed on the abdomen to release eggs. Gametes from a single pair of individuals were combined and incubated for 30 sec before adding 750 μl aquarium water and incubating for a further 2 min. 9 ml of aquarium water was then added and the gametes incubated for 4 hr at 28°C. The numbers of fertilised and unfertilised eggs were then assessed. Dead eggs were immediately discarded after extraction from the females and therefore not included in the analysis.

Statistics

Data distribution was first assessed for normality using a D’Agostino-Pearson omnibus K2 normality test on the experimental residuals, as well as creating a histogram of residuals. For normally distributed data, an ANOVA with Dunnet’s or Holms-Sidak multiple comparisons tests were used. For non-normally distributed data non-parametric tests, the Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, were used.

Results and discussion

To test the involvement of Cd9b in zebrafish fertility, we used two alleles of Cd9b, cd9b^is16 and cd9b^pg15. Both alleles were selected as they caused frameshift mutations in the N-terminus and premature termination in or before the second transmembrane domain (S1 Fig). The homozygous mutant KO fish appeared to develop normally. However, when in-crossed, both the number of eggs per clutch (Fig 1A) and the fertilisation rate of the eggs produced were significantly reduced compared to WT (Fig 1B). While the number of eggs produced appear similarly reduced in both alleles (Fig 1A), the extent of reduction in fertility differed dramatically between the two alleles with cd9b^is16 KO mutant pairs producing a markedly lower percentage of fertilised eggs (Fig 1B). The loss of fecundity in both alleles was surprising because the KO of CD9 in mice affects only the fertilisation of ova and not their production [17]. When the fate of the zebrafish eggs was analysed in more detail, the cd9b^is16 KOs produced a significantly higher percentage of eggs that were dead at the time of embryo collection (Fig 1C). Dead eggs are opaque and are easily identified. However, this significant increase in the percentage of dead eggs was not replicated in the cd9b^pg15 KO line, which produced a significant number of live but unfertilised eggs. (Embryos that presented a well-developed blastodisc after 3 hours were counted as fertilised). The difference in severity between the alleles could be due to the differences in mutations. While both mutations occur in similar codons (15 and 16), the consequent frameshift causes slightly more aberrant amino acids in the cd9b^is16 KOs before a stop codon is created (46 in contrast to 22 in cd9b^pg15 KO). While ISH and qPCR results showed a downregulation of mRNA suggesting nonsense mediated decay was occurring (S2, S3 Figs) [15], there could be differences in the residual function of the mutated protein. It is known, for example, that synthetic cell permeable peptides corresponding to the termini of CD9 show cellular activity [18]. There could also be differences in the amount of genetic compensation induced in either mutant [19]. Tetraspanins are known to have high levels of redundancy due to high structural relation, complementary roles and similar partner proteins. This increases the likelihood that there is some compensation happening in the cd9b KOs. The most likely candidate is cd9a as they share high protein identity and similar mRNA expression patterns to cd9b [15].

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Fig 1. cd9b mutant pairs lay smaller clutches of eggs with significantly fewer fertilised eggs.

A significant decrease in the total number of eggs laid per pair, including fertilised, dead and unfertilised eggs, is seen with cd9b mutant pairs (A). The percentage of fertilised eggs is significantly decreased in clutches from cd9b mutant pairs (B). Given the significant decrease in fertilised eggs seen in (B), it can be inferred that there is a significant increase in the percentage of dead and unfertilised eggs per clutch from cd9b mutants. This increase is apparent in (C), where the average breakdown of clutches from WT and cd9b mutant pairs is shown. The additional loss of cd9a in cd9 dKOs did not result in a further decrease in the fertilisation rate (D). Data from 5 experimental repeats carried out over several weeks. (A), (B) and (C) represent pooled data from 5 experimental repeats. A Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test where p<0.05 was performed on (A). An ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was performed on (B, C) after removal of definitive outliers (3 outliers, ROUT, q = 0.1) to give normally distributed data (p<0.05). n = minimum 25 pairs (A), minimum 10 pairs (B, C) per genotype. Only pairs that laid eggs were counted in (B) and (C), whereas all pairs were counted in (A). (D) represents 8 separate matings, with a Mann-Whitney U test of significance. Significance of difference from WT control: **** p<0.001; *** p<0.005; ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; ns = not significant.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.g001

To determine if deletion of both paralogs would result in a complete loss of fertility as seen in the CD9 KO mouse, cd9a was knocked out in the cd9b^pg15 background. ISH results show downregulation of cd9b and cd9a mRNA suggesting nonsense mediated decay was occurring [15]. Interestingly, the fertilisation rate of the double KO line was very similar to the cd9b^pg15 KO line (Fig 1D), suggesting that only Cd9b is involved in egg production and fertilisation.

We then investigated primordial germ cell (PGC) behaviour, to determine if reduced numbers or a delayed migration could result in lowered egg production [20]. However, both cd9b KO lines have the same number of PGC as WT fish (Fig 2A) and migration to the gonadal ridge during early development was not altered in cd9b mutants (Fig 2B). These results suggest that the number and migration of PGCs does not play a causative role in the reduction of fecundity and fertility seen with cd9b mutant pairs. These preliminary results do not, however, eliminate the possibility that mutations in cd9b could impact gonad development and morphology in later development or lead to impaired gametogenesis in mature gonads. Future experiments to elucidate possible roles for Cd9b in these processes could include histological analysis of the gonads at stages throughout development, analysis of gametogenesis and reproductive hormones such as follicular stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in sexually mature zebrafish, as well as investigating the expression of genes known to play a role in gonad development (e.g. ar, cyp11c1, cyp17a1, fancl, foxl2, hsf5, piwil1, piwil2) [21].

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Fig 2. cd9b homozygous mutants have the same number of PGC per embryo at 32 hpf and migration to the gonadal ridge is not affected in cd9b^pg15 mutants at 30 hpf.

(A) There is no significant difference in the number of PGCs in WT and cd9b mutant embryos at 32 hpf. PGCs were visualised using a vasa ISH on 32 hpf embryos and analysed using an ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test on n = minimum 10 embryos per genotype. (B) vasa ISH on 30 hpf WT and cd9b^pg15 embryos. PGC migration efficiency was analysed by looking at the distance between the most anterior and posterior PGC, which should have reached the gonadal ridge by 30 hpf. No significant difference was seen between WT and cd9b mutants as shown by a Mann-Whitney U test. n = at least 13 individual embryos. Data from a single experiment.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.g002

It would also be beneficial to undertake an analysis of cd9b expression to determine whether cd9b is expressed in the germs cells or the gonads. If cd9b is expressed in the germ cells, it would be interesting to study cd9b expression at different stages of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, given that CD9 has been shown to be expressed on murine oocytes and spermatogonial stem cells, as well as throughout the majority of spermatogenesis in mice [2, 22–24].

It is known that egg release and fertilisation in zebrafish are affected by mating behaviour, as observed previously (reviewed in [25]). To try to exclude this variable, we attempted to fertilise eggs manually using IVF techniques. In the experiment, fish were pair mated overnight by genotype, but the dividers were not removed so the fish were still exposed to the production and sensing of reproductive pheromones required for zebrafish breeding [26, 27]. Fish of the same genotype were then group housed the following morning and individual female fish removed for egg extraction. We found that numbers of eggs obtained from female cd9b mutants was significantly lower than WT and similar numbers of eggs were obtained from both mutant alleles (Fig 3A). To assess fertilisation rates, eggs and sperm from the same genotype were mixed externally. Fertilisation rates using sperm from cd9b KO males to fertilise KO eggs were also significantly reduced compared to using WT sperm to fertilise WT eggs (Fig 3B). The reduction in the percentage of fertilised eggs is again markedly different between the two alleles, which echoes the difference between the alleles seen in Fig 1B. Overall, this suggests the reductions in clutch size and fertilisation in cd9b KO mutants has a non-behavioural element.

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Fig 3. Clutches from cd9b mutant pairs, produced by IVF, have a decreased clutch size and lower percentage of eggs fertilised per clutch.

The number of eggs is significantly decreased in clutches from cd9b mutant pairs (A). Of the eggs laid, a significantly lower percentage were fertilised by cd9b mutant males (B). Dead eggs were immediately discarded during the IVF protocol and therefore (A) and (B) represent only fertilised and unfertilised eggs. n = minimum 3 pairs per genotype. ANOVA with Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test was carried out on the original data from (A) and on arcsine transformed data in (B). The Holm-Sidak post-hoc test was chosen as it has more power than Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. Significance of difference from WT control: ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; ns = not significant. Data from a single experiment.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.g003

The reduction in the number of eggs extracted from cd9b mutant females during the IVF protocol might indicate that Cd9b has a role in ovulation, with reduced ovulation induced in cd9b mutant females. Female zebrafish are stimulated to ovulate overnight by steroid glucuronides that are produced by the Leydig cells in the testis of male zebrafish, and then released into the water [26–28]. The IVF protocol required fish of the same genotype to be pair mated overnight and so the decreased numbers of eggs extracted from cd9b mutant females could be due to an impact on steroid glucuronide production or release in the males, or sensing in the females.

An alternative role for Cd9b in zebrafish fertility could be in gamete fusion. In mice, CD9 has been shown to be required for sperm-egg fusion and for the correct formation and distribution of microvilli on the oolemma [17, 29–32]. The role of CD9 in gamete fusion is suggested to be a result of this regulation of the microvilli [4, 31]. It would therefore be interesting to study the structure of microvilli and sperm-egg binding in the cd9b zebrafish mutants in future experiments.

While these preliminary IVF experiments suggest a non-behavioural element in the reduced fecundity and fertilisation seen in cd9b KO mutants, the protocol does not eliminate any potential anatomical differences in cd9b mutant females that could impede egg laying or investigate possible reductions in sperm production, release, or motility. It would also be useful to investigate these potential mechanisms in future experiments.

To investigate whether the phenotypes were due to a difference in the females, as seen in mice with fertilisation, or due to cumulative effects from both parents, we measured clutch size and fertilisation rates using a matrix of crossings. As found previously, mutant females crossed with mutant males had decreased clutch size and fertilisation rates, with the phenotypes seen in both the cd9b^is16 in-crosses and the cd9b^pg15 in-crosses (Fig 4A and 4B). Crossing cd9b mutants of either gender with WT fish produced normal clutch sizes (Fig 4A), showing that this phenotype can be rescued by both male and female WT fish. This data shows that cd9b mutant females have the ability to ovulate and lay normal numbers of eggs, which suggests that the decrease in clutch size seen with cd9b mutant in-crosses is not due to potential anatomical differences in the cd9b mutant female that could impeding egg laying. Indeed, given that clutch size can be rescued by replacing a cd9b mutant of either gender with a WT, this data suggests that both genders have a role in this phenotype.

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Fig 4. Clutch size can be rescued by substitution of either cd9b mutant partner for an WT, however, fertilisation is only rescued when the cd9b KO male is substituted for an WT male.

Clutch size can be rescued by substitution of a cd9b mutant partner, male (m) or female (f), with an WT (A). A Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was carried out on the pooled data from three experimental repeats. n = minimum 12 pairs per cross. While clutch size can be partially or fully rescued by substitution of either cd9b mutant partner, the percentage of fertilised eggs appears to only return to WT levels upon substitution of a cd9b mutant male with an WT male (B). An ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was carried out on arcsine transformed data pooled from three experiments. The average percentage of fertilised, dead and unfertilised eggs per clutch is shown in (C). n = minimum 10 pairs per cross for (B) and (C), except cd9b^is16 x cd9b^is16 where only 4 of 12 pairs laid. Significance of difference from WT control: **** p<0.001; *** p<0.005; ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; ns = not significant. Data was pooled from 3 experimental repeats carried out over several weeks.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.g004

The requirement of reproductive pheromones for successful zebrafish breeding could be a possible explanation for the role of both genders in the decrease in clutch size seen from cd9b mutant pairs [26, 27]. As mentioned above, female zebrafish ovulate in response to steroid glucuronides released into the water by male zebrafish. Similarly, female zebrafish produce and secrete steroid glucuronides, such as oestradiol-17β-glucuronide and testosterone-glucuronide, which then attract and initiate courtship behaviour in the male zebrafish to facilitate egg laying [26–33]. It would therefore be interesting to investigate the production, release and sensing of steroid glucuronides by cd9b mutants and analyse whether the mutants display any differences in courtship behaviour (e.g. chasing, contact using the nose or tail, approaching, encircling and presenting etc) [34].

In contrast to clutch size, the defect in the percentage of eggs fertilised was only rescued when the cd9b mutant male was substituted for a WT male (Fig 4B and 4C). This suggests that the reduction in fertilisation seen in cd9b mutant pairs is due solely to a difference in the mutant male, which is the opposite to that seen in CD9b KO mice, where CD9 is required for female fertility [17, 29, 30]. Given that the reduction in fertility in cd9b mutants appears to be due to a defect in the mutant male, it would be interesting to investigate whether Cd9b plays a role in sperm release, sperm motility or sperm—egg binding. A reduced quality or quantity of sperm could also result in the reduced fertility seen and so future work could include investigating if the cd9b mutation has an impact on spermatogenesis. This could include looking at the steroid hormones that control spermatogenesis, histological examinations of spermatogenesis in the testis and conducting sperm counts. Furthermore, CD9 is expressed throughout the majority of murine spermatogenesis and it would be interesting to investigate whether this expression is replicated in zebrafish [6, 23, 24].

Although there is no statistically significant difference in the number of dead eggs observed between the two alleles, an increased trend can be seen for cd9b^is16(Fig 4C). It would be beneficial to undertake future work to study the egg fate in cd9b^is16 fish in more detail. This would include determining if the phenotype can be rescued and, given that eggs were collected every 20 minutes and dead eggs counted and removed on collection, it would also be interesting to determine if the eggs are laid dead or die shortly after laying.

In conclusion, as with CD9 KO mice, cd9b homozygous mutant zebrafish showed fertility defects. It was found that cd9b KO zebrafish pairs laid decreased numbers of eggs and cd9b KO males had severely reduced fertility. In mice and human, CD9 appears to facilitate sperm penetration of the oolemma rather than the initial binding to the plasma membrane [35, 36]. CD9 KO female mice display a severe reduction in fertility due to defective sperm-egg fusion, but show no ovulation defects [17, 29, 30]. It was therefore surprising that the cd9b zebrafish mutants laid significantly fewer eggs and that the fertility phenotype appeared to be due to a defect in the cd9b mutant male, unlike CD9 KO mice. Unlike the mammal, it appears that CD9 plays a more complex role in fertility in zebrafish involving both sperm and oocyte. CD9 has, however, been reported to be expressed in male mice throughout spermatogenesis and in mature sperm during fertilisation [6, 23]. It would be interesting to investigate whether cd9b is similarly expressed in zebrafish males and to undertake further studies to elucidate the underlying mechanism behind the fertility phenotype. Perhaps infertility studies would benefit from CD9 investigation, an understudied membrane protein in regards to human fertility, in men in particular.

Supporting information

S1 Fig. cd9b mutant generation.

A: Nature of the cd9b mutant allele showing TALEN site location within the intron-exon structure of the gene. B: The TALEN target sequence in exon 1 is shown in blue; the 8bp deletion in the cd9b^pg15 allele, or the 1bp deletion in the cd9b^is16 allele is indicated under the WT sequence as dashes. The 8bp deletion leads to a frameshift changing codon 15 from TTT (Phe) to CAA (Glu), then 22 aberrant amino acids (red lettering) followed by a stop codon (*). The 1bp deletion leads to a frameshift changing codon 16 from ATC (Ile) to TCT (Ser), then 46 aberrant amino acids (red lettering) followed by a stop codon (*). C: Schematic of the Cd9b protein with location of mutation given by red arrow. The disulfide bonds between the conserved CCG motif and conserved cysteines are indicated by the dashed lines. EC1/2 = Extracellular domain 1/2, aa = amino acid. D-F: Sequence chromatograms of genomic DNA from (d) WT and (e) cd9b^pg15 alleles and (f) cd9b^is16 alleles. Location of mutation is underlined in red.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.s001

(DOCX)

S2 Fig. qPCR shows cd9b is significantly decreased in cd9b KO embryos.

A. Expression of cd9b is significantly reduced in both cd9b mutants compared to AB embryos. qPCR on single 36 hpf embryo cDNA using 6 biological samples and three technical repeats for each condition. Abnormal results, due to pipetting errors, were removed. Unpaired T-test with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons correction, p = <0.05. n = minimum 15 data points per genotype. B-C: Dissociation curves of (b) β-actin 2 and (c) cd9b show the qPCR primer pairs produce a single product. n = 4 technical repeats.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.s002

(DOCX)

S3 Fig. WISH shows cd9b is significantly decreased in cd9b KO embryos.

A-C: Representative images of cd9b WISH at 36 hpf in (a) WT, (b) cd9b^pg15 homozygous embryos and (c) cd9b^is16 homozygous embryos. (a) cd9b can be seen in the neuromasts and primordium of the posterior lateral line in WT embryos (arrows), but is absent in cd9b mutants (b,c). n = minimum 3 imaged, 10 observed per genotype. Data from a single experiment.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277274.s003

(DOCX)

Acknowledgments

The Bateson Centre aquarium at the University of Sheffield, particularly for their support in undertaking the IVF experiments, and the zebrafish facility at IMCB Singapore. Asst Prof Tom J Carney for his scientific advice. We thank Dr Stuart Casson and his lab for their advice and assistance in conducting the qRT-PCR and Dr Peng Hua for providing the β-actin2 primers.

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Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Methods and materials

Zebrafish maintenance

Zebrafish mutant production

Embryo collection and analysis

Probe synthesis for in situ hybridisation

In situ hybridisation

qRT-PCR

Primordial germ cell (PGC) assays

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

Statistics

Results and discussion

Supporting information

S1 Fig. cd9b mutant generation.

S2 Fig. qPCR shows cd9b is significantly decreased in cd9b KO embryos.

S3 Fig. WISH shows cd9b is significantly decreased in cd9b KO embryos.

Acknowledgments

References