http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-4503
Figures
Abstract
Background
Regular physical activity reduces the risk of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and breast and colon cancer. But, adolescents are insufficiently physically active. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess self- reported physical activity status and associated factors among adolescents in Debre Birhan town, Ethiopia.
Methods
School based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20 to May 10/2019 in Debre Berhan town Secondary schools. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 580 study participants from three secondary schools. Physical activity was assessed using questions adopted from recreation, sport, and leisure-time physical activity assessment section of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Adolescents who have done moderate to vigorous exercise for 60 minutes per day for at least three days in the last seven days were categorized as physically active. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Probability value less than 0.05 was used as a cut of point to determined statistically significant association.
Result
A total of 580 students participated in this study. Less than 1 in 5 (17.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 14.13%-20.27%) students were physically active. Male student (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.63, 95%CI = 1.5–4.59), age less than or equal to 16 (AOR: 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12–3.71) and access to sports center (gymnasium) (AOR: 2.09, 95% CI = 1.12–3.89 were positively associated with physical activity.
Citation: Mohammed OY, Tesfahun E, Ahmed AM, Bayleyegn AD (2020) Self-reported physical activity status among adolescents in Debre Birhan town, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0229522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229522
Editor: Samson Gebremedhin, Addis Ababa University School of Public Health, ETHIOPIA
Received: October 21, 2019; Accepted: February 8, 2020; Published: February 21, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Mohammed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; DALYs, Disability Adjusted Life-Years; CVD, Cardio Vascular Disease; OR, Odds Ratio; NCD, None Communicable Disease; NHS, National Health Survey; PA, Physical Activity; HTN, Hypertension; WHO, World Health Organization
Introduction
Physical activity is defined as bodily movement due to contraction of skeletal muscles. It includes exercise, sport, active play and walking [1, 2]. The American Heart Association recommends 30–60 minutes of aerobic exercise three to four times per week, while WHO recommends on a daily basis [3, 4].
Physical activity has a protective effect against non-communicable diseases (NCD) like cardiovascular diseases, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colon and breast cancer [5, 6]. However, 81% of adolescents are insufficiently physically active and this contributes to 3.2 million deaths each year [7]. Non-communicable diseases claimed the life of 2.7 million and 3.1 million people in the year 2012 and 2015 respectively globally [8, 9]. In Ethiopia alone, non-communicable diseases claimed 34% of all deaths in the year 2008 and rise to 40% in the year 2014 [10]. It is reported that if inactivity is decreased by 25%, more than 1.3 million deaths could be averted every year [6].
The level of physical activity varies across the globe. It is reported to be 37.1% in Sub-Saharan countries, 34.5% in the Caribbean, 19.1% near East and Central Asia, 19.1% and 26.8% in South Asia and China 26.8% and 28.1% in Scotland [11, 12].
Physical inactivity is associated with sedentary work and living environments, low economic status and disability [13]. Different quantitative investigations globally identified factors affecting physical activity like age, sex, education, maternal education, and cumulative family income level [11, 12, 14–18]. Factors like interest, time, convenience, lack of awareness, family influence, poor social support, gender and culture, availability of facilities are qualitatively identified barriers of physical activity [19–24]. On the contrary, improving fitness, wish to stay in shape, health, supportive environment, peer pressure and access to safe play area are facilitators of physical activity [21–24]. While the impact of physical inactivity and non-communicable diseases is increasing from time to time, the attempt to explore the stumbling block for active lifestyle are not well studied in Ethiopia generally and in the study area specifically. Gross school attendance ratio is 91% and adolescents, whose physical inactivity is higher, contribute the major share in the urban area [7, 25]. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the status of physical activity and associated factors among adolescents of Debre Berhan town.
Methods and materials
Study design and participants
A school based cross-sectional study among secondary school adolescents was conducted in Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia from April 20 to May 10, 2019. Debre Berhan town is the capital of North Shoa administrative zone in Amhara regional state. The town is located 695 km far from Bahir Dar, the capital city of Amhara regional state and 130 km far from Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. In 2018/19 academic year, there were 11,111 students in five secondary Schools in Debre Berhan Town.
The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula with the following assumption; 95% confidence level, margin of error 0.05, proportion of the students who were physically active 37.1% [11], design effect 1.5 and 10% none response rate. Based on this the calculate sample size was 591.
Multi-stage sampling was used to select three secondary schools from four governmental and one private secondary Schools. Primarily the schools stratified into public and private with the assumption as there is difference in levels of physical activity and two public and one private school was selected using simple random sampling (stage1). Then a sample of 591 were allocated proportionally to total number of students in each of the secondary school students and their grade level (grade 9, 10, 11 and 12). Finally, students were selected using computer generated simple random sampling by excel spread sheet from each section of selected schools. (stage2).
Participants/Population
In this study, the adolescent implies a segment of the population whose age fall in the age range between thirteen and nineteen years. Secondary school refers to those students who were attending their education in the grade ranges between 9 up to 12.
Measurement
Questionnaire which addresses the dependent and the independent variables was developed. The primary outcome of this research, physical activity status, was assessed using questions adopted from recreation, sport, and leisure-time physical activity assessment section of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) [14]. “Physical activity includes any moderate to vigorous physical activities done during recreation, sport, and leisure-time physical activity (aerobics, running, weight lifting, marshal art, gymnastic or fast bicycling, playing football, volley ball, basketball, walking).” Adolescents were asked how many days they were physically active and for how long during the last seven days. Then, adolescents who reported to have done moderate to vigorous exercises for 60 minutes per day for at least three days in the last seven days were categorized as physically active.
The independent variables include adolescents’ and their parents’ Socio-demographic characteristics like educational status, occupation, religion, family income, residence, age, sex and grade level. Adolescent’s perception towards regular physical activity in relation to its health benefits was also assessed. Moreover, availability of playground and gymnasium was assessed to see its effect on the status of physical activity of adolescents.
Data quality management
The English version of the structured questionnaire was translated into the local language, Amharic and back translated to English by professional language translators and its consistency was checked by the investigators. Pretest was done on 5% the sample size among adolescents, at secondary school in the nearest town to the study site. Some items were modified after the pretest. The collected data was checked for completeness, accuracy, consistency and clarity. Training was given to data collectors and supervisors about the tool and data collection procedures and ethical issues.
Data processing and analysis
Manually checked data, completeness and consistencies, was entered to Epidata version 4.4.2.1 software and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software for analysis. Then the data was presented by using frequency distributions, graphs and numerical summary measures. To identify determinant factors, both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done. Variables in the bivariable analysis with a P-value less than 0.2 were included in multivariable logistic regression analysis to control the confounding. Strength of association was measured using odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was declared at P-value less than 0.05. The model fitness was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test.
Ethical consideration
Primarily, ethical approval was obtained from Debre Berhan University, College of Health Science research ethical approval committee. Then assent was obtained from each school administrators (guardians of the school children). Written consent was also secured from the study participants. All participants were informed their right to refuse participating in the study at any time and ask any questions related with the study. Furthermore, the data was collected anonymously and confidentiality of the data was kept throughout the investigation.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents and their parents
A total of 580 adolescents were participated in the current study, which yields a response rate of 98.14%. Among the study participating adolescents 323 (55.7%) were female, 341 (58.8%) were from grade 9 and 10 with mean age 17.32 (±1.23 SD). About 362 (62.4%) parents live in urban, 215 (37.1%) mothers and 256 (44.1%) fathers were attended secondary or higher level of education. About 239 (41.2%) of mothers were an employee or involve in income generating activities for the family and 216 (37.2%) fathers were farmers. Two hundred ninety-nine (51%) of the family had more than 4800 Ethiopian Birr of average monthly income (Table 1).
Adolescents access for playground and their perception towards physical activities
Of adolescents who participated in the study 339 (58.4%) had access for playground and 106 (27.6%) had also access for gymnasium around their residence. A total of 382 (65.9%) adolescents perceived that regular physical activity is very enjoyable and 575 (99.1%) perceived that it is beneficial for health (Table 2).
Adolescents Physical activity status
From all participants in the study, 100 (17.2%) (95%CI: 14.13–20.27) of whom [24.5% male and 11.5% female] were physically active.
Factors associated with physical activity
In the bivariable analysis, the association between socio demographic characteristics of adolescent and their parents, media access and characteristics of the living environment, and the status of physical activity among the adolescents were assessed. All the variables which gave P-value less than 0.2 were included in the multivariable regression analysis.
Under multivariable logistic regression sex, age and availability of gymnasium around adolescents’ residence were turned to be significantly associated factors with being physically active. Accordingly, the odds of male were 2.63 (AOR 2.63, 95% CI = 1.5–4.59) times higher than their female counter parts. Similarly, the odds of being physically active for adolescents below the age of 16 years of age were 2.04 (AOR 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12–3.71) times higher than adolescents who were older than the age of 16. The odds of being physically active among adolescents who had access to gymnasium were 2.09 (AOR 2.09, 95% CI = 1.12–3.89) times higher than counter parts (Table 3).
Discussion
This study tried to measure the magnitude and associated factors of physical activity among adolescents in Debre Berhan town. The status of regular physical activity among high school adolescents was 17.2%. This finding is consistent with study finding in Brazil which reported that the overall physical activity was 19.69% [12]. This similarity might be due to the similarity in the socio-demographic status between the two populations. In the contrary, this result was lower compared with studies in Scotland which was 28.1 [7]. This discrepancy might be due to lack of access for playground and gymnasium. It is also lower compared with 23 low- and middle-income countries in the Sub-Sahara, which was 37.1%. The difference might be the presence of middle-income countries in the study which are different from our setup [6].
Among the total participants on the current study, around 65.9% feel regular physical activity is very enjoyable, 99.1% feel regular physical activity is healthy and 94.8% feel sedentary behavior is not healthy. Furthermore, 2.9% and 2.2% feel siting too much has no harm and good for health respectively. This result is higher in all aspect compared with study in Scotland which reported about 66% of participants consider regular exercise to be healthy but only 20–30% found exercise easy, relaxing and enjoyable [7]. The variation in the life style might be due to the difference in the level of development and life style.
Physical activity was predicted by sex; males were more likely to be involved in regular physical activity. The finding was consistent with study findings in Scotland, Czech Republic, Ghana, UK, South Africa, England and Poland [7, 9, 10, 13, 26–28]. This might be due to lack of female friendly facilities and gender role variation.
This study also identified that physical activity was determined by age; young adolescents are more likely to be involved in regular physical activity. This is in line with the study findings in 23 low and middle-income countries in Sub Sahara, Scotland, South Africa and Poland [6, 7, 9 and 13]. This could be as the age increase so does the responsibility in the family and schools to consumes most leisure times. In addition, access to gymnasium was significantly associated with physical activity. This indicates that accessibility of sport infrastructures like gymnasium around the residence helps to adopt active lifestyle.
Socio-economic related variables were not significantly associated with status of physical activity. This is not in line with the study findings in 23 low and middle- and middle-income countries, England and China, which revealed as there was significant association between physical activity and socio-economic status of the family [6, 10, and 29]. The reason could be the difference in socio-cultural and economic development level of countries.
The limitation of this study is lack of generalizability due to it was conducted in three high schools of one region and adolescent age groups. It is also based on self-reported information which might have a recall bias as far as the timing is concerned. In conclusion the magnitude of physical activity is low. Regular physical activity was significantly affected by sex, age and access to gymnasium. Therefore, the local, regional and national administrators in collaboration with sport and health offices administrators have to better work towards making facilities (gymnasium and playground) accessible to the adolescents so as for the public. They have also better to work towards making all the facilities girls friendly and consider making safe and healthy environment along investment and developmental plan through availing enough spaces for leisure time physical activities.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like thank Debre Berhan University Institute of medical and health sciences for the guidance and support I have been receiving throughout the development of this research. Authors would also like to thank Debre Eba Secondary school, H/Mariam Mamo Secondary School and Millennium Academy principals, teachers and students to their support and participating during the data collection. Last but not least Authors like to acknowledge Mr. Amanuel Tesfaye, Mr. Samuel Sisay, Mr. Tesfaye Hailu, Mrs Mignote Hailu and Mr.Abdella Amano for their support and passion through the course of this research.
References
- 1.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health. A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2015.
- 2.
Foundation VHP. [Internet]. VicHealth; 20 Jun 2016 [cited 3 Feb 2019]. Available: www.vichealth.vic.gov.au.
- 3.
NEW YORK STATE. [Internet]. New York State; 23 Sep 1999 [cited 13 Oct 2017]. Available: https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/cvd.htm.
- 4.
World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. 2010.
- 5. Miles L. Physical activity and health. British Nutrition Foundation. 2007: 314–363.
- 6. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet. 2012; 380: 219–229.
- 7.
World Health Organization. Global status report on non-communicable diseases 2014. World Health Organization; 2014.
- 8.
Africa Check. [Internet]. Africa Check; 31 Oct 2014 [cited Oct 16 2019]. Available: https://africacheck.org/factsheets/factsheet-the-leading-causes-of-death-in-africa/.
- 9.
Vuuren PJV. [Internet]. Africa Check; 14 Aug 2017 [cited 16 Oct 2019 ]. Available: https://africacheck.org/factsheets/factsheet-africas-leading-causes-death/.
- 10.
World Health Organization. WHO Country Cooperation Strategy 2012–2015, Ethiopia, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Republic of Congo, 2013.
- 11. Pengpid S, Peltzer K, Kassean HK, Tsala JP, Sychareun V, Müller-Riemenschneider F. Physical inactivity and associated factors among university students in 23 low-, middle-and high-income countries. International journal of public health. 2015; 60: 539–49. pmid:25926342
- 12. Poobalan AS, Aucott LS, Clarke A, Smith WC. Physical activity attitudes, intentions and behaviour among 18–25 year olds: A mixed method study. BMC public health. 2012;12:640. pmid:22892291
- 13.
WHO. Physical inactivity and diabetes. 2015.
- 14. Micklesfield LK, Pedro TM, Kahn K, Kinsman J, Pettifor JM, Tollman S, Norris SA. Physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents in rural South Africa: levels, patterns and correlates. BMC public health. 2014;14:40. pmid:24433276
- 15. Gorely T, Atkin AJ, Biddle SJ, Marshall SJ. Family circumstance, sedentary behaviour and physical activity in adolescents living in England: Project STIL. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2009;6:33. pmid:19519913
- 16. Dias PJ, Domingos IP, Ferreira MG, Muraro AP, Sichieri R, Gonçalves-Silva RM. Prevalence and factors associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents. Revista de saude publica. 2014;48:266–74. pmid:24897048
- 17. Mielke GI, Brown WJ, Ekelund U, Brage S, Gonçalves H, Wehrmeister FC, Menezes AM, Hallal PC. Socioeconomic position and sedentary behavior in Brazilian adolescents: A life-course approach. Preventive medicine. 2018;107:29–35. pmid:29277415
- 18. Wasilewska M, Bergier J. Physical activity and associated socio-demographic factors in adolescents from the eastern region of Poland. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2018;69.
- 19. Deliens T, Deforche B, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P. Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC public health. 2015;15:201. pmid:25881120
- 20. Abdelghaffar EA, Siham B. Perspectives of adolescents, parents, and teachers on barriers and facilitators of physical activity among school-age adolescents: a qualitative analysis. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2019;24:21. pmid:30961543
- 21. Ashton LM, Hutchesson MJ, Rollo ME, Morgan PJ, Thompson DI, Collins CE. Young adult males’ motivators and perceived barriers towards eating healthily and being active: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2015;12:93. pmid:26169503
- 22. Bélanger M, Casey M, Cormier M, Filion AL, Martin G, Aubut S, Chouinard P, Savoie SP, Beauchamp J. Maintenance and decline of physical activity during adolescence: insights from a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2011;8:117. pmid:22017754
- 23. Dwyer GM, Higgs J, Hardy LL, Baur LA. What do parents and preschool staff tell us about young children's physical activity: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2008;5:66. pmid:19077255
- 24. Payán DD, Sloane DC, Illum J, Lewis LB. Intrapersonal and environmental barriers to physical activity among Blacks and Latinos. Journal of nutrition education and behavior. 2019;51:478–85. pmid:30442570
- 25.
EDHS 2016. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Central Statistical Agency Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The DHS Program ICF Rockville, Maryland, USA. 2017:14–22.
- 26. Sigmundova D, Sigmund E, Hamrik Z, Kalman M. Trends of overweight and obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Czech schoolchildren: HBSC study. The European Journal of Public Health. 2013;24:210–5. pmid:23813709
- 27. Asare M, Danquah SA. The relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and mental health in Ghanaian adolescents. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health. 2015;9:11. pmid:25945123
- 28.
Fondation BH. New report assesses impact of physical inactivity on UK heart health and economy.2017.
- 29. Chen Y, Zheng Z, Yi J, Yao S. Associations between physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in 10 cities in China. BMC public health. 2014;14:744. pmid:25053199