http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2722-4771
Figures
Abstract
Several published checklists of bat species have covered Peninsular Malaysia as part of a broader region and/or in combination with other mammal groups. Other researchers have produced comprehensive checklists for specific localities within the peninsula. To our knowledge, a comprehensive checklist of bats specifically for the entire geopolitical region of Peninsular Malaysia has never been published, yet knowing which species are present in Peninsular Malaysia and their distributions across the region are crucial in developing suitable conservation plans. Our literature search revealed that 110 bat species have been documented in Peninsular Malaysia; 105 species have precise locality records while five species lack recent and/or precise locality records. We retrieved 18 species from records dated before the year 2000 and seven species have only ever been recorded once. Our search of Barcode of Life Datasystems (BOLD) found that 86 (of the 110) species have public records of which 48 species have public DNA barcodes available from bats sampled in Peninsular Malaysia. Based on Neighbour-Joining tree analyses and the allocation of DNA barcodes to Barcode Index Number system (BINs) by BOLD, several DNA barcodes recorded under the same species name are likely to represent distinct taxa. We discuss these cases in detail and highlight the importance of further surveys to determine the occurences and resolve the taxonomy of particular bat species in Peninsular Malaysia, with implications for conservation priorities.
Citation: Lim V-C, Ramli R, Bhassu S, Wilson J-J (2017) A checklist of the bats of Peninsular Malaysia and progress towards a DNA barcode reference library. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0179555. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555
Editor: Sharon Swartz, Brown University, UNITED STATES
Received: February 2, 2017; Accepted: May 30, 2017; Published: July 25, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Lim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All of the data (i.e. DNA barcodes) were obtained from Barcode of Life Data Systems at http://v4.boldsystems.org/. DNA barcodes which were included in the manuscript were publicly available. We also included some of the data as Supporting Information. Barcode of Life Data Systems is a public data repository. However, some of the data maybe not be publicly available if the owner of the dataset privatised it. Some of the data (e.g. checklists) are only available to registered users due to the restriction imposed by the Barcode of Life Data Systems.
Funding: This project was supported by a grant under the University of Malaya Postgraduate Research Fund (PG060-2016A). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Bats (Order: Chiroptera) are charismatic mammals with ecological importance and comprise about 50% of mammal species in tropical forests and 20% of mammal species worldwide. Davison and Zubaid [1] reported 106 bat species from Peninsular Malaysia but the number is increasing with discoveries of new species. For example, Kerivoula krauensis [2] and Rhinolophus luctoides [3] were recently recognised on the basis of divergences in mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Francis et al. [4] suggested that the species richness of bats across Southeast Asia may be underestimated by 50%, further intensive surveys may increase the species richness of bats in Peninsular Malaysia specifically [5].
Several published checklists of bat species have covered Peninsular Malaysia as part of a broader region, for example, “Walker’s bats of the world” [6], “Horseshoe bats of the world” [7], and/or in combination with other mammal groups, for example, “A handlist of Malaysian mammals” [8], “The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review” [9], “Checklist of mammals from Malaysia” [1], and “Red list of mammals for Peninsular Malaysia” [10]. Other researchers have produced comprehensive checklists for particular localities: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11] and Ulu Gombak [5]. To our knowledge, a checklist of bats specifically for the entire geopolitical region of Peninsular Malaysia has never been published. Knowing which species are present in Peninsular Malaysia and their distributions across the region are crucial in developing suitable conservation plans [2, 4].
Bat species are traditionally recognised on the basis of morphological characteristics [12, 13, 14]. However, examination of morphological characters may be of limited service when applied to the identification of sympatric and morphologically similar species [4, 15]. For example, Hipposideros bicolor sensu lato is a widespread species complex in Southeast Asia that comprises two species, H. bicolor and H. atrox, which are morphologically similar with subtle differences but are acoustically distinct [16, 17]. Molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding could help to resolve problems in species recognition [2] and validate findings from echolocation studies [16, 18]. DNA barcoding can identify individuals to their species by matching a short, standardised DNA sequence, obtained from the unknown individual, to reference sequences from taxonomically verified specimens in the Barcode of Life Datasystems—BOLD [19]. Cryptic species (in the sense of Bickford et al. [20]) are often first detected when their (supposedly conspecific) DNA barcodes fail to match closely and display high divergence with reference sequences on BOLD; demonstrating the potential of DNA barcoding as a species discovery tool [2, 5, 15]. Furthermore, DNA can be extracted from hair, tail membrane and wing punch samples; the collection of which has minimal adverse impacts on live bats [21, 22].
The objectives of this review are (1) to create a checklist of bat species reported from Peninsular Malaysia, and (2) to chart the progress towards a comprehensive DNA barcode reference library for the bat species of this region.
Materials and methods
Literature review
A preliminary checklist for Peninsular Malaysia was compiled from published checklists [1, 5, 9, 10, 11, 23]. A search for additional published records of bat species reported from Peninsular Malaysia was conducted through Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com), Web of Science (https://www.webofknowledge.com), PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Cab Direct (http://www.cabdirect.org) and Biodiversity Heritage Library (http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org) using keywords “Chiroptera”, “bats”, “bat species”, “Peninsular Malaysia”, and “DNA barcoding”. We also requested for data from bat surveys conducted in Peninsular Malaysia directly from government agencies (Department of Wildlife and National Parks and Forest Research Institute Malaysia) and researchers known to be active in this region (Dr. Charles M. Francis and Prof. Dr. Zubaid Akbar Mukhtar Ahmad).
Museum collection numbers of type specimens were obtained from the literature. We used the following abbreviations for museum collections: Natural History Museum, London, UK, (BM(NH)); Centre for Thai National Reference Collections, Bangkok, THAILAND (TNRC); National Museum of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA (MNM); National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA (USNM); Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY (SMF); Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, HUNGARY (HNHM); National Science Museum, Tokyo, JAPAN (NSMT); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FRANCE (MNHN), Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, GERMANY (MNB), National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, NETHERLANDS (NMNL), Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA (FMNH), and Department of Wildlife and National Parks, MALAYSIA (DWNP). Scientific names were checked against usage in the Mammals of the World list maintained by Dr. Nancy Simmons of the American Museum of Natural History whereas common English (vernacular) names followed the “Field Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia” [14]. The current conservation status for each species were obtained from IUCN [24].
DNA barcoding progress
Based on the checklist obtained as above, we searched the BOLD Taxonomy Browser [19] for the availability of DNA barcodes (the standard COI mtDNA region for animals) on BOLD representing each species. The localities and associated Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) [25] of all public DNA barcodes for the listed species were recorded. A BIN is a molecular operational taxonomic unit with high correspondence to “traditional” species boundaries and also a unique alphanumeric code associated with the DNA barcodes (>500bp) it comprises on BOLD. In several cases detailed below, DNA barcodes are likely to represent certain species based on their placement on taxon identification (taxon ID) trees produced by BOLD v.4 [19] but are not presently recorded as those species (i.e. are unnamed or are recorded under different names). For certain taxa, MEGA 7 [26] was used to construct Neighbour-Joining (NJ) trees of the public DNA barcodes using the Kimura 2-parameter model [27] and bootstrapping with 500 replicates [28].
Results and discussion
Our literature review produced a checklist of 110 bat species for Peninsular Malaysia. In comparison, Kingston et al. [11] reported 69 species, whereas Davison and Zubaid [1] reported 106 species. Of the 110 bat species in our checklist, 105 species have precise locality records whereas the remaining five lack recent and/or precise locality records for Peninsular Malaysia.Our checklist includes records of bats previously reported under informal names, also known as “dark taxa” [29] (i.e. Cynopterus cf. brachyotis SUNDA, C. cf. brachyotis FOREST, Hipposideros bicolor131, H. bicolor142, Myotis muricola “Eastern”). Our review of the available DNA barcodes uncovered ten cases of taxonomic uncertainty (i.e. Hipposideros larvatus, H. cervinus, H. galeritus, H. armiger, Rhinolophus lepidus, R. stheno, Kerivoula hardwickii, K. minuta, Philetor brachypterus and Miniopterus medius), for which we highlight the importance of further research and analyses. The checklist is available on BOLD v.4 [19] in the Checklist section as “A checklist of the bats of Peninsular Malaysia and progress towards a DNA barcode reference library” (CL-PMBAT).
Of the eight families included in the checklist, Vespertilionidae has the highest number of recorded species (n = 44, 36%), followed by Hipposideridae (n = 20, 18%), and Pteropodidae (n = 18, 16%). Nycteridae has the lowest number of recorded species with only one species (0.9%). According to IUCN [24], ten species in our checklist: Megaerops wetmorei, Chaerephon johorensis, Coelops robinsoni, Hipposideros halophyllus, H. orbiculus, H. ridleyi, Murina aenea, M. rozendaali, Arielulus societatis and Hesperoptenus tomesi are listed as “Vulnerable”, 15 species are listed as “Near Threatened”, and 71 species are listed as “Least Concern”. Six species: Hipposideros nequam, Rhinolophus convexus, Kerivoula krauensis, Hesperoptenus doriae, Myotis hermani and Hypsugo macrotis are listed as “Data Deficient” whereas eight species have yet to be assessed.
Our search of BOLD [18] revealed that 86 species (78%) have public records on BOLD of which 48 of the 86 (44%) have DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia. This means 62 species (56%) did not have DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia, leaving their taxonomic status and presence in Peninsular Malaysia somewhat unresolved. Nyctalus noctula did not have DNA barcodes from any locality in Southeast Asia. Eighty species (73%) of the 86 species with public DNA barcodes were associated with BINs.
We retrieved 18 species (16% of the total species for Peninsular Malaysia) from old records dated before the year 2000 and seven of these species have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia only once. The lack of recent records for species may be due to sampling biases as some of these species appeared to be restricted to certain localities often with specialised habitat structures [30, 31]. Three species (2.8%) have been reported in Peninsular Malaysia but without any precise localities (Fig 1).
Our literature search revealed that several subspecies have been recently elevated to full species: Balionycteris seimundi [32], Murina peninsularis [33, 34], Myotis federatus [35] and Rhinolophus morio [3]. We also discussed the taxonomic status of several other groups (i.e. Macroglossus sobrinus, Hipposideros pomona, Rhinolophus lepidus) based on our NJ analyses of DNA barcodes. We found several cases where specimens recorded under the same species name were assigned to different BINs by BOLD suggesting a need for further examination of these taxa.
The main threat to bats in Peninsular Malaysia is habitat loss, particularly due to expansion of agricultural land and urbanisation [14]. Based on our review, many species appear to be exclusively dependent on certain habitat structures (e.g. Hipposideros halophyllus in limestone areas, Aethalops alecto in hill and montane forests, and Pteropus hypomelanus on islands) and restricted to certain localities (e.g. Phoniscus jagorii in Krau Wildlife Reserve, and Myotis hermani in Temenggor Forest Reserve). Several species (i.e. Hipposideros lekaguli, H. halophyllus, H. pomona, Rhinolophus acuminatus, R. marshalli, R. malayanus) are seemingly restricted to northern Peninsular Malaysia. Currently only two species (i.e. Pteropus vampyrus and P. hypomelanus) are receiving conservation protection from the federal government of Malaysia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010. Many species (e.g. Aselliscus stoliczkanus, Chaerephon plicatus, R. marshalli, Kerivoula picta, Arielulus circumdatus) were listed as “Least Concern” by IUCN [24], but the lack of recent records for these species suggests the need for reconsideration of their conservation status in Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, our literature review highlights (i) the importance of further surveys to determine the presence of particular bat species in Peninsular Malaysia and (ii) areas for further taxonomic work, with implications for the conservation approaches needed for bats in this region.
Checklist of bat species in Peninsular Malaysia
Family: Pteropodidae
Aethalops alecto [Thomas, 1923]
Aethalodes alecto Thomas, 1923: 251. Indrapura Peak, Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1923.1.2.1) [36].
Aethalops alecto [37].
Common English name: Grey Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as A. alecto are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAB6984, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Jayaraj et al. [38] commented that “unpublished genetic data suggests the Javan and Borneon forms are distinct”. We could not evaluate the relationship between these two forms and the bats in Peninsular Malaysia due the lack of DNA barcodes from the Peninsular Malaysia and Java.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perak: Maxwell Hill [23]; Pahang: Gunong Benom and Cameron Highlands [23]. A. alecto is not common and confined to hill and montane forests, normally above 1000 m [14, 23].
Balionycteris seimundi Kloss, 1921
Balionycteris maculata seimundi Kloss, 1921: 229. Junction of Tahan and Teku rivers, foot of Gunung Tahan, Pahang, MALAYSIA (E. Seimund, collector; MNM 1/21) [39].
Balionycteris maculata [8].
Common English name: Spotted-winged Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB7907 (14 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2).
The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, JV = Java, Indonesia, BN = Borneo (including Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos.
Remarks: Originally described as a subspecies of B. maculata [9]. Khan et al. [32] reported a high genetic distance (12%) in cytochrome b mtDNA between B. maculata sensu lato populations in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo and consequently raised B. seimundi as a distinct species. The same pattern was also observed in COI mtDNA (Fig 2; also see Fig 2 in [4]). Following Khan et al. [32], the name of the taxon in Peninsular Malaysia should be updated to B. seimundi.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: As B. maculata: Pahang: Gunung Tahan [39], Merapoh [40], Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Tasik Chini [43], Kuala Atok National Park [44]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Royal Belum State Park [48], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Lanjan [40], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52–54], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve and Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
B. seimundi tends to roost in small harem groups in sites with bell-shaped cavities and smooth surfaces [11]. Individuals have also been found roosting in crowns of palms, clumps of epiphytic ferns, arboreal ant nests, hollowed arboreal termite nests and hollowed detached large branches [11, 14, 23].
Chironax melanocephalus [Temminck, 1825]
Pteropus melanocephalus Temminck, 1825: 190; Gunung Karang, Bantam, west Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [58].
Chironax melanocephalus [9].
Common English name: Black-capped Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ACG2580 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
Remarks: Sing et al. [5] first reported that a DNA barcode collected at Ulu Gombak, shared 95.8% similarity with DNA barcodes of Chironax melanocephalus from Java, Indonesia (Fig 2). The DNA barcodes from Java are likely to represent C. melanocephalus sensu stricto as they were collected from type locality and are assigned to a different BIN (BOLD:AAE9045). Whether several forms of Chironax occur in Peninsular Malaysia remains to be determined. Two distinct morphotypes of C. melanocephalus sensu lato were recently described from Sumatra, Indonesia, neither matching with either of the currently recognised subspecies: C. m. melanocephalus and C. m. tumulus [59]. No DNA barcodes were provided for these specimens but it remains possible that the taxon in Peninsular Malaysia is one of these putative species.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [5, 52, 54], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve [56]; Pahang: Cameron Highland [23, 60], Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56]; Perak: Royal Belum State Park [48], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49]; Johor: Endau Kluang Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Chamah [62].
C. melanocephalus is common in lowland, hill and montane forests where the species roosts in large colonies in caves and rock shelters but in smaller groups in tree ferns [11, 14, 23].
Cynopterus cf. brachyotis SUNDA.
Pachysoma brachyotis Müller, 1838: 146. Dewei River, central Kalimantan, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [63].
Cynopterus brachyotis [23].
Cynopterus cf. brachyotis SUNDA [64]
Common English name: Sunda Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA9800 (20 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
Remarks: Campbell et al. [64] reported two distinct species under C. brachyotis sensu lato with a mean divergence of 8.3% in mtDNA (combined control region and cytochrome b) between them. The two species are commonly annotated as C. cf. brachyotis SUNDA and C. cf. brachyotis FOREST (Fig 2). The SUNDA species is larger than the FOREST species with a longer forearm (>64 mm) and is abundant in highly disturbed habitat (e.g. agricultural and suburban areas) but is absent in mature forests [11, 14, 64, 65].
It is unclear which species represents C. brachyotis sensu stricto despite the cryptic taxa being widely acknowledged (N Simmons, personal communication). Medway [23] recognised three subspecies of C. brachyotis in Peninsular Malaysia: (i) C. b. brachyotis found in lowlands and islands in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia, including Perak, and with a forearm length: 57–68 mm and an ear length: 14.5–18.5 mm; (ii) C. b. angulatus which intergrades with the nominal subspecies at the northern range and has a forearm length: 68–72 mm and an ear length: 18–22 mm; and (iii) C. b. altitudinus foundin the central highlands above 3, 000 ft from Gunung Brinchang, Pahang to Gunung Bunga Buah, Selangor, and with a forearm length: 60–68 mm and an ear length: 18–21 mm. A thorough examination of all relevant types in this genus is required in order to correctly attribute currently existing Linnaean names.
IUCN status: As C. brachyotis: Least Concern
Recorded at: These records refer to C. brachyotis sensu lato, so may represent “SUNDA” or “FOREST”. Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Pulau Tioman [23, 64], Merapoh [40], Tasik Chini [43], Kuala Atok National Park [44], Gunung Brinchang [52], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Cameron Highland [60], Kuala Lipis and Cherating [64]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Pulau Pinang: Pulau Pinang [23]; Perak: Pulau Pangkor [23, 64], Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Royal Belum State Park [48, 66], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang and Selama [49], Taping [64]; Terengganu: Pulau Redang [23], Pulau Perhentian [64]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng, Gua Musang, and Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [5, 40, 52–54], Bukit Kemandul and Bukit Lanjan [40], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Gunung Bunga Buah [52], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Sungai Dusun [64]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50], Perlis State Park and Kangar [64]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve and Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Melaka: Melaka town [64].
Cynopterus cf. brachyotis FOREST.
Cynopterus brachyotis FOREST [64].
Cynopterus JLE sp. A Francis et al. [4] (and as in BOLD).
Common English name: Forest Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA9308 (19 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
IUCN status: As C. brachyotis: Least Concern
Remarks: The FOREST form is smaller than the SUNDA form with an average forearm length of less than 63 mm and is confined to primary and mature secondary forests [11, 14, 64]. See the remarks on C. cf. brachyotis SUNDA.
Recorded at: Confirmed records of “FOREST” (see above): Selangor: Ulu Gombak [5]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [64]; Johor: Endau Rompin [64]; Perlis: Perlis State Park and Kuala Perlis [64]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [64], Perak: Taiping [64], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir and Temenggor Lake [69].
C. cf. brachyotis FOREST is generally restricted to primary and mature secondary forests [11, 14, 64] and has not been reported from disturbed habitats [65].
Cynopterus horsfieldii Gray, 1843
Cynopterus horsfieldii Gray, 1843: 38; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [70].
Common English name: Horsfield’s Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD1477 (3 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Merapoh [40], Tasik Chini [43], Kuala Atok National Park [44], Cameron Highland, [60, 64], Cherating [64]; Pulau Pinang: Pulau Pinang [23], Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56]; Selangor: Bukit Lanjan [40], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51],Ulu Gombak [52–54]; Perak: Bayor River-Rantau Panjang and Selama [49], Taiping [64], Temenggor Lake [69], Temengor Forest Reserve [71]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50], Perlis State Park [64]; Johor: Endau Kluang Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [61, 64], Gunung Reng [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69].
C. horsfieldii has a wide range of habitats (e.g. lowland, hill, and montane forests, mangroves, orchards and plantations) [11] and has been reported roosting gregariously in caves, cavities in limestone caves and rock shelters [11, 14, 23].
Cynopterus sphinx [Vahl, 1797]
Vespertilio sphinx Vahl, 1797: 123; Tranquebar, Madras, INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [72].
Cynopterus sphinx [73].
Common English name: Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as C. sphinx are associated with BIN, BOLD:AAA3386, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia. Another BIN (BOLD:AAD9139) contains a single DNA barcode of C. sphinx from India and DNA barcodes recorded as Pteropus vampyrus, P. lylei, and Rousettus leschenaultii, which we suspect may represent erroneous records or contamination.
Remarks: C. sphinx resembles C. cf. brachyotis closely in morphology and both taxa overlap in forearm measurements [14]. However, examination of specimens from Peninsular Malaysia identified as C. sphinx, C. cf. brachyotis SUNDA and C. cf. brachyotis FOREST revealed that C. sphinx is 8.9% from C. cf. brachyotis SUNDA and 7.5% divergent from C. cf. brachyotis FOREST in mtDNA (combined control region and cytochrome b) [64]. Our examination of DWNP specimens labelled as C. sphinx and C. cf. brachyotis from Peninsular Malayia revealed that the taxa can be differentiatied by a distinctive lower last molar. Specimens labelled as C. sphinx have lower teeth which are almost uniform in size whereas specimens of C. cf. brachyotis have non-uniformed lower teeth with extremely small lower last molars [74].
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perak: Selama [49], Taiping [64]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng and Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50], Kuala Perlis, Perlis State Park and Kangar [64]; Pahang: Cameron Highland [64].
C. sphinx is commonly found in disturbed habitats and ecotones but not in the forest interior [14, 65].
Dyacopterus spadiceus [Thomas, 1890]
Cynopterus spadiceus Thomas, 1890: 235; Baram, Sarawak, MALAYSIA (Charles Hose, collector; BM(NH) 1890.1.28.4) [75].
Dyacopterus spadiceus [76].
Common English name: Dayak Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are two public DNA barcodes of D. spadiceus on BOLD, but neither are associated with any BIN due to the short sequence length (<500 bp). One DNA barcode (BM447-04) is from Peninsular Malaysia [4] and our NJ analysis revealed that this DNA barcode exhibited little divergence with the DNA barcode from Kalimantan, Indonesia (BM265-04) (Fig 2).
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
D. spadiceus roosts in tree cavities and ferns and has been recorded in lowland, hill and montane forests, and nearby limetone caves [11, 14. 22].
Eonycteris spelaea [Dobson, 1871]
Macroglossus spelaeus Dobson, 1871: 105, 106; Farm Caves, Moulmein, Tenasserim, MYANMAR (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [77].
Eonycteris spelaea [78].
Common English name: Cave Nectar Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB6385 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Pulau Tioman [23, 79], Tasik Chini [43]; Selangor: Batu Caves [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52–54]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang and Selama [49]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng, Gua Musang and Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Melaka [68].
E. spelaea is a cave dweller and roosts in large colonies with thousands of individuals [11, 14, 23].
Macroglossus minimus [Geoffroy, 1810]
Pteropus minimus Geoffroy, 1810: 97; Java, INDONESIA (Leschnault de la Tour, collector; Type unknown) [80].
Macroglossus minimus [73].
Common English name: Lesser Long-tongued Nectar Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. minimus are associated with BIN, BOLD:AAA9952, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: M. minimus resembles M. sobrinus closely in morphology but has a shorter rostrum (26 – 28mm) and muzzle [74], and a deep median groove on the upper lip which is absence in M. sobrinus [14, 74]. Our examination of DWNP specimens from Peninsular Malaysia labelled as M. minimus and M. sobrinus revealed specimens that fit the description of M. Minimus and specimens that fit the description of M. sobrinus supporting the presence of both taxa in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the taxa showed very shallow divergence in COI mtDNA in our NJ analysis with DNA barcodes from both type localities (i.e. Java and Peninsular Malaysia) being grouped together (Fig 2; also see Fig 6 in [4]). It remains unclear whether M. minimus and M. sobrinus are actually the same species or whether they represent two taxa that diverged recently. Further analysis of nuclear DNA would be required to determine this and we tentatively retain the taxa as distinct species in our checklist.
Recorded at: Pahang: Pulau Tioman [23], Krau Wildlife Reserve [41]; Selangor: Kuala Selangor [40], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Ulu Gombak [52]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [47]; Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Chamah, Gunung Reng, Gua Musang and Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67].
M. minimus has been recorded in mangroves, coastal areas and disturbed areas [14, 23].
Macroglossus sobrinus Andersen, 1911
Macroglossus minimus sobrinus Andersen, 1911: 641, 642; Mount Igari, Perak, MALAYSIA (A.L. Butler, presenter; BM(NH) 1898.11.29.1) [81].
Macroglossus sobrinus [8].
Common English name: Greater Long-tongued Nectar Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA9952 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: Macroglossus sobrinus was first described as a subspecies of M. minimus but was later considered as a distinct species [11, 14, 74] (see remarks on M. minimus).
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Tasik Chini [43], Cameron Highland [60]; Selangor: Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [53, 54]; Perak: Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Kedah: Gunung Jerai [50], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Chamah, Gunung Reng, Gua Musang and Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67].
M. sobrinus has been recorded in dipterocarp and montane forests, and disturbed areas [14], and has been reported roosting in rolled young banana leaves and pollinating wild banana plants [11].
Megaerops ecaudatus [Temminck, 1837]
Pachysoma ecaudatum Temminck, 1837: 94; Padang, West Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Megaerops ecaudatus [82].
Common English name: SundaTailless Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAJ2914 (7 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Fraser Hill, Gunung Brinchang, and Cameron Highland [23], Tasik Chini [43]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Bidor [76]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [62].
M. ecaudatus predominantly inhabits pristine forest but has been recorded in disturbed forests [11, 14, 23].
Megaerops wetmorei Taylor, 1934
Megaerops wetmorei Taylor, 1934: 191; near Tatayan, Cotobato, Mindanao Island, PHILIPPINES (E. H. Taylor, collector; Described based on specimen No. 770 in E.H. Taylor’s collection with unknown current location) [83].
Common English name: White-collared Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAX3327 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Remarks: The species was first recorded in Peninsular Malaysia as a new subspecies, M. w. albicollis in Pasoh Forest Reserve [84] with distinctive white tufts on the shoulders and neck [11, 84]. The type of M. wetmorei [83] lacked the white neck tufts (which was followed in the description by Corbet and Hill [9]) and has a short tail of 1.5 mm [83]. Specimens of M. w. albicollis from Pasoh Forest Reserve have a short tail of ~4 mm [84] whereas specimens from Krau Wildlife Reserve [11] are tailless. Further analysis, and more DNA barcordes, would be required to determine whether M. w. albicollis deserves to be recognised as a species distinct from M. w. wetmorei.
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45, 84]. M. wetmorei has only been recorded in mature forests [11, 14].
Penthetor lucasi [Dobson, 1880]
Cynopterus (Ptenochirus) lucasi Dobson, 1880: 163; Sarawak, MALAYSIA (Frederic A. Lucas, presenter; Described based on a male specimen from collection of Ward’s Museum, Rochester, New York with unknown current location) [85].
Penthetor lucasi [76].
Common English name: Dusky Fruit Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB3098 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 2)
Remarks: High divergences in cytochrome b mtDNA were reported within a population of P. lucasi in Miri, Sarawak, Borneo (4.9%) and within a population in Kuching, Sarawak (4.7%) [86]. This is congruent with Khan et al. [32] who reported “~5%” divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA among specimens from Sarawak. Khan et al. [32] did not include specimens from Peninsular Malaysia whereas Mohd Ridwan and Abdullah [86] included specimens from Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. The DNA sequences from Kelantan were clustered with sequences from Kuching, Miri and Sri Aman (Borneo) and demonstrated 3.88% divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA from another cluster from Borneo which consists of DNA sequences from Miri and Kuching. DNA barcodes recorded as P. lucasi are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAB3098 and BOLD:AAB3099 (Fig 2). Currently no subspecies have been described for P. lucasi but considering two DNA clusters could occur within a population [86], further analyses including nuclear DNA, morphology and specimens from several localities are required for a taxonomic revision.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Terengganu: Kenyir Dam [87]; Pahang: Gunung Brinchang [11, 23], Cameron Highlands [23], Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Tasik Chini [43], Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], National Park [87]; Selangor: Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52, 54], Ulu Langat Forest Reserve and Sungai Dusun Game Reserve [88]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [47]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
P. lucasi roosts gregariously in caves, rock shelters and rock crevices and occasionally under palm trees in forests [11, 14, 23].
Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853
Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853: 61; Ternate Island, North Molucca islands, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [89].
Common English name: Island Flying-Fox
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as P. hypomelanus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAZ4957, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Johor: Pulau Pemanggil [23]; Terengganu: Pulau Redang [23], Pulau Perhentian [23]; Kedah: Pulau Paya [23]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman [23, 78; 90].
P. hypomelanus roosts close to shores on islands, under the fronds of coconut palms and branches of trees, and flies to mainland to feed [14, 23].
Pteropus vampyrus [Linnaeus, 1758]
Vespertilio vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758: 31; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [91].
Pteropus vampyrus [8].
Common English name: Large Flying-Fox
Barcode Index Number: A DNA barcode recorded as P. vampyrus is associated with the controversial BIN, BOLD: AAD9139 (see remarks on C. sphinx) but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Sungai Tembeling [23], Taman Negara [87], Gunung Tahan [92], Tanjung Agas [93]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [47], Lenggong,Teluk Memali and Tambun [93]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52]; Terengganu: Kenyir Dam [87], Kampung Gong Tengah, Permaisuri and Kampung Kepah [93]; Johor: Benut [93].
P. vampyrus travels a long distance to feed, and often roosts in mangroves, on nipah palms and on open branches of trees [14, 23].
Rousettus amplexicaudatus [Geoffroy, 1810]
Pteropus amplexicaudatus Geoffroy, 1810: 96, pl. 4; Timor Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [80].
Rousettus amplexicaudatus [8].
Common English name: Geoffroy’s Rousette
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. amplexicaudatus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC4982, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Gunung Brinchang, [23]; Selangor: Batu Caves [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [53, 54]: Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [47], Selama [49]; Melaka: Unspecified [68].
R. amplexicaudatus is a cave dweller and sometimes roosts in crevices of large rock boulders in complete darkness [11, 14, 23]
Rousettus leschenaultii [Desmarest, 1820]
Pteropus leschenaultii Desmarest, 1820: 110; Pondicherry, INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [94].
Rousettus leschenaultii [8].
Common English name: Leschenault’s Rousette
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. leschenaultii are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAB5823, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Batu Caves based on skeletal remains [95]. R. leschenaultii roosts primarily in caves and sometimes in wells, mines and cave-like structures [14].
Family: Emballonuridae
Emballonura monticola Temminck, 1838
Emballonura monticola Temminck, 1838: 25, pl. 2; Mountain Munara, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Common English name: Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAX7646 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 3)
The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, CH = China.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Pulau Tioman [23], Tasik Chini [43]; Terengganu: Pulau Redang [23]; Johor: Pulau Aur [23], Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Selangor: Bukit Lanjan [40], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52–54]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [62].
E. monticola is confined to forest and roosts in small groups of two to 20 individuals, normally in shallow caves, rock crevices, hollowed logs, the buttresses of fallen trunks and overhanging earth banks [11, 14, 23].
Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825
Taphozous longimanus Hardwicke, 1825: 525; Calcutta, Bengal, INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [96].
Common English name: Long-winged Tomb Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as T. longimanus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAH9837, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Unspecified locations in Selangor, Perak, and Pahang [23]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Johor: Endau-Rompin [23]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve (2 DWNP specimens caught in year 2017).
T. longimanus roosts in buildings, caves, tree hollows, crowns of palm trees, and among rocks [14, 23]. The latest DWNP specimens were caught in crowns of coconut tree, approximately 3 meters tall (VC Lim, personal observation).
Taphozous melanopogon Temminck, 1841
Taphozous melanopogon Temminck, 1841: 287; Bantam, West Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Common English name: Black-bearded Tomb Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as T. melanopogon are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAD2120, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41]; Johor: Pulau Pisang [23]; Pulau Pinang: Pulau Pinang [23]; Selangor: Pulau Angsa and Batu Caves [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30]; Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97].
T. melanopogon is primarily a cave dweller but has been recorded in lowland and hill forests, plantations and buildings. Individuals have been reported roosting at the entrance of caves, in rock crevices and hollowed dead trees [11, 14, 23].
Saccolaimus saccolaimus [Temminck 1838]
Taphozous saccolaimus Temminck, 1838: 14; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Syntype: BM(NH) 1874.10.26.2) [82].
Saccolaimus saccolaimus [98].
Common English name: Pouched Tomb Bat
Barcode Index Number: The only DNA barcode recorded as S. saccolaimus is from Vietnam and is not associated with any BIN due to its short sequence length (<500bp).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Pulau Pinang [23]; Melaka: Masjid Tanah [23]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [54].
S. saccolaimus roosts in the eaves of buildings, hollowed trees and rock crevices [23] with colony size varying from a few to hundreds of individuals [14].
Family: Megadermatidae
Megaderma lyra Geoffroy, 1810
Megaderma lyra Geoffroy, 1810: 190; INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [99].
Common English name: Greater False-Vampire
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. lyra are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC7954. Two DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia (RONP005-14 and RONP020-14) are not associated with any BIN due to their short sequence length (<500bp) but showed little divergence with other M. lyra DNA barcodes (Fig 3).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51]; Perak: Selama [49].
M. lyra has been reported roosting in shallow caves, buildings and tunnels [14, 23].
Megaderma spasma [Linnaeus, 1758]
Vespertilio spasma Linnaeus, 1758: 32; Ternate Island, Moluccas, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [91].
Megarderma spasma [8].
Common English name: Lesser False-Vampire
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. spasma are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC8422, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [23]; Johor: Pulau Pisang and Pulau Aur [23]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 40], Merapoh [40], Tasik Chini [43], Pulau Tioman [79], National Park [87], Kemasul [100]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Temengor Forest Reserve [47]; Selangor: Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52, 54], Sungai Dusun Game Reserve [88]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50].
M. spasma has been reported roosting in caves, tunnels, culverts, large tree hollows, rock crevices and abandoned buildings [11, 14, 23]
Family: Molossidae
Cheiromeles torquatus Horsfield, 1824
Cheiromeles torquatus Horsfield, 1824: pt 8; Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA (John Crawfurd, Esq., collector; Type unknown) [102].
Common English name: Naked Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [102]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman [9], Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41]; Selangor: Batu Cave [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [47].
C. torquatus has been reported roosting in caves, tree hollows and abandoned buildings, often with Mops mops [11, 14, 23].
Chaerephon johorensis [Dobson, 1873]
Molossus (Nyctinomus) johorensis Dobson, 1873: 22; Johor, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [103].
Chaerephon johorensis [8].
Common English name: Johore Wrinkle-lipped Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41]; Johor: Unspecified [22; 103]; Selangor: Unspecified [23]; Kedah: Gunung Jerai [104]; Terengganu: Belukar Bukit [105].
C. johorensis has been reported foraging high over the canopy and large rivers in forest [11, 14].
Chaerephon plicatus [Buchannan, 1800]
Vespertilio plicatus Buchannan, 1800: 261, pl. 13; Bengal, INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [106].
Tadarida plicata [23].
Chaerephon plicata [6].
Chaerephon plicatus [98].
Common English name: Asian Wrinkle-lipped Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as C. plicatus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAK0536, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: C. plicatus is considered to be widespread across Peninsular Malaysia [23, 107] despite only a few published locality records [107]. There are no specimens deposited in the DWNP collection. The identity of specimens in the Institute of Medical Research, Malaysia, collection labelled as C. plicatus could not be confirmed due to the damaged band above head which distinguishes C. plicatus from C. johorensis. C. plicatus closely resembles Mops mops but is distinguishable by having five teeth in each upper jaw including extra small anterior upper premolars whereas M. mops has only four teeth in the upper jaw [14, 23, 74]. Such subtle differences may be difficult to use as identification characteristics in the field for live specimens and consequently may explain the lack of recent records for C. plicatus in Peninsular Malaysia. There are abundant records for the species in Thailand and Myanmar [107].
Recorded at: Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
C. plicatus roosts in large, densely packed colonies and has been reported roosting in buildings [14, 23].
Mops mops [Blainville, 1840]
Dysopes mops Blainville, 1840: 101; Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [108].
Mops mops [8].
Common English name: Sunda Free-tailed Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAX4379 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 3)
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [4, 11, 41]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
M. mops is a forest inhabitant and roosts in dead or hollowed trees, often with Cheiromeles torquatus [11, 14, 23].
Family: Nycteridae
Nycteris tragata [Andersen, 1912]
Petalia tragata Andersen, 1912: 546; Bidi Caves, Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Cecil J. Brooks, Esq., presenter; BM(NH) 1903.3.31.1) [109].
Nycteris tragata [8].
Common English name: Malayan Slit-faced Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD1297 (5 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 3)
Remarks: Two names for bats in the genus Nycteris, N. javanica and N. tragata, have been used in Peninsular Malaysia. All records of N. javanica in Peninsular Malaysia are from old reports dated before the year 2000 [23, 41, 42, 43, 45, 57]. N. tragata was considered a synonym of N. javanica by Medway [23]. The taxa were later considered to be distinct with N. javanica being confined to Java and some of the surrounding islands [110] whereas N. tragata occurs in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo [11, 110]. In this checklist, we treat previous reports of N. javanica as reports of N. tragata and recognise only one species, N. tragata, occurring in Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56], Jengka [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau [100].
N. tragata is confined to mature primary forests and roosts in small groups in hollowed trees, caves, crevices of large boulders and man-made hollows such as culverts [11, 14].
Family: Hipposideridae
Aselliscus stoliczkanus [Dobson, 1871]
Asellia stoliczkana Dobson, 1871: 106; Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA (Dr. Stoliczka; Type unknown) [77].
Aselliscus stoliczkanus [23].
Common English name: Trident Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as A. stolickanus are associated with ten BINs, BOLD:AAA6446, BOLD:AAA6447, BOLD:AAA6448, BOLD:AAA6449, BOLD:AAA6450, BOLD:AAA6451, BOLD:ABY9671, BOLD:ABY9672, BOLD:ACF3013, and BOLD:ACF3014. These DNA barcodes are from Vietnam, Laos, China and Myanmar (S1 Fig). Whether any of these DNA barcodes represent the valid A. stolickanus remains to be determined as none of the DNA barcodes are from bats collected near the type locality (Pulau Pinang, Peninsular Malaysia). There are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Pulau Pinang [77]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman [112].
A. stolickanus roosts in limestone caves and forages in forested and disturbed areas [14, 74]. Both records from Peninsular Malaysia are from islands in northern Peninsular Malaysia. In Thailand, A. stolickanus is uncommon but widespread [74]. Its rarity in sampling could be due to its ability to detect and avoid mist nets [112].
Coelops frithii Blyth, 1848
Coelops frithi Blyth, 1848: 251; Sunderbans, BANGLADESH (R. W. G. Frith, Esq., presenter; Type unknown) [113].
Common English name: Asian Tailless Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as C. frithii are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAF3920 and BOLD:AAF3921 (S2 Fig). One DNA barcode (ABBM313-05) is not associated with any BIN due to its short sequence length (<500bp). There are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
C. frithii has been reported foraging in forests and roosting in small groups in caves and hollowed trees [14].
Coelops robinsoni Bonhote, 1908
Coelops robinsoni Bonhote, 1908: 4; foot of Mountain Tahan, Pahang, MALAYSIA (Mr Robinson, collector; BM(NH) 1906.10.4.9) [92].
Common English name: Malaysian Tailless Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Gunung Tahan [23, 92]; Selangor: Port Swettenham [23].
The type specimen of C. robinsoni was caught in a young, rolled-up leaf of a wild banana plant [92] and individuals have been reported roosting in hollowed buttresses of large trees and in caves in primary lowland forest [11, 14].
Hipposideros armiger [Hodgson, 1835]
Rhinolophus armiger Hodgson, 1835: 699; NEPAL (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [114].
Hipposideros armiger [8].
Common English name: Greater Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA8161 (2 DNA barcodes are from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4).
The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, CH = China, CM = Cambodia.
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as H. armiger are associated with four BINs, BOLD:ABX5993, BOLD:AAA8161, BOLD:AAA8163, and BOLD:AAA8164. The BIN, BOLD:AAA8161 contains DNA barcodes from across Southeast Asia including Peninsular Malaysia (ABBSI001-04 and ABBSI002-04) whereas the remaining BINs appear to be more geographically restricted (Fig 4). Four subspecies were recognised by Simmons [98]: H. a. armiger (type locality: Nepal), H. a. tranninhensis (type locality: Vietnam), H. a. terasensis (type locality: Taiwan), and H. a. fujianensis (type locality: China). Whether each BIN represents a subspecies or a distinct species and whether BOLD:AAA8161 represents H. armiger sensu stricto remains to be determined.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Tasik Chini [43], Kenong [100]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng [62]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
H. armiger roosts in large chambers in caves, sometimes in mixed colonies with other species [11, 23]. Individuals have been reported roosting solitarily on bertam plants and in crevices of large boulders in forest [11, 14].
Hipposideros halophyllus Hill and Yenbutra, 1984
Hipposideros halophyllus Hill and Yenbutra, 1984: 77; Khao Sa Moa Khon (= Khao Sa Moa Khon), Tha Woong (= Ta Woong), Lop Buri, THAILAND (Kitti Thonglongya, collector; TNRC 54–3694) [115].
Common English name: Thai Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAX1220 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: The BIN also contains a DNA barcode labelled as H. ater from India which was originally mined from Genbank. The DNA barcode of “H. ater” is likely to be a case of misidentification as H. halophyllus and H. ater are distinct species. H. halophyllus has a kidney-shaped internarial septum whereas H. ater has a slightly inflated and triangular internarial septum [30]. It is unlikely that H. ater occurs in Peninsular Malaysia due to the lack of any records, however, Peninsular Malaysia is included in the distribution range of H. ater in some literature [1, 9].
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30].
H. halophyllus has been recorded in and nearby limestone caves in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand [14, 30]. It is unknown whether H. halophyllus is strictly confined to limestone areas or this association is an effect of limited sampling but it is likely that the species requires specialised roosting habitat [30].
Hipposideros bicolor species complex.
Hipposideros bicolor was first recognised as a cryptic species complex by Kingston et al. [16] who discovered two phonic types under H. bicolor sensu lato with individuals echolocating at 131 kHz (= H. bicolor131) or at 142 kHz (= H. bicolor142). The two phonic types are 6.5–6.8% divergent in mtDNA [16] yet morphologically similar and overlap in size [16]. Although the phonic types have been widely recognised as distinct species, some recent reports still use H. bicolor to represent both phonic types [50, 61, 67, 111] which leads to ambiguity regarding the occurrence of the species. The two phonic types were recently formalised under Latin names: H. bicolor (= bicolor131) and H. atrox (= bicolor142) [17]. However, our search of DNA barcodes on BOLD coupled with recent DNA barcoding suggested that the H. bicolor complex is even more complicated (Fig 4).
Hipposideros bicolor [Temminck, 1834]
Rhinolophus bicolor Temminck, 1834: 19. pl. 1; Anjer Coast, Northwestern Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [116].
Hipposideros bicolor [8].
Hipposideros bicolor131 [16].
Common English name: Bicolored Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAC0447 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia) and BOLD:AAD3329 (6 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia). The two BINs showed more than 3% of divergence in COI mtDNA (Fig 4).
IUCN status: Least concern
Recorded at: The species has been recorded under several names. As H. bicolor131: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Perak: Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve [101], Ulu Gombak [5, 101]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101], Pasir Raja, Dungun [15]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve (BM454-04 and BM455-04 [4], Berembun Forest Reserve [101], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve, [100, 101]; Johor: Endau Rompin National Park (ABRSS332-06, ABRSS333-06, ABRSS379-06, and BM423-04 [4]), Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kelantan: Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau and Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [100].
As H. bicolor (could be either H. bicolor or H. atrox): Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Lojing Highlands [62]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Pahang: Lata Bujang Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56].
The H. bicolor species complex has been recorded in a wide range of habitats (i.e. primary and secondary lowland forests, cultivated areas including rubber plantations, and near limestone areas) [11, 14, 17]. Individuals have been reported roosting in caves, tunnels and rock crevices with other Hipposideros species [23, 17].
Hipposideros atrox Andersen, 1918
Hipposideros gentilis atrox Andersen, 1918: 381; Semangko Gap, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 2800 ft (A. L. Butler, Esq., presenter; BM(NH) 1901.3.9.4) [117].
Hipposideros bicolor atrox [118].
Hipposideros bicolor142 [16].
Hipposideros atrox [17].
Common English name: Lesser Bicoloured Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ACE5015 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia) and BOLD:ACE6229 (11 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia). The two BINs showed less than 2% of divergence in COI mtDNA (Fig 4).
IUCN status: Not Evaluated but Least Concern as H. bicolor:
Recorded at: As H. cf. bicolor: Perlis: Perlis State Park (ABBSI006-04 and ABBSI007-04 [4]); Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve (ABBSI011-04, ABBSI015-04 [4]), Kuala Lompat (BM452-04 [4]), Kuala Lipis (ABBSI012-04 [4]), and Bukit Sagu-Kuantan (ABBSI009-04 [4]); Kelantan: Dabong (ABBSI010-04 [4]); Selangor: Ampang (ABBSI013-04 [4]); Perak: Gunung Gajah-Ipoh (ABBSI014-04 [4]); Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve (BM453-04 [4]).
As H. bicolor142: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Bukit Ibam, Jengka, Klau Besar, and Kenong [100]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve [101], Ulu Gombak [5, 101]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dungun [15], Tasik Kenyir [69], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Negeri Sembilan: Berembun Forest Reserve [101], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Perak: Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100]; Kelantan: Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau [100]. Also see records of H. bicolor sensu lato above.
Roosting colonies of H. atrox vary from a few to hundreds of individuals [17]. The species has a wide range of habitat: limestone caves, hill and lowland primary forests, secondary forests, and even highly disturbed areas including plantations and human residences [11, 14, 23, 17]. Individuals have been reported roosting with other Hipposideros species [17].
Hipposideros cervinus [Gould, 1854]
Rhinolophus cervinus Gould, 1854: pl. 34; Cape York and Albany Island, Queensland, AUSTRALIA (Collector unknown, Type unknown) [119].
Phyllorhina labuanensis Tomes, 1859: 537; Labuan Island, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Mr. James Motley, collector; BM(NH) 7.1.1.305) [120]
Hipposideros schneidersi (misprint = schneideri) Thomas, 1904: 722; Upper Langkat, Sumatera, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 7.1.9.4) [121].
Hipposideros galeritus schneidersi [122].
Hipposideros cervinus labuanensis (schneidersi) [123].
Common English name: Fawn Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB6249 (19 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: Jenkins and Hill [123] described several subspecies under H. cervinus based on morphometric analyses. They concluded that H. c. labuanensis is the only taxon occuring in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo and treated H. c. schneidersi as a synonym of H. c. labuanensis. Bates et al. [124] later commented that although both have the typical “cervinus” noseleaf and rostrum, H. c. schneidersi and H. c. labuanensis are morphologically different with H. c. schneidersi having a broader zygomatum compared to H. c. labuanensis. This finding was consistent with an earlier taxonomic treatment of H. c. labuanensis and H. c. schneidersi as distinct species [122].
Murray et al. [125] reported that specimens of H. cervinus sensu lato from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (East Malaysia) were 5.5–6.1% divergent in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) mtDNA. DNA barcodes named as H. cervinus are associated with two BINs which show a considerably large divergence (Fig 4). Further analyses are required to determine whether specimens from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah represent the same species (i.e. H. c. labuanensis) or two different species.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Tasik Chini [43], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dungun [15], Tasik Kenyir [69]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [54, 101], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Melaka: Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56], Unspecified [68]; Johor: Endau- Kluang Forest Reserve and Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57], Bukit Hijau [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang, [61]; Perak: Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve, [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
H. cervinus forages in forest understory and roosts in limestone caves and crevices amongst boulders in very large colonies of up to 100,000 individuals [11, 14].
Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853
Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853: 410; near Pind Dadan Khan, Salt Range, Punjab, PAKISTAN (W. Theobold, Esq., collector; Type unknown) [126].
Common English name: Ashy Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: A DNA barcode (BM460-04) recorded as H. cf. cineraceus was collected in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia and associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAI8259 (Fig 4).
Remarks: Murray et al. [125] reported two forms of H. cineraceus sensu lato from Peninsular Malaysia. A specimen from Perak, Peninsular Malaysia had a large forearm (42.9 mm), echolocated at 152 kHz and showed a high divergence (9.2–15.1%) in ND2 mtDNA from other specimens; while a smaller specimen from Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (forearm = 39.3 mm) echolocated at 144 kHz and showed 10.4–12.2% divergence in ND2 mtDNA. This is congruent with Khan et al. [32] who discovered an average divergence of 8.7% in cytochrome b mtDNA among specimens of H. cineraceus sensu lato from Krau Wildlife Reserve.
Four BINs are associated with DNA barcodes named as H. cineraceus on BOLD (Fig 4). Our NJ analysis (Fig 4) did not cluster the DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (BOLD:AAI8259) with other DNA barcodes of H. cineraceus from Vietnam, Laos and Borneo but clustered the barcodes more closely to H. atrox (BOLD:ACE5015 and BOLD:ACE6229) from Peninsular Malaysia instead. According to Kingston et al. [11], H. cineraceus resembles H. bicolor/atrox closely but is distinct with a smaller body size and a slightly raised bump at the internarial septum. In addition, the average echolocation frequency for H. cineraceus is 144 kHz and for H. atrox is 142 kHz. Further analyses including more specimens from across the region are required to examine the status of the bats recorded as H. cineraceus in Peninsular Malaysia. Consequently, we tentatively retained the name in this checklist.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Jengka [100]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Selangor: Ampang [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52]; Johor: Pulau Pisang [23], Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46–48], Royal Belum State Park [48]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng and Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97].
H. cineraceus roosts in caves or similar structures such as culverts, often with other Hipposideros species [11, 14, 23].
Hipposideros diadema [Geoffroy, 1813]
Rhinolophus diadema Geoffroy, 1813: 263, pls. 5, 6; Timor Island, INDONESIA (Péron and Lesueur, collector; MNHN 918) [127].
Hipposideros diadema [8].
Common English name: Diadem Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB8310 (7 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: Murray et al. [125] compared specimens of H. diadema from Peninsular Malaysia and H. pelingensis from Kabaena Island, Southeast Sulawesi, and reported that the species have similar body size and were 2.7% divergent in ND2 mtDNA, although they did not observe H. diadema’s distinctive white spots on H. pelingensis. In contrast, they reported that specimens of H. diadema from Peninsular Malaysia and the smaller H. diadema from Sulawesi are 8.5% divergent in ND2 mtDNA.
DNA barcodes recorded as H. diadema are associated with three BINs, BOLD:AAB8308, BOLD:AAB8309, and BOLD:AAB8310. Congruent with Murray et al. [125], the three BINs appear to correspond to geographical regions (Fig 4). Four subspecies are recognised under H. diadema on the basis of morphological characters [128]: H. d. diadema (type locality: Timor Island, Indonesia), H. d. nobilis (type locality: Java, Indonesia), H. d. griseus (type locality: Luzon, Phillippine), H. d. masoni (type locality: Moulmein, Burma = Myanmar). It is likely that the taxon occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents H. d. nobilis or H. d. masoni. However, further examination of specimens from several localities and examination of the type specimens is required to determine if the taxon in Peninsular Malaysia should be recognised as a distinct species and to assign a valid name. Consequently, we tentatively retained the name H. diadema in this checklist.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Merapoh [40], Tasik Chini [43], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Kemasul, Jengka, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Selangor: Batu Caves [23], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52–54]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [23, 100]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Bukit Hijau [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46–48], Royal Belum State Park [48, 66], Bayor River-Rantau Panjang [49], Temenggor Lake [69]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Unspecified location [68]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69].
H. diadema has been reported roosting in limestone caves, in crevices of boulders, tree hollows and solitarily under the fronds of palms, in both primary and secondary forests [11, 14, 23].
Hipposideros doriae [Peters, 1871]
Phyllorhina doriae Peters, 1871: 326; Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [129].
Hipposideros sabanus Thomas, 1898a: 243; Lawas, Northeast Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (A. H. Everett, collector; Type unknown) [130].
Hipposideros doriae [8].
Common English name: Least Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAK5962 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: H. sabanus is considered a junior synonym of H. doriae [11, 32, 125].
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve, [11, 32], Genung Benom and Tasik Bera [32], Kemasul and Gunung Aais [100]; Perak: Maxwell Hill [32], Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [101]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [32], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69]; Johor: Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau [100].
Recorded as H. sabanus at: Perak: Maxwell Hill [23], Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [41]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97].
H. doriae has been recorded in lowland and submontane forests up to 1500 m [11, 14].
Hipposideros dyacorum [Thomas, 1902]
Hipposideros dyacorum Thomas, 1902: 271; Mountain Mulu, Baram, Sarawak, MALAYSIA (Charles Hose, collector; BM(NH) 1894.9.29.10) [131].
Common English name: Dayak Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD0486 (1 DNA barcode is from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: Murray et al. [125] found little divergence in ND2 and RAG1 mtDNA (<1%) between “dyacorum” in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, Borneo. However, our NJ analysis showed >2% divergence between DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, Borneo (Fig 4). We tentatively retained the name H. dyacorum in our checklist pending further research into these taxa.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [32], Kenong [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50], Gua Tekong Siam [132]; Perak: Temenggor Lake [69]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69]; Kelantan: Gunung Stong State Park [100], Gua Musang (ABBSI020-04).
H. dyacorum has been reported roosting in caves, under rocks and in tree hollows [14].
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846
Hipposideros galeritus Cantor, 1846: 183; Pulau Pinang, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [133].
Common English name: Cantor's Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAC3087 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as H. galeritus are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAC3086 and BOLD:AAC3087. The BIN, BOLD:AAC3086 contains DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand whereas BOLD:AAC3087 contains DNA barcodes from Vietnam and Laos (Fig 4). DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand are likely to represent H. galeritus sensu stricto as they cover the type locality.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [133]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Cameron Highland [60], Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Selangor: Batu Caves [23], Ulu Gombak [32, 52, 53], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Negeri Sembilan: Broga [32], Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve and Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Maxwell Hill [32], Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng [62].
H. galeritus has been reported roosting in limestone caves and sighted near large rock boulders in mature lowland forest [11, 14, 23].
Hipposideros larvatus [Horsfield, 1823]
Rhinolophus larvatus Horsfield, 1823: 6; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [102].
Hipposideros larvatus [8].
Common English name: Intermediate Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA4092 (11 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia) and BOLD:AAA6227 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 4)
Remarks: Thabah et al. [18] reported that specimens of H. larvatus sensu lato from the Indo-Malayan region (India, Myanmar, Malaysia, China) have variable echolocation frequencies (~82 kHz to ~100 kHz) and those from Peninsular Malaysia emitted the highest frequency (100–102 kHz). They also reported size variation with female specimens from Peninsular Malaysia having the lightest body mass and shortest forearm. DNA barcodes recorded as H. larvatus formed five clusters, consistent with geograpahical origin of the sequences (see Fig 5 in [18]). The variations in echolocation, morphology and mtDNA suggest that H. larvatus is a species complex [18, 32, 125].
DNA barcodes on BOLD recoded as H. larvatus are associated with eleven BINs. DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia fell into two BINs (Fig 4; see Fig 5 in [18]). One BIN comprises DNA barcodes from Perlis, northern Peninsular Malaysia, and Thailand, while the other contains barcodes from across Peninsular Malaysia. Lim et al. [134] identified the specimens on an island in Peninsular Malaysia (Pulau Tioman) as H. l. barbensis (type locality: Sainte Barbe Island = Pulau Penjantan), however, Thabah et al. [18] stated that H. larvatus in Malaysia represents H. larvatus sensu stricto on the basis of their shorter forearms and type locality. Our NJ analysis suggested at least two distinct forms of H. larvatus are occurring in Peninsular Malaysia (Fig 4) and clustered DNA barcodes of BIN, BOLD:AAA4092 with ABBSI021-04 which shares the same locality with specimens examined by Thabah et al. [18]. We tentatively retained a single name, H. larvatus for this species complex in this checklist pending further research.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Pulau Tioman [23, 79], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Fraser Gill Forest Reserve [56], Kemasul, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dunggun [15], Tasik Kenyir [69], Bukit Dendong [97], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Kedah: Pulau Langkawi [23], Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57], Bukit Hijau [100], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Johor: Pulau Aur [23], Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52], Semangkok Forest Reserve,[101]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng and Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
H. larvatus has been reported roosting in limestone caves, buildings, old mines rock and crevices in primary and secondary forests [11, 14].
Hipposideros lekaguli Thonglongya and Hill, 1974
Hipposideros lekaguli Thonglongya and Hill, 1974: 285; Phu Nam Tok Tap Kwang, Kaeng Khoi, Suraburi, THAILAND, c. 14°34’N, 101°9’E (Dr. Boonsong Lekagul, collector; TNRC 54–2200) [135].
Common English name: Boonsoong’s Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Kedah: Gunung Keriang and Kodiang [136]. H. lekaguli roosts in caves and forages in both forested and disturbed areas [14].
Hipposideros lylei Thomas, 1913
Hipposideros lylei Thomas, 1913: 88; Chiendao Cave, 50 miles north of Chiang Mai, THAILAND, 350 meter (Th. H. Lyle, Esq., presenter; BM(NH) 1913.4.18.3) [137].
Common English name: Shield-faced Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAI8290 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia). Another two DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia were not associated with any BINs (Fig 4).
Remarks: H. lylei was once considered to be conspecific with H. pratti [138]. Although Tate [139] commented that H. pratti is known from mountainous parts of lower Peninsular Malaysia, we could not find any other records of the species in Peninsular Malaysia. Consequently, we did not include H. pratti in this checklist.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perak: Gunung Tempurung (ABBSI053-04 –ABBSI055-04 [4]); Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Bukit Chintamani [23]; Kedah: Unspecified caves [23]; Perlis: Wang Tangga, Kaki Bukit [140].
H. lylei roosts primarily in limestone caves and has been recorded in lowland forests [11, 14, 23].
Hipposideros nequam Andersen, 1918 (?)
Hipposideros nequam Andersen, 1918: 380, 381; Klang, Selangor, MALAYSIA (W. Davison, collector; BM(NH) 1885.8.1.369) [117].
Common English name: Malay Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Data Deficient
Remarks: If valid, the species is extremely rare [42, 125] with only two reports from Peninsular Malaysia: Klang (the holotype) and Krau Wildlife Reserve [42]. However, the record from Krau Wildlife Reserve [42] is questionable due to the lack of information regarding the species identification and the absence of any specimens in the DWNP collection. Moreover, Kingston et al. [11] did not report this species in Krau Wildlife Reserve. The fact that the holotype is damaged remains another challenge to resolve the status of H. nequam [14, 23]. Tate [122] noted that H. nequam resembles H. bicolor in forearm length but differs by having greatly reduced anterior lower premolar. Hill [141] also noted the similarities in cranial structure between H. nequam and H. (bicolor) atrox. He further commented that H. nequam has a similar but slightly different cranial structure with “more inflated rostral eminences, shorter, broader premaxillae, blade-like vomer and greatly reduced anterior lower premolar” and larger than H. bicolor [141]. It is likely that H. nequam is a synonym of either H. bicolor or H. atrox (CM Francis, personal communication) but based on the slight differences between the types of H. nequam and H. bicolor as reported by Hill [141] and the locality of the holotype, we tentatively retained the species in our checklist.
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [42](?); Selangor: Klang [117].
Hipposideros orbiculus Francis, Kock and Habersetzer, 1999
Hipposideros orbiculus Francis, Kock and Habersetzer, 1999: 259; Abai Siat, southeast Kota Baru, 01°02’ S 101°43’ E, Sumatera Barat, Sumatra, INDONESIA (H. Stephan, collector; SMF 570902) [142].
Common English name: Small Disc Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Remarks: H. orbiculus is extremely rare and possibly has a limited distribution with only three known locations: Kota Baru in Sumatra Barat, Rawang-Kuala Selangor and Sungkai Wildlife Forest Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia [125, 142].
Recorded at: Selangor: 16+ km from Rawang, on road between Rawang and Kuala Selangor, northwest Kuala Lumpur [142]; Perak: recorded at Sungkai Wildlife Reserve in the year 2007 [143].
H. orbiculus has been reported roosting in drainage pipes and recorded in peat-swamp forest [14].
Hipposideros pomona Andersen, 1918
Hipposideros pomona Andersen, 1918: 380, 381; Haleri, North Coorg, INDIA (A few miles north of Mercara, Coorg District, Karnataka) (G. C. Shortridge; BM(NH) 1918.8.3.4) [117].
Hipposideros pomona gentilis [118].
Common English name: Large-eared Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as H. pomona are associated with eight BINs, BOLD:AAA4932, BOLD:AAA4933, BOLD: AAA4934, BOLD:AAA4935, BOLD:AAA4936, BOLD:AAA4937, BOLD:AAA4938 and BOLD:AAA4939, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia (S3 Fig).
Remarks: Andersen [117] first separated H. pomona and H. gentilis on the basis of the noseleaf of H. pomona sensu stricto being broader than the noseleaf of H. gentilis. Similarly, Corbet and Hill [9] examined ethanol-preserved specimens and commented that H. pomona sensu stricto lacked of lateral supplementary leaflets. Likewise, Douangboubpha et al. [17] suggested that H. pomona sensu stricto [9] may represents at least two species: H. pomona sensu stricto (restricted to Peninsular India) and H. gentilis (distributed from north-east India into Southeast Asia). DNA sequences of H. pomono sensu lato from two mitochondrial genes: ND2 and RAG1 fell into two distinct clades in a phylogenetic tree (see Fig 4 in [125]): (i) H. pomona, H. rotalis and H. khaokhouayensis from Laos, and (ii) H. pomona from Laos, China, Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia. Specimens of H. pomona from both groups are morphologically similar [125]. Three subspecies of H. pomona have been reported from China: H. p. sinesis (Min-Guang coastal region), H. p. gentilis (South Yunnan region) and an undescribed subspecies (Hainan Island), showing 6.0–8.5% divergences in cytochrome b mtDNA and 5.2–8.0% divergences in COI mtDNA [144]. Due to the lack of DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and unresolved taxonomy across the whole Southeast Asia region, we tentatively retained the name H. pomona in this checklist pending further research.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perlis: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Bukit Lagi [145]. H. pomona is a cave dweller and has been recorded from various forest types and disturbed areas [14].
Hipposideros ridleyi Robinson and Kloss, 1911
Hipposideros ridleyi Robinson and Kloss, 1911: 241; Botanic Gardens, SINGAPORE (H. N. Ridley, Esq., collector; MNM 2068/11) [146].
Common English name: Ridley's Roundleaf Bat
Barcode Index Number: Two DNA barcodes recorded as H. ridleyi (BM470-04 and BM471-04) are not associated with any BIN due to the short sequence length (<500 bp) but are from Peninsular Malaysia (Fig 4).
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve [56], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul and Gunung Aais [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Johor: Gunung Panti [100]; Kelantan: Gunung Stong State Park [100].
H. ridleyi has been reported roosting in small groups in fallen tree hollows, culverts, and drainage pipes [11, 14].
Family: Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871
Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871: 308; Gadok, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; MNB 2548/1) [129].
Common English name: Acuminate Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. acuminatus are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAB9238 and BOLD:ABY9249. We did not include the only DNA barcode recorded as R. acuminatus (RONP046-14) from Peninsular Malaysia in our NJ analysis due to its short length (S4 Fig).
Remarks: Five subspecies are recognised by Simmons [98]: R. a. acuminatus in Java, R. a. sumatranus in Sumatra and Borneo, R. a. circe in Nias Island, R. a. calypso in Enggano Island, and R. a. audax in Bali and Lombok. Corbet and Hill [9] commented that specimens from the mainland of Southeast Asia (i.e. Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Peninsular Malaysia) resemble those from Java or Lombok.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Aais [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng [62]; Perak: Royal Belum State Park [66], Temenggor Lake [69], Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69].
R. acuminatus has been reported roosting in caves, tree hollows, and sometimes roosts solitarily or in pairs under palm leaves in mature lowland forests and hills [11, 14].
Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823
Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823: 6; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 79.11.21.70, lectotype) [102].
Rhinolophus affinis superans Andersen, 1905: 104; Pahang, MALAYSIA (MNM, presenter; BM(NH) 1900.7.3.2) [147].
Common English name: Intermediate Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ACF0990 (8 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 5).
The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, JV = Java Indonesia, IND = India, CH = China, CM = Cambodia, MN = Myanmar.
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as R. affinis are associated with five BINs, BOLD:AAA3811, BOLD:ACF0988, BOLD:ACF0989, BOLD:ACF0990, and BOLD:ACQ4437. DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia, Songkhla and Hala Bala (southern Thailand) comprise one BIN, BOLD:ACF0990 (Fig 5).
Nine subspecies are recognised by Simmons [98]: R. a. affinis (type locality: Java), R. a. andamanensis (type locality: South Andaman island), R. a. himalayanus (type locality: Mussoorie, Kumaon Division, northern India), R. a. tener (type locality: Pegu Division = Bago, Myanmar), R. a. macrurus (type locality: Taho, Karennee, Kyah State, Myanmar), R. a. nesite (type locality: Bunguran Island, north Natunas, Indonesia), R. a. princeps (type locality: Lombok, Lesser Sunda Island), R. a. hainanus (type locality: Pouten, Hainan Island), and R. a. superans (type locality: Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia). Morphology (i.e. craniodental and baculum) and molecular (i.e. COI and D-loop regions mtDNA) characteristics provide support that the taxon occurring in Peninsular Malaysia is R. a. superans [148].
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Pulau Tioman [23, 79], Merapoh [40], Tasik Chini [43], National Park [44], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve, Fraser Hill Forest Reserve and Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56], Cameron Highland [60], Kuala Atok, Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dungun [15], Pulau Redang [23], Tasik Kenyir [69], Bukit Dendong [97], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Lenggong [23], Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Temengor Forest Reserve [46–48], Royal Belum State Park [66], Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Selangor: Batu Caves [23], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [120]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park, [50]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57, 100], Bukit Hijau [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng and Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
R. affinis inhabits both primary and secondary forests, and roosts in limestone caves [11, 14, 23].
Rhinolophus borneensis Peters, 1861
Rhinolophus borneensis Peters, 1861: 709; Labuan island, north Borneo, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [149].
Rhinolophus chaseni Sanborn, 1939: 38; Pulo Condore = Con Son Island, south VIETNAM (C. B. Kloss, collector; BM(NH) 21.10.8.3) [150].
Rhinolophus borneensis chaseni [9].
Common English name: Bornean Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes of R. borneensis are associated with a BIN, BOLD:AAC3741, but there are no barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia. DNA barcodes recorded as R. chaseni are not from Peninsular Malaysia and are associated with a BIN, BOLD:AAB4878, which also contains a single DNA barcode of R. shameli (ABRVN329-06).
Remarks: R. chaseni was previously recognised as a subspecies of R. borneensis (R. b. chaseni) [9] occurring in Peninsular Malaysia while the the nominal subspecies R. b. borneensis occurred in Borneo [151]. However, Francis et al. [4] reported that DNA barcodes (COI mtDNA) of R. borneensis and R. chaseni did not cluster together as conspecific (see Fig 3 in [4]). Likewise, Kruskop [152] reported “about” 13% divergence in COI mtDNA between R. chaseni from Vietnam and R. borneensis from Borneo. However, due to the lack of any DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia we could not further clarify the status of “R. borneensis” in Peninsular Malaysia. Consequently, we tentatively retained the name R. borneensis in this checklist pending further research.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Pulau Tioman [79]; Perlis: Wang Pinang [153]. According to Khan et al. [32], R. borneensis is likely to be very rare in Peninsular Malaysia.
Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki and Lim, 2005
Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki and Lim, 2005: 29; Gunung Ledang, Tangkak, Muar, Johor, MALAYSIA, 1276 m (Boo-Liat Lim, collector; NSMT-M 33472) [13].
Common English name: Chiewkwee's Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
Remarks: R. pearsonii is reported to occur in Peninsular Malaysia [9] although we could not find any precise locality reports. It is likely that the records of R. pearsonii from Peninsular Malaysia, if valid, may actually represent R. chiewkweeae [154]. However, our NJ analysis revealed that the DNA barcodes under these names (but not including Peninsular Malaysia specimens) were 12% divergent in COI mtDNA (see Fig 3 in [154]).
IUCN status: Not Evaluated
Recorded at: Melaka: Asahan Forest Reserve [13]; Johor: Gunung Ledang and Labis Forest Reserve [13]; Kedah: Lubok Semilan, Ulu Melaka in Pulau Langkawi and Weng Subcatchment Area in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve Forest Reserve [13]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Perak: Temenggor Lake [69]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69], Sungai Buweh [154].
R. chiewkweeae has been reported from lowland, hill and submontane dipterocarp forests, and an island [13, 154]. In Peninsular Malaysia, all reported individuals were caught in mature and secondary dipterocarp forests [154]. The low capture rate of R. chiewkweeae suggested that the population density of the species in Peninsular Malaysia is likely to be very low [50, 154]
Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867
Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867: 426, pl. 35; Salween River = Thanlwin River, Burma = MYANMAR (Collector unknown; MNB 3143) [155].
Common English name: Croslet Horseshoe bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. coelophyllus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:ACE9393, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: R. shameli was previously considered a subspecies of R. coelophyllus [156] but the examination of specimens from Thailand and Cambodia suggested that they are distinct species on the basis of the smaller size of R. coelophyllus and a differently shaped rostral part of the skull [157]. Our search of BOLD found that the two names are associated with different BINs. DNA barcodes recorded as R. shameli are associated with three BINs, BOLD:AAB4877, BOLD:AAB4878 and BOLD:ABY7284 (The BIN, BOLD:ABY7284 also contained DNA barcodes of R. stheno and therefore, may be erroneous) whereas DNA barcodes recorded as R. coelophyllus are associated with one BIN, BOLD:ACE9393. Specimens labelled as R. shameli from Kedah (BM(NH) 1898.10.1.1) and Pulau Langkawi (BM(NH) 1968.821 and BM(NH) 1968.822) are smaller and represent R. coelophyllus [157].
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Kedah: Pulau Langkawi and mainland Kedah [23]; Perlis: mainland Perlis [23], Wang Kelian State Park, [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51].
R. coelophyllus has been recorded in forests near limestone hills and once in a house, and roosts in limestone caves in large colonies with hundreds of individuals [14, 23].
Rhinolophus convexus Csorba, 1997
Rhinolophus convexus Csorba, 1997: 343; Gunung Jasar, Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands, Pahang State, MALAYSIA, 4°28’ N, 101° 22’ E, 1600m (G. Csorba and F. Zilahy, collector; HNHM 95.55.14) [158].
Common English name: Convex Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Data Deficient; the uncertain status could be due to the rarity of this species with only three or four known specimens [159].
Recorded at: Pahang: Gunung Jasar at Tanah Rata in Cameron Highlands [158]. R. convexus is known only from upper montane rainforest with elevations of 1600 m and above in Peninsular Malaysia [14] and is possibly endemic to Malaysia [159].
Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844
Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844: 486; Calcutta, INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [160].
Rhinolophus refulgens Andersen, 1905: 124, pl. 4; Gunung Igari, Perak, MALAYSIA, 2000 ft. (A. L. Butlerm Esq., presenter; BM(NH) 1898.11.29.2) [161].
Rhinolophus lepidus refulgens [9].
Common English name: Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB9127 (5 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 5)
Remarks: DNA barcodes of R. lepidus are associated with three BINs (BOLD:AAB9127, BOLD:ABZ1016 and BOLD:ABZ2266; Fig 5). The BIN, BOLD:ABZ1016 contains DNA barcodes recorded as R. lepidus and R. pusillus.
Some authors considered R. refulgens as a subspecies of R. lepidus [9, 11, 12] while some considered them to be distinct [50, 67]. Our NJ analysis (Fig 5) suggested that the DNA barcodes recorded as R. lepidus from Peninsular Malaysia may be distinct from DNA barcodes recorded as R. lepidus from Indochina. Similarly, Bumrungsri et al. [162] commented that R. lepidus from Peninsular Malaysia may represent a distinct taxon and the appropriate name would be R. refulgens based on the type locality. Due to the lack of DNA barcodes from the type locality of R. lepidus, India for comparison, we could not determine if DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia represent the nominate R. lepidus or R. refulgens. Consequently, we tentatively retained only the name R. lepidus in this checklist (Fig 5).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56], Cameron Highland [60], Pulau Tioman [79], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dungun [15], Tasik Kenyir [69], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Temenggor Lake [69]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park, [50], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57, 100], Bukit Hijau [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng and Gua Musang [62]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101].
As R. refulgens: Perak: Maxwell Hill [23]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman [23], Krau Wildlife Reserve [41]; Johor: Pulau Pemanggil and Pulau Aur [23]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Kelantan: Gunung Stong State Park [67].
R. lepidus inhabits mature lowland and hill forests and has been reported roosting in caves and rock crevices, often with R. stheno [11, 14]
Rhinolophus morio Gray, 1842
Rhinolophus morio Gray, 1842: 257; SINGAPORE (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1840.5.14.36) [163].
Rhinolophus luctus morio [134].
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD. However, DNA barcodes recorded as R. luctus are associated with the BIN, BOLD: AAD0380. There are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: R. morio was recently recognised as distinct from R. luctus based on the ratio of zygomatic width to mandible length in cranial measurements and the unique Y-autosomal translocation in karyotype [3].
IUCN status: Not Evaluated but Least Concern as R. luctus
Recorded at: Kuala Lumpur: Gombak Setia [3]; Selangor: Templer Park-Rawang, [3]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman [134]; Melaka: Unspecified [163]. Specimens of R. morio were collected in lowland dipterocarp forest [3].
Recorded as R. luctus at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Bukit Renggit [40], Tasik Chini [43], Cameron Highland [60], Gunung Aais [100]; Selangor: Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52, 54, 101], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve [56]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61]; Perak: Royal Belum State Park [66], Temenggor Lake [69], Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101].
Unlike other Rhinolophus species, R. luctus sensu lato roosts either solitarily or in pairs often in caves, rock crevices, tree hollows and among tree roots, and has been recorded in primary and secondary forests [11, 14, 23].
Rhinolophus luctoides Volleth, Loidl, Mayer, Yong, Müller and Heller, 2015
Rhinolophus luctoides Volleth, Loidl, Mayer, Yong, Müller and Heller, 2015: 4; Ulu Gombak, Selangor, MALAYSIA, 600 m (K. -G. Heller and M. Volleth, collector; SMF 87483) [3].
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
Remarks: R. luctoides and R. morio were previously synonymised under R. luctus but are distinct from R. luctus on the basis of molecular and morphological characters. R. luctoides has a larger ratio of lower toothrow length to mandible length and larger baculum length compared to R. morio [3].
IUCN status: Not Evaluated but Least Concern as R. luctus.
Recorded at: Selangor: 5 km north-east of the Ulu Gombak [3]; Pahang: Cameron Highland and Genting Highland [3]. Individuals were captured in selectively logged dipterocarp forest at elevations higher than 600 m and in montane forest [3]. See R. morio for records of R. luctus.
Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844
Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844: 485; NEPAL (Brian Houghton Hodgson, presenter; BM(NH) 45.1.8.416) [160].
Common English name: Big-eared Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. macrotis are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAC2064 and BOLD:ACU9422, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: The BIN, BOLD:AAC2064 includes DNA barcodes recorded as R. macrotis and R. siamensis, and both demonstrated very shallow genetic divergences [4] (S5 Fig). The BIN, BOLD:ACU9422 contains two DNA barcodes which are originally from GenBank and may be erroneous.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Gunung Benom [23], Pulau Tioman [79], Klau Besar [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50].
R. macrotis has been recorded in lowland and hill forests [11, 14, 23].
Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote, 1903
Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote, 1903: 15; Biserat, Jalor, Patani, south THAILAND (Collector unknown: BM(NH) 1903.2.6.83) [164].
Common English name: Malayan Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA9603 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 5)
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perlis: Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30]; Wang Kelian State Park [50], Wang Tangga at Kaki Bukit [140]; Kedah: Kisap Forest Reserve in Pulau Langkawi [140].
R. malayanus roosts in limestone caves in colonies of hundreds of individuals [14].
Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973
Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973: 590; foothills of Khao Soi Duo, Amphoe Pong Nam Ron, Chantthaburi, southeast THAILAND (Joe T. Marshall Jr. and Wandee Nong Ngok, collectors; TNRC 54–1669) [165].
Common English name: Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. marshalli are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAE7426; BOLD:ABZ6523, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perlis: Guar Jentik [166].
R. marshalli has been recorded in lowland and hill forests at elevation of 800 m, roosting in limestone caves [14].
Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck, 1834
Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck, 1834: 29; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; NMNL 35177, lectotype) [116].
Common English name: Least Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. pusillus are associated with three BINs, (BOLD:AAA9397, BOLD:ABZ1016, and BOLD:ABZ2360), but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia (S6 Fig).
Remarks: The BIN, BOLD:ABZ1016 contains DNA barcodes recorded as R. pusillus and R. lepidus. We suspect that the DNA barcodes recorded as R. pusillus (ABBSI244-10, ABBSI253-10, ABBSI263-10 and ABRVN310-06) are cases of mis-identification (see remarks on R. lepidus). Which BIN, if any, represents the valid R. pusillus remains to be determined.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Pahang: Pulau Tioman (DWNP-M-08077, DWNP-M-08080, DWNP-M-08083); Johor: Gunung Ledang State Park (DWNP-M-08076, DWNP-M-08078, DWNP-M-08079, DWNP-M-08081, DWNP-M-08082); Negeri Sembilan: Berembun Forest Reserve [101].
R. pusillus roosts in caves, bamboo clumps and buildings and has been reported foraging in primary and secondary forests [14].
Rhinolophus robinsoni Andersen, 1918
Rhinolophus robinsoni Andersen, 1918: 375; Khao Nawng, Bandon, THAILAND (Federated Malay States Museum, presenter; BM(NH) 1918.8.2.1) [117].
Common English name: Peninsular Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
Remarks: R. robinsoni was previously considered to be conspecific with R. megaphyllus [9] but is now recognised as a distinct species [98]. Specimens recorded as R. megaphyllus from Peninsular Malaysia [46] should be updated to R. robinsoni.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Fraser Hill [23, 140], Pulau Tioman [23], Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Johor: Pulau Aur and Pulau Pemanggil [23], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [62]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100]; Perak: Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
Recorded as R. megaphyllus at Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46].
R. robinsoni inhabits forests primarily and has been recorded in lowland and hill forests roosting in rock crevices and palm leaves [11, 14].
Rhinolophus sedulus Andersen, 1905
Rhinolophus sedulus Andersen, 1905: 247; Sarawak, MALAYSIA (A. R. Wallace, collector; Type was previously recorded as no.19 in Robert Fisher Tome’s private collection and is currently at BM(NH) as BM(NH) 7.1.1.292) [161].
Common English name: Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. sedulus (BM141-03 and BM431-04) are not associated with any BIN due to their short sequence length (<500 bp). Both were collected in Peninsular Malaysia and share >99% similarity (Fig 5).
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32], Kuala Tekah, [23], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Klau Besar and Gunung Aais [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve, [45]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52, 54, 122], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57], Bukit Hijau [100]; Perak: Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100].
R. sedulus has been reported roosting in caves, fallen tree hollows, and bushes either individually or in pairs [11, 14, 23].
Rhinolophus stheno Andersen, 1905
Rhinolophus stheno Andersen, 1905: 91, pl. 3; Selangor, MALAYSIA (H. N. Ridley, Esq., presenter; BM(NH) 98.3.13.1) [147].
Common English name: Lesser Brown Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as R. stheno are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAO1567 and BOLD:ABY7284, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia in these BINs. Two DNA barcodes recorded as R. stheno (BM504-04 and BM505-04) are from Peninsular Malaysia but are not placed in any BIN due to short sequence length (<500bp) Based on our NJ analysis, neither of the Peninsular Malaysia barcodes are associated with BOLD:AAO1567 or BOLD:ABY7284 (Fig 5).
Remarks: R. microglobosus was described as a subspecies of R. stheno based on its smaller skull and globular anterior median rostral swellings [167]. The taxa were later found to be morphometrically and acoustically distinct, and R. microglobosus was consequently raised as a distinct species with a distribution covering Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos whereas R. stheno is restricted to southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and central Vietnam [168]. Therefore, DNA barcodes recorded as R. stheno associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAO1567 may represent R. microglobosus, and DNA barcodes, BM504-04 and BM505-04 [4] may represent the R. stheno sensu stricto as they were collected at Kuala Lompat, Pahang, close to the type locality. The BIN, BOLD:ABY7284 which contains DNA barcodes recorded as R. stheno and R. shameli may be erroneous (Fig 5).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Tasik Chini [43], Lata Bujang Forest Reserve [56], Cameron Highland [60], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Pulau Tioman [79], Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [23, 100]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [54, 101], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57, 100], Bukit Hijau [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Johor: Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101].
R. stheno roosts in limestone caves and sometimes in smaller colonies in rock crevices and tree hollows [11, 14]. Individuals have been reported roosting with R. lepidus [11].
Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, 1834
Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck, 1834: 24, pl. 1 (and 1835: 27, pl. 31); Bantam, west Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; NMNL 35194) [116].
Common English name: Trefoil Horseshoe Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB6408 (10 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 5)
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Tasik Chini [43], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Tasek Bera Forest Reserve, Lata Bujang Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Tahan [92], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar and Gunung Aais [100]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [40, 54, 101], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve [56], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Royal Belum State Park [48, 66], Temenggor Lake [69], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve and Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57, 100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68]; Terengganu: Tasik Kenyir [69], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100].
R. trifoliatus roosts solitarily under leaves of palms, rattan and small trees, and has been recorded in mangroves, and primary and secondary forests at all elevations [11, 14, 23].
Family: Vespertilionidae (subfamily: Kerivoulinae)
Kerivoula hardwickii [Hordfield, 1824]
Vespertilio hardwickii Horsfield, 1824: part 8; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type: BM(NH) 79.11.29.181) [102].
Kerivoula hardwickii [8].
Common English name: Hardwicke's Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA6722 (5 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
The percentage of pseudoreplicate trees (≥70%) in which the DNA barcodes clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 pseudoreplicates) are shown above the branches. Abbreviation as follows: PM = Peninsular Malaysia, VN = Vietnam, BN = Borneo (including Sabah & Sarawak of East Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan Indonesia), TH = Thailand, LA = Laos, SM = Sumatera Indonesia, JV = Java Indonesia, CH = China, CM = Cambodia.
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as K. hardwickii are associated with four BINs, BOLD:AAA6722, BOLD:AAA6725, BOLD:AAC5514 and BOLD:AAC5515. DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos formed a mainland group, whereas DNA barcodes from Malaysian Borneo and Kalimantan, Indonesia formed a Bornean group (Fig 6). Francis et al. [2] suggested that K. hardwickii is a species complex based on the analysis of COI mtDNA. However, Khan et al. [169] recognised only a single form across Malaysia (Peninsular and Borneo) and suggested that the Bornean form is a result of chromosomal polymorphism. Douangboubpha et al. [170] reported that specimens from Thailand referred as K. hardwickii can be divided into two morphotypes: “flat” skulls and “domed” skulls. Although the specimens with “flat” skulls did not show variation in size and morphology, they were closely clustered into two clades (K. hardwickii A and K. hardwickii B) 2.14% divergent in COI mtDNA; whereas specimens with “domed” skulls showed variation in size and morphology but were closely clustered together in a COI analysis (K. hardwickii C). “Domed” skulls were 16.37% and 20.02% divergent to K. hardwickii A and K. hardwickii B in COI mtDNA respectively [170].
There are no subspecies recognised currently [98] contradicting older literature. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott [138] recognised four subspecies: hardwickii (type locality: Java), depressa (type locality: southern Burma = Myanmar), crypta (type locality: southern India), and malpasi (type locality: Sri Lanka) whereas Hill [171] recognised five, including engana (type locality: southwest of Sumatra). The names hardwickii and depressa were suggested for the specimens from Thailand with “domed” and “flat” skulls respectively, but further research is required to assign Linnaean names conclusively [170]. Whether the four BINs in our NJ tree (Fig 6) represent the four subspecies remains to be determined. We tentatively retained the name K. hardwickii in this checklist pending further research.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Kelantan: Ulu Kelantan [23], Gunung Stong State Park [100], Air Panas-Gua Musang, [61], Gua Musang [62]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68]; Pahang: Bukit Ibam, Klau Besar, and Gunung Aais [100]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve and Ulu Gombak [101]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101].
K. hardwickii has been reported roosting in tree hollows, among clumps of dead leaves, and in dead and broken bamboo stems [14, 23].
Kerivoula krauensis Francis, Kingston and Zubaid, 2007
Kerivoula krauensis Francis, Kingston and Zubaid, 2007: 3; Kuala Lompat, Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, MALAYSIA, 3° 43’ N 102° 10’ E (Charles M. Francis, collector; BM(NH) 1999.294) [2].
Common English name: Krau Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAI8031 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
IUCN status: Data Deficient. This species is vulnerable to the rapid loss of lowland rainforest [14].
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [2, 14]; Terengganu: Sekayu Recreational Forest [172].
K. krauensis has been recorded in primary lowland dipterocarp forest [2] and its roosting ecology remains unknown though it has not been recorded in caves [14].
Kerivoula intermedia Hill and Fancis, 1984
Kerivoula intermedia Hill and Fancis, 1984: 323; Lumerau, Sabah, Borneo, MALAYSIA 5°12’N, 118°52’E (Charles M. Francis, collector; BM(NH) 1983.356) [173].
Common English name: Small Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD4883 (5 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as K. intermedia are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAD4883, and BOLD:AAM3704. The BIN, BOLD:AAD4883 contains DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak, Borneo while BIN, BOLD:AAM3074 contains only a single DNA barcode (BM012-03) from Sabah, Borneo (Fig 6). Whether the DNA barcode, BM012-03 represents a cryptic species, a case of mis-identification, or a case of high intraspecific variation remains to be determined.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32, 41], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve [56], Bukit Ibam, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100], Tekam Forest Reserve [173]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve and Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Royal Belum State Park [48, 66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101], Temengor Forest Reserve [111]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101], Sungei Kelembang at Ulu Setiu in Besut [173].
The roosting ecology of K. intermedia remains unknown but the species has been recorded in the understory of lowland forest [11, 14].
Kerivoula minuta Miller, 1898
Kerivoula minuta Miller, 1898: 321; Lay Song Hong, Trang, south THAILAND (Dr. W. L. Abbott, collector; USNM 83547) [174].
Common English name: Least Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAC1298 (9 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as K. minuta are associated with six BINs, BOLD:AAC1296, BOLD:AAC1297, BOLD:AAC1298, BOLD:AAC1299, BOLD:ACF4510, and BOLD:ACF451 (Fig 6). Khan [175] reported 4.44% of divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA between K. minuta from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) with no shared haplotypes. Our NJ analysis also showed a divergence between K. minuta from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Fig 6). The taxon occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents K. minuta based on the type locality.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Johor: Endau Rompin National Park (BM422-04 and ABRSS347-06 [4]), Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak and Hulu Langat [32]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve and Lakum [32], Kuala Atok, National Park [32, 44], Bukit Ibam, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Perak: Maxwell Hill [32], Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Royal Belum State Park [66]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau and Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [32, 57, 100]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [61, 62]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100].
K. minuta has been recorded in the understory of lowland forests and disturbed areas [14].
Kerivoula papillosa and K. lenis.
K. lenis is closely associated with K. papillosa [9] but the former has a smaller skull and smaller teeth, shorter muzzle and narrower palate [169, 176]. The two species are 10.85% divergent in cytochrome b mtDNA and possess unique karyotypic characters: K. papillosa has a diploid number of chromosomes = 38 and fundamental number = 54 whereas K. lenis has a diploid number of chromosomes = 38 and fundamental number = 52 [32, 175]. Analyses of COI mtDNA by Francis et al. [4] suggested that there are at least four distinct clusters among specimens recorded as K. papillosa and K. lenis. Douangboubpha et al. [170] reported that specimens from Thailand referred as K. papillosa represent five morphological forms but only three distinct clusters based on COI mtDNA analyses.
Kerivoula papillosa Temminck, 1840
Kerivoula papillosa Temminck, 1840: 220, PL. 55; Bantam, west Java (restricted by Tate 1940), INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Kerivoula malayana Chasen, 1940: 55; Ginting Bedai, Selangor-Pahang, MALAYSIA, 2300ft (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1947.1483) [8].
Kerivoula papillosa malayana [23]
Common English name: Papillose Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAC9529 (8 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: K. malayana was described based on a specimen collected at the Selangor-Pahang border in Peninsular Malaysia [8]. Two forms of K. papillosa which are different in forearm length and acoustic characters were reported from Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia [177]. However, Douangboubpha et al. [170] reported five morphological forms within three distinct clusters based on COI mtDNA (K. papillosa A, B and C) in Thailand. K. papillosa A corresponds with K. p. malayana based on the size a larger skull and higher braincase and is 6.97% divergent from K. papillosa B which comprises two morphological forms. The smaller K. papillosa B (forearm length: 42.1–42.3 mm and length of skull: 17.0–17.1 mm) and the larger K. papillosa B (forearm: 39.4–40.2 mm and length of skull: 16.6–17.0 mm) are only 1.99% divergent and may or may not represent a further undescribed species. K. papillosa C is only 0.55% divergent from K. lenis collected in Peninsular Malaysia with morphological variation, and is 13.06% and 14.86% divergent from K. papillosa A and B respectively (see Fig 9 in [170]).
Our NJ analysis (Fig 6) revealed three clusters of DNA barcodes recorded as K. papillosa corresponding to three BINs, BOLD:AAC9527, BOLD:AAC9528 and BOLD:AAC9529. It is likely that BIN, BOLD:AAC9529 (as K. papillosa Small in [169] and as K. papillosa A [170]) with DNA barcodes recorded as K. papillosa and K. cf. papillosa represent K. p. malayana based on type locality. We conservatively retained K. papillosa in our checklist and propose further research be conducted to address the suggestion that “malayana” to recognised as a distinct species.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32, 41], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Klau Besar, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Selangor: Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Sungai Dusun Forest Reserve [56], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101], Ulu Gombak [120]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Royal Belum State Park [48, 66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti and Labis Forest Reserve [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57, 100]; Kelantan: Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68]; Pulau Pinang: Bukit Panchor [100]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101].
K. papillosa roosts in pairs or small groups, with males tending to roost solitarily [11, 23]. The species has been recorded roosting in dead or broken bamboo stems and cavities in live standing trees [11, 14, 23]. The range for K. papillosa may be very small based on the high recapture rate in Krau Wildlife Reserve [11].
Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916
Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916: 416; Calcutta, Bengal, INDIA (J. T. Pearson, presenter; BM(NH) 1879.11.21.126) [178].
Common English name: Indian Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD4874 (3 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: K. lenis was previously considered as a subspecies of K. papillosa [171] but was later raised as a distinct species [98,176]. Douangboubpha et al. [170] reported three distinct clusters of K. papillosa based on NJ analyses at COI mtDNA (K. papillosa A, B and C) in Thailand of which K. lenis from Peninsular Malaysia (BIN, BOLD:AAD4874) is clustered with K. papillosa C. K. lenis from Peninsular Malaysia has been reported to be 5.33% divergent from K. lenis from Borneo and >14% divergent from K. cf. lenis from Laos [4, 169, 170]. Whether the taxon occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents K. lenis sensu stricto remains to be determined due to the lack of comparative materials from the type locality, India [170].
Our NJ analysis (Fig 6) revealed three clusters of DNA barcodes recorded as K. lenis and K. cf. lenis associated with three BINs, BOLD:AAC9530, BOLD:AAD4873 and BOLD:AAD4874.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [32]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve (specimen BM(NH) 1988.46).
K. lenis has been recorded in understory of forest [14].
Kerivoula pellucida [Waterhouse, 1845]
Vespertilio pellucidus Waterhouse, 1845: 6; PHILLIPINES (H. Cuming, Esq.; Type unknown) [179].
Kerivoula pellucida [180].
Common English name: Clear-winged Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAD1601 (8 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka, Kenong and Gunung Aais [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100, 101], Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 48], Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau [100]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve and Ulu gombak [101]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101].
K. pellucida has been reported foraging in understory of tall forests with dense vegetation and roosting in clumps of dried leaves [11, 14, 23]. Captured individuals were reported roosting in tight clusters in harp traps, suggesting social bonds [11].
Kerivoula picta [Pallas, 1767] (?)
Vespertilio pictus Pallas, 1767: 7; probably Ternate Island, north Moluccas, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [181].
Kerivoula picta [133].
Common English name: Painted Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as K. picta are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAX0264, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [133].
We could not find recent locality reports for K. picta in Peninsular Malaysia although the species is thought to occur in Peninsular Malaysia [1, 6, 9, 10, 14, 23]. This species has been recorded from Thailand [74] and may be restricted to northern Peninsular Malaysia. K. picta has been reported roosting among dead leaves of trees and bananas [14].
Kerivoula whiteheadi Thomas, 1894 (?)
Kerivoula whiteheadi Thomas, 1894: 460; Molino, Isabella, northeast Luzaon Island, PHILLIPINES (J. Whitehead, collector; BM(NH) 1894.10.9.2) [182].
Common English name: Whitehead's Woolly Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: Chasen [8] listed K. whiteheadi as Kerivoula bicolor (now Kerivoula whiteheadi bicolor) in his “Handlist of Malaysian Mammals”.
Recorded at: The holotype of K. whiteheadi bicolor (BM(NH) 3.2.6.91) which was collected in Biserat, Jalor = Yala, Malay Peninsula, which is now the southern tip of Thailand, is the only record from the mainland [14, 74]. K. whiteheadi may be expected to occur in Peninsular Malaysia [6, 8, 9, 23] based on the type locality but is yet to be documented [169].
K. whiteheadi has been recorded in secondary forests, shrubs and open grasslands, and found roosting in small groups of twenty to thirty individuals among dead leaves by a river [14].
Phoniscus atrox Miller, 1905
Phoniscus atrox Miller, 1905: 230; vicinity of the Kateman River, east Sumatra, INDONESIA (Dr. W. L. Abbott, collector; USNM 123141) [183].
Common English name: Lesser Groove-toothed Bat
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41, 42], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul and Gunung Aais [100]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja-Dungun [15], Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [23, 52, 54]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 111], Royal Belum State Park [66]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61]; Johor: Labis Forest Reserve [100].
P. atrox has been recorded in primary lowland forests and disturbed areas near primary forest, and found roosting in abandoned hanging bird nests [11, 14].
Phoniscus jagorii [Peters, 1866]
Vespertilio (Kerivoula) jagorii Peters, 1866: 399; Samar Island, PHILLIPINES (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [184].
Phoniscus jagorii [11].
Common English name: Greater Groove-toothed Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as P. jagorii are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC4331, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11].
P. jagorii is rare in understorey of forest and has been recoded in primary lowland forests [11, 14].
Family: Vespertilionidae (subfamily: Miniopterinae)
Miniopterus magnater Sanborn, 1931
Miniopterus schreibersii magnater Sanborn, 1931: 26; Marienburg, 40 miles up the Sepik River, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Frank C. Wonder, collector; FMNH 31802) [185].
Miniopterus magnater [9].
Common English name: Large Bent-winged Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. magnater are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAA9957, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97]; Pahang: National Park (DWNP-M-07512).
M. magnater is a cave dweller and has been recorded near streams and small bodies of water [14].
Miniopterus medius Thomas and Wroughton, 1909
Miniopterus medius Thomas and Wroughton, 1909: 382; Kalipoetjang, Tji-Tandoei River, west Java, INDONESIA (G. C. Shortridge, collector; BM(NH) 1909.1.5.464) [186].
Common English name: Medium Bent-winged Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAF0138 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as M. medius are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAF0137, and BOLD:AAF0138. The BIN, BOLD:AAF0138 contains the only DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia (ABBSI031-04) and unidentified DNA barcodes from Thailand. None of the DNA barcodes were collected near the type locality. We found an 8.1% divergence between the two BINs (Fig 6). No subspecies is described for the species at the moment.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Panching and Fraser Hill [23], Bukit Cheras [140]; Perak: Maxwell Hill and Gunong Pondok [23]; Johor: Kaban Island [23]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [53]; Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97].
M. medius roosts in caves and inhabits primary lowland, hill and montane forests [11, 14, 23].
Miniopterus schreibersii [Kuhl, 1817]
Vespertilio schreibersii Kuhl, 1817: 185; ‘Columbäzar Höhle’, R Danube, ROMANIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [187]
Miniopterus schreibersii blepotis [9, 23].
Miniopterus fuliginosus [33].
Common English name: Common Bent-winged Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. schreibersii are associated with four BINs, BOLD:AAC3658, BOLD:ACE8769, BOLD:AAX4032 and BOLD:AAA995, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Tian et al. [188] discovered a large divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA among specimens of M. schreibersii from Europe, Asia and Australia, congruent with previous studies [189, 190]. The taxonomy of M. schreibersii was then revised based on molecular and geographic characters resulting in M. schreibersii sensu stricto in Europe, M. oceanensis in Australia and M. fuliginosus in Asia [188]. However, Tian et al. [188] only included specimens from Japan and China to represent “Asia”. Consequently, we retained the name M. schreibersii in our checklist following Kingston et al. [11] and Francis [14] pending further research.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Fraser Hill [23]; Perlis: Kaki Bukit [23]; Perak: Maxwell Hill [23], Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [54]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68].
M. schreibersii has been recorded in primary hill and montane forests [11], and roosts in caves in large colonies, sometimes with other Miniopterus bats [14, 23].
Family: Vespertilionidae (subfamily: Murininae)
Harpiocephalus harpia [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio harpia Temminck, 1840: 219, pls. 55; Southeast side of Mountain Gede, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Harpiocephalus harpia [191].
Common English name: Hairy-winged Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as H. harpia are associated with BIN, BOLD:AAB5424, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: H. mordax was once considered a subspecies of H. harpia [138] but was later recognised as a distinct species having “a more robust skull and larger teeth” compared to H. harpia [173]. Two male and three female specimens from Java recorded as H. harpia were later re-examined, and the degree of dimorphism observed among the specimens was small when compared to the differences observed in rostral and tooth size between H. harpia and H. mordax [9]. Matveev [192] noted that all specimens of H. mordax used in earlier studies are females and a molecular analysis of a male “harpia” and a female “mordax” from Cambodia indicated that the specimens were conspecific, consequently eliminating the occurrence of H. mordax in Cambodia. Two female specimens from Peninsular Malaysia (field ID.: CMF930806.7 and CMF930807.2) were identified as “H. mordax” based on their broader skull and large teeth by Francis [71]. Francis later stated that H. harpia is the only species that occurs in Southeast Asia with sexual dimorphism in size [14]. Following the current consensus, all records of H. mordax from Peninsular Malaysia should be updated to H. harpia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56].
Previously recorded as H. mordax at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], National Park [193]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 71].
The roosting ecology of H. harpia remains unknown due to its rarity but the species has been recorded in forests with hilly terrains [11].
Murina aenea Hill, 1964
Murina aenea Hill, 1964: 57, pls 54, 55; Ulu Chemperoh, near Janda Baik, Bentong District, Pahang, MALAYSIA, c. 3°18’N, 101°50’E, 2000 ft (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1964.770) [194].
Common English name: Bronzed Tube-nosed Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAE6670 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Bentong [23], Bukit Ibam and Klau Besar [100], Ulu Chemperoh [192]; Terengganu: Pasir Raja, Dungun [15]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Johor: Gunung Panti [100]; Kedah: Bukit Hijau [100]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [173].
The roosting ecology of M. aenea remains unknown but the species has been recorded in lowland and hill dipterocarp forests [11, 14, 23].
Murina peninsularis Hill, 1964
Murina cyclotis peninsularis Hill, 1964: 55; Ulu Chemperoh, near Janda Baik, Bentong District, Pahang, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1964.771) [194].
Murina peninsularis [34].
Common English name: Peninsular Tube-nosed Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAA6349 (2 DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: Three subspecies were previously described under M. cyclotis based on their geographical distributions: M. c. cyclotis from northeast India to Vietnam, the slightly darker and duller M. c. eileenae from Sri Lanka, and M. c. peninsularis from Peninsular Thailand to Malaysia and Indonesia [9, 34]. However, the consistent medium-large body size and genetic distance in COI mtDNA support the recognition of the Sundaic M. c. peninsularis as a distinct species [4, 33, 34]. Therefore, all records of M. cyclotis from Peninsular Malaysia should be updated to M. peninsularis [34].
IUCN status: Not Evaluated but Least Concern as M. cyclotis.
Recorded at: Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [51]; Kelantan: Loging Highlands [64]; Pahang: Ulu Chemperoh, near Janda Baik [194].
Recorded as M. cyclotis at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Kuala Atok-National Park [44], Cameron Highland [60], Bukit Ibam, Klau Besar and Kenong [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve and Berembun Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 111], Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [100, 101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51]; Kelantan: Lojing Highlands [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Johor: Labis Forest Reserve [100].
M. peninsularis has been recoded in wide variety of forest types [14] but its roosting ecology remains unknown [11].
Murina huttoni [Peters, 1872]
Harpyiocephalus huttonii Peters, 1872: 257; Dehra Dun, Kumaon, northwest INDIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1879.11.21.685) [195].
Murina huttoni [23].
Common English name: Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes of M. huttoni are associated with three BINs, BOLD:AAC6107, BOLD:AAC6108 and BOLD:AAC6109, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: Francis and Eger [33] commented that M. huttoni may be the only Murina species that occurs in both Peninsular Malaysia and Indo-Burma after M. peninsularis was separated from M. cyclotis. The large divergence among the DNA barcodes in our NJ tree suggest that M. huttoni is also a species complex (S7 Fig). Simmons [98] recognises two subspecies: M. h. huttoni. (type locality: India) and M. h rubella (type locality: Fokien, China). Whether the M. huttoni in Peninsular Malaysia represents either of these subspecies remains to be determined [33].
Recorded at: Pahang: Gunong Benom in Krau Wildlife Reserve [23]. The only specimens of M. huttoni from Peninsular Malaysia was trapped at 1400 m [23].
Murina rozendaali Hill and Francis, 1984
Murina rozendaali Hill and Francis, 1984: 319; Gomantong, Sabah, Borneo, MALAYSIA 5°31’N, 118°4’E (Charles M. Francis, collector; BM(NH) 1983.360) [173].
Common English name: Rozendaal’s Tube-nosed Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes of M. rozendaali are associated with BIN, BOLD:AAK8797 but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Francis [196] noted that specimens from Peninsular Malaysia are smaller than specimens from Sabah in terms of weight and forearm lengtht, which may be due to ecological factors.
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 31; 196]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh [32]; Selangor: Semangkok Forest Reserve and Ulu Gombak [101]; Terengganu: Gunung Tebu Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [101], Temengor Forest Reserve [111].
All specimens of M. rozendaali from Peninsular Malaysia were collected in primary forests [11] although the species has been recorded in disturbed lowland forest in other regions [14].
Murina suilla [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio suillus Temminck, 1840: 224, pl. 56; Tapos, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Murina suilla [163].
Common English name: Lesser Tube-nosed Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. suilla are associated with four BINs, BOLD:AAE0000, BOLD:AAE0001, BOLD:AAE0003 and BOLD:ABX8091 but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Simmons [98] recognises two subspecies: M. s. suilla (type locality: Java) and M. s. canescens (type locality: west Sumatra). Whether the two clusters suggested by our NJ analysis (S8 Fig) represent the two subspecies remains to be determined.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 42], Bentong [23], Kuala Atok, National Park [44], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve [56], Cameron Highland [60], Bukit Ibam, Kemasul, Jengka and Klau Besar [100]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46–48], Royal Belum State Park [66], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [101]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [53, 54]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57], Bukit Hijau [100]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Stong State Park [100]; Melaka: Unspecified [68]; Johor: Gunung Panti [100]; Negeri Sembilan: Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100].
M. suilla has been recorded in lowland and hill forests [11, 14, 23].
Family: Vespertilionidae (subfamily: Vespertilioninae)
Arielulus circumdatus and A. societatis.
Heller and Volleth [53] reported that Pipistrellus circumdatus has a different structure of baculum and unique karyotypic characters (diploid number of chromosomes = 50, fundamental number = 48), in comparison with other Pipistrellus species which have a diploid number of chromosomes ranging from 26 to 44 and fundamental number = 50. They considered P. circumdatus to be conspecific with P. societatis, and transferred the taxon to the genus Eptesicus [53]. However, Hill and Francis [173] retained both circumdatus and societatis under Pipistrellus as two distinct species on the basis of the shorter palate, bony post-palate and toothrows which characterise societatis. Hill and Harrison [197] later examined the os penis of all the genera in Vepertilioninae and consequently established the subgenus Arielulus under Pipistrellus. Csorba and Lee [198] concluded that Arielulus is distinct from Pipistrellus based on the former’s distinctive coloration, short and wide rostrum, high and globular braincase, tricuspid upper incisor (I1), greatly reduced inner upper incisor (I2), small (often missing) first upper premolar (PM2), myotodont first and second lower molars (M1 and M2), very small Y-shaped baculum and the diploid number of chromosomes = 50 and consequently raised Arielulus as a genus.
Arielulus circumdatus [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio circumdatus Temminck, 1840: 214; Tapos, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Arielulus circumdatus [98].
Common English name: Black Gilded Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as A. circumdatus are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAD8838 but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Sing et al. [5] listed the species as Eptesicus circumdatus based on the nomenclature used by Heller and Volleth [53] (see remarks on the genus Arielulus).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [53], Pahang: Unspecified [198].
A. circumdatus has been recorded in hill forest at an elevation of 1300–2000 m [14].
Arielulus societatis [Hill, 1972]
Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972: 34; Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang, MALAYSIA, 3°51’N, 102°11’E, 800ft (Boo-Liat Lim and Hoi-Sen Yong, collector; BM(NH) 1967.1605) [140].
Arielulus societatis [98].
Common English name: Benom Gilded Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
Remarks: The species closely resembles Arielulus circumdatus Temminck, 1840 but has smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, toothrows and rostrum [140]. Heller and Volleth [53] considered A. societatis and A. circumdatus to be conspecific with the former being the lowland subspecies of the latter but this was refuted by Hill and Francis [173] on the basis of morphological characteristics (see remarks on the genus Arielulus). Both are recognised as distinct species by Simmons [98].
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [53]; Pahang: Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56], Gunong Benom [140].
A. societatis has been recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests, and found roosting in a hole of a tree trunk beside a forest stream [11, 14].
Glischropus tylopus [Dobson, 1875]
Vesperugo tylopus Dobson, 1875: 473; Sabah, north Borneo, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 70.2.10.2) [199].
Glischropus tylopus [191].
Common English name: Thick-thumbed Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: Two DNA barcodes (RONP009-14 and RONP024-14) which are from Perak, Peninsular Malaysia are not assigned with any BIN due to their short sequence length (<500bp). However, other DNA barcodes recorded as G. tylopus which were collected in Vietnam and Laos are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC0085.
Remarks: All DNA barcodes (BIN, BOLD:AAC0085) recorded as G. tylopus from Vietnam and Laos (= Indochina) represent G. bucephalus which was recently described on the basis of longer forearms and distinctive cranial features [200]. Another species from Sumatra, Indonesia, G. aquilus is distinct from G. tylopus collected in Peninsular Malaysia on the basis of its darker colour and 12.4% divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA [201]. It is likely that the form occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents G. tylopus sensu stricto based on the comparison of specimens from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah = type locality (see Fig 6 in [201]). We did not perform any NJ analysis for G. tylopus as the DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia are too short for comparison with other barcodes.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Tasik Chini [43], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve [56]; Selangor: Bukit Lanjan [40], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [53, 54], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gua Musang [62]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [111].
G. tylopus is a lowland forest inhabitant but has been recorded in hill forest [11, 14, 23]. Individuals have been found roosting in small groups in internodes of dead and broken bamboo, and sometimes in rock crevices and banana leaves, occasionally with Tylonycteris species [11, 14].
Nyctalus noctula [Schreber, 1774] (?)
Vespertilios noctula Schreber, 1774: 166, pl. 52; FRANCE (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [202].
Nyctalus noctula [8].
Common English name: Eurasian Noctule
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as N. noctula are associated with BIN, BOLD:AAC7411, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Chasen [8] suggested that the species in Peninsular Malaysia may represents N. n. labiate = labiatus Hodgson, 1835 (type locality = Nepal) which also occurs in Pakistan and India [9]. N. n. labiatus is considered to be morphologically distinct from N. noctula and therefore, should be raised as a species [203]. The records of N. noctula from Peninsular Malaysia, if valid, may be referable to “labiatus” or “plancyi” [203].
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: There is only one record of N. noctula in this region which is an old skin dated 1838 purchased in Singapore [204] but its origin remains doubtful [23]. Based on the purchased skin, Dobson [204] included Peninsular Malaysia in the distribution range of N. noctula, which was followed by Corbet and Hill [9] and Medway [23]. We could not find recent records for the species although it is thought to occur in Peninsular Malaysia [1, 10]. We found two old records which reported two specimens of Nyctalus sp. in a National Park, Pahang [87] and Ulu Langat Forest Reserve, Selangor [88]. However, there are no specimens deposited in the DWNP collection.
N. noctula roosts in tree hollows and forages high above canopy [14, 23].
Philetor brachypterus [Temmick, 1840]
Vespertilio brachypterus Temmick, 1840: 215, pl. 53; Padang district, Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Philetor brachypterus [23].
Common English name: Narrow-winged Brown Bat
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAF6860 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as P. brachypterus are associated with two BINs, BOLD: AAF6860 and BOLD:AAF6859. Hill and Francis [173] reported that specimens from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia are similar in size, while Corbet and Hill [9] commented that size variation occurs within the species. Our NJ analysis suggested that the DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia (BM434-04) may represents a cryptic species (Fig 6), however, we retain the name P. brachypterus in our checklist pending further research.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Johor: Endau-Rompin National Park (BM434-04 was collected in year 2001 [4]); Perak: Unspecified [23]; Selangor: Unspecified [23], Ulu Gombak [53, 54].
P. brachypterus roosts in tree hollows and has been recorded in primary and secondary forests [14].
Pipistrellus javanicus [Gray, 1838]
Scotophilus javanicus Gray, 1838: 498; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [205].
Pipistrellus javanicus [8].
Common English name: Javan Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as P. javanicus are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAC3383 and BOLD:AAL5777, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perak: Unspecified [23]; Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [23]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [41], Gunung Benom, [140]; Selangor: Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
P. javanicus has been recorded in wide variety of habitats including mangroves, lowland and hill forests, towns and rubber plantations, and found roosting in treeferns, fallen logs and caves [11, 14, 23].
Pipistrellus stenopterus [Dobson, 1875]
Vesperugo stenopterus Dobson, 1875: 470; Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [199].
Pipistrellus stenopterus [52].
Common English name: Narrow-winged Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [52]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
P. stenopterus has been recorded foraging in open areas and over rivers in forest and rubber plantations, and found roosting in tree hollows and under house roofs with Scotophilus kuhlii [11, 14].
Pipistrellus tenuis [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio tenuis Temminck, 1840: 229; Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Pipistrellus tenuis [8].
Common English name: Least Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as P. tenuis are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAB2554, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Unspecified [23]; Pulau Pinang: Unspecied [23]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68].
P. tenuis has been reported roosting in buildings in highly disturbed areas and in hollowed branches and among dead leaves in forests [14].
Hesperoptenus blanfordi [Dobson, 1877]
Vesperugo blanfordi Dobson, 1877: 312; Tenasserim, east of Moulmein, south Burma = MYANMAR (Limborg, collector; Type unknown) [206].
Hesperoptenus blanfordi [8].
Common English name: Least False-serotine
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as H. blanfordi are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAD5793, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Jengka in Temerloh [140]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [53, 54].
H. blanfordi has been reported roosting in the entrances of limestone caves in small colonies and recorded foraging in open areas, in gaps created by fallen trees, and above rivers [11, 14].
Hesperoptenus doriae [Peters, 1868]
Vesperus (H.) doriae Peters, 1868: 626; Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [207].
Hesperoptenus doriae [207].
Common English name: Doria's False-serotine
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Data Deficient
Recorded at: Selangor: Air Hitam Forest Reserve [40], Ulu Gombak [54].
H. doriae has been reported roosting in a small colony of eight to ten individuals at overhanging rocks, near a stream [40], and in leaves of palm trees [14].
Hesperoptenus tomesi Thomas, 1905
Hesperoptenus tomesi Thomas, 1905: 575; Malacca = Melaka, MALAYSIA (Collector unknown; Originally No. 190A in the collection of Mr. R. F. Tomes but currently as BM(NH) 1907.1.1.428) [208].
Common English name: Tome's False-serotine
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Vulnerable
Recorded at: Melaka: Unspecified [208]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [53, 54].
H. tomesi has been recorded in mature lowland forest [14].
Hypsugo macrotis [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio macrotis Temminck, 1840: 218, pl. 54; Padang, Sumatra, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Pipistrellus imbricatus [23]
Pipistrellus macrotis [209]
Hypsugo macrotis [98].
Common English name: Big-eared Pipistrelle
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
Remarks: H. macrotis was previously regarded as Pipistrellus macrotis [98]. The species was first reported from Peninsular Malaysia as Pipistrellus imbricatus macrotis [8] with only one locality record in the lowlands of Selangor [23]. Francis and Hill [209] later commented that the specimens recorded as P. imbricatus macrotis from Peninsular Malaysia [23] represent P. macrotis = H. macrotis.
IUCN status: Data Deficient
Recorded at: Selangor: lowlands of Selangor [23], Kuala Selangor [173]; Negeri Sembilan: Seremban [31]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
H. macrotis has been recorded in lowland forests and coastal lagoons near mangroves [14, 23] and recently in a school located in an urbanized habitat with small secondary forest fragments [31]. It is likely that the species may have adapted to human modified habitats [31], and the lack of its recent records may be due to surveys primarily target forest habitats.
Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821
Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821: 72; INDIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [210].
Scotophilus teminckii [23].
Scotophilus kuhlii teminckii [9].
Common English name: Lesser Asian House Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as S. kulii are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC0094, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Medway [23] reported S. teminckii from Peninsular Malaysia but Corbet and Hill [9] considered S. teminckii to be a synonym of S. kuhlii.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11]; Selangor: Bukit Kemandul [40], Bangi Forest Reserve [41], Ulu Gombak [54], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55]; Perak: Selama [49]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng [62]; Melaka: Sungai Udang Forest Reserve [68].
S. kuhlii is associated with humans and often sighted hunting insects at lamp posts in urban areas [11]. The species roosts in large colonies, often under the roofs of buildings, under the fronds of palms, in hollowed dead trees in forests, and in hollowed old rubber trees in rubber plantations [11, 14, 23].
Tylonycteris pachypus [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio pachypus Temminck, 1840: 217; Bantam, west Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Tylonycteris pachypus [8].
Common English name: Lesser Bamboo Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as T. pachypus are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAC1209 and BOLD:AAC1210, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: The BIN, BOLD:AAC1210 contains DNA barcodes recorded as T. pachypus and a single DNA barcode recorded as T. robustula (ABBSI217-10) (S9 Fig). We suspect the DNA barcode, ABBSI217-10 is a case of mis-identification as T. pachypus and T. robustula are differ in body size and coloration. Simmons [98] recognised five subspecies: T. p. pachypus (type locality: Java, Indonesia), T. p. aurex (type locality: India), T. p. fulvidus (type locality: Burma = Myanmar), T. p. meyeri (type locality: Philippines), and T. p. bhakti (type locality: Lombok Island, Indonesia).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve [56]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Royal Belum State Park [66]; Selangor: Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Ulu Gombak [52, 53, 54], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Reng and Gua Musang [62], Gunung Stong State Park [67]; Johor: Labis Forest Reserve [100].
T. pachypus roosts in small colonies in live standing bamboo stems, and enters the internodes through slits created by stem-boring beetle larvae [11, 14, 23].
Tylonycteris robustula Thomas, 1915
Tylonycteris robustula Thomas, 1915: 227; Upper Sarawak, Borneo, MALAYSIA (Cecil J. Brooks, collector; BM(NH) 1911.1.18.8) [211].
Tylonycteris malayana Chasen, 1940: 52; Jor, Batang Padang Dist., Perak, MALAYSIA (Frederick N. Chasen, collector; BM(NH) 47.1433) [8].
Tylonycteris robustula malayana [98].
Common English name: Greater Bamboo Bat
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as T. robustula are associated with three BINs, BOLD:AAB3205, BOLD:AAB3206 and BOLD:AAC1210, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia (S9 Fig).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Remarks: The BIN, BOLD:AAC1210 contains a single DNA barcode of T. robustula (ABBSI217-10) and seven DNA barcodes of T. pachypus. We suspect the DNA barcode, ABBSI217-10 is a case of mis-identification as T. pachypus and T. robustula are differ in body size and coloration. Simmons [98] recognised two subspecies under T. robustula: T. r. robustula (type locality: Borneo) and T. r. malayana (type locality: Peninsular Malaysia).
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Tasik Chini [43], Tasik Bera Forest Reserve and Fraser Hill Forest Reserve [56]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [23, 52, 53, 54], Bukit Lanjan [40], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55], Semangkok Forest Reserve [101]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Royal Belum State Park [66]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng [62], Gunung Stong State Park, [67].
T. robustula roosts in internodes of large, often dead bamboo stems by entering the internodes through slits made by chrysomelid beetles and has been reported roosting in small harem groups, with one adult male and up to six females in one group [11, 14, 23]. Solitary males have also been reported [23].
Family: Vespertilionidae (subfamily: Myotinae)
Myotis adversus [Horsfield, 1824] (?)
Vespertilio adversus Horsfield, 1824: part 8; Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [102].
Myotis adversus [8].
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Perak: Unspecified [23].
Myotis ater [Peters, 1866]
Vespertilio ater Peters, 1866: 18; Ternate Island, Moluccas, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [212]
Myotis ater [9].
Common English name: Peters's Myotis
Barcode Index Number: A DNA barcode recorded as M. cf. ater (BM487-04) is from Peninsular Malaysia but is not associated with any BIN due to its short sequence length (<500 bp). Other DNA barcodes recorded as M. ater are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAA8748.
Remarks: The only BIN (BOLD:AAA8748) that is associated with M. ater also contains DNA barcodes recorded as M. muricola (Fig 6). These taxa were previously considered to be conspecific [213] but Francis and Hill [214] recognised two species occuring sympatrically in Malaysia, and commented that specimens from Peninsular Malaysia recorded as M. ater are larger than M. ater from elsewhere. As M. muricola is putatively a species complex (refer to remarks on M. muricola), further studies of M. ater and M. muricola are required to resolve the relationship between these taxa.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Cameron Highland [60]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
M. ater has been reported roosting in caves, either solitarily or in small colonies and recorded foraging in open areas such as gaps created by fallen trees, midstorey openings and forest edge [11, 14].
Myotis muricola [Gray, 1846]
Vespertilio muricola Gray, 1846: 4; NEPAL (Brian Houghton Hodgson, collector; Type unknown) [215].
Myotis muricola [8].
Common English name: Asian Whiskered Myotis
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. muricola are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAA8747 and BOLD:AAA8748, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia. A DNA barcode of M. cf. muricola (RONP037-14) from Peninsular Malaysia but is not associated with any BIN due to its short sequence length (<500 bp).
Remarks: Francis and Hill [214] commented that M. muricola from localities across Southeast Asia exhibit moderate morphological variation. Wiantoro et al. [216] suggested M. muricola was a species complex with 31.5% divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA between (i) M. muricola Western (including DNA sequences from Krakatau, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores Lembata and Pantar) and (ii) M. muricola Eastern (including DNA sequences from Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Phillipines and Asian mainland). M. muricola Eastern exhibited 9.5% divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA within the group whereas M. muricola Western exhibited 8% divergence within the group. M. muricola Western is further segregated into two subgroups with 7.2% divergence in cytochrome b mtDNA: (i) Sumatra-Asian subgroup (consists of DNA sequences from Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Asian mainland) and (ii) Bornean subgroup (consists of DNA sequences from Sarawak, Sabah and Kalimantan).
M. muricola was previously considered to be a subspecies of M. mystacinus [23, 213], but Hill [217] reviewed the status of M. mystacinus and stated that the form occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents M. muricola muricola. Similarly, Corbet and Hill [9] concluded that M. mystacinus was not present in Malaysia and the taxon occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents M. muricola. Wiantoro et al. [216] reported that M. mystacinus and M. muricola Western are 17.1% divergent in cytochrome b mtDNA, while M. mystacinus and M. muricola Eastern showed 26% divergence. After the division of M. muricola and M. mystacinus, M. mystacinus was thought to only occur in Europe until Bates et al. [218] recorded the species in Myanmar. Further surveys are required to determine whether the reports of M. mystacinus in Peninsular Malaysia represents M. muricola or whether both species exist sympatrically in Peninsular Malaysia.
The BIN, BOLD:AAA8748 contains DNA barcodes recorded as M. muricola and M. ater (see remarks on M. ater and Fig 6). The species were previously considered to be conspecific [213] but were later recognised as distinct based on body size variation [217] which occurred sympatrically in Malaysia [214]. We did not include the DNA barcode recorded as M. cf. muricola (RONP037-14) from Peninsular Malaysia in our NJ analysis due to its short sequence length, but noted that the DNA barcode did not cluster with DNA barcodes of M. muricola on a taxon ID tree generated in BOLD (hence “cf. muricola”).
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Selangor: Ulu Gombak [5, 53, 54], Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve [51], Air Hitam Forest Reserve [55]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Johor: Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56]; Kelantan: Air Panas-Gua Musang [61], Gunung Stong State Park [67].
Recorded as M. mystacinus at: Pulau Pinang: Unspecified [23]; Selangor: Air Hitam Forest Reserve [40], Ulu Gombak [52], Batu Caves [219]; Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [41], Tasik Chini [43].
M. muricola has been reported roosting in small colonies of up to ten individuals at vegetated cave entrances and in tightly rolled central leaves of banana plants, in both forested and agricultural areas [11, 14, 23].
Myotis hasseltii [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio hasseltii Temminck, 1840: 225; Bantam, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Myotis hasseltii [8].
Common English name: Hasselt's Myotis
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. hasseltii are associated with the BIN, BOLD:AAC1504, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Kedah: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11]; Kuah in Pulau Langkawi [23, 140]; Selangor: Unspecified mangrove forest [23]; Perlis: Kangar [140]; Perak: Kuala Gula [140].
M. hasseltii has been reported roosting in limestone caves and rock crevices, and recorded foraging near coastal areas, mangroves and water bodies such as rivers, lakes and seashores [11, 14, 23]. The species is presumed to skim small fishes and insects from water surface [11].
Myotis hermani Thomas, 1923
Myotis hermani Thomas, 1923: 252; Sabang, northwest Sumatra, INDONESIA (G. Herman, collector; BM(NH) 1923.1.2.13) [36].
Common English name: Herman's Myotis
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Data Deficient
Recorded at: Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47, 71].
M. hermani has been recorded in lowland forests [14].
Myotis horsfieldii [Temminck, 1840]
Vespertilio horsfieldii Temminck, 1840: 226; Mount Gede, Java, INDONESIA (Collector unknown; Type unknown) [82].
Myotis horsfieldii [8].
Common English name: Horsfield’s Myotis
Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AAB9975 (1 DNA barcode from Peninsular Malaysia; Fig 6)
Remarks: DNA barcodes recorded as M. horsfieldii are associated with four BINs, BOLD:AAB9973, BOLD:AAB9974, BOLD:AAB9975, and BOLD:ACH4644 (Fig 6). Five subspecies have been described under M. horsfieldii: M. h. horsfieldii (type locality: Java), M. h. dryas (type locality: Andaman Islands), M. h. peshwa (type locality: India), M. h. jeannei (type locality: Philippines) and M. h. deignani (type locality: Thailand) [98]. The form occurring in Peninsular Malaysia represents the M. h. horsfieldii [9].
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11], Merapoh [40], Cameron Highland [60]; Pulau Pinang [23]; Kuala Lumpur: Ampang [23, 140]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Kelantan: Gunung Reng [62]; Terengganu: Bukit Dendong [97].
M. horsfieldii has been recorded roosting in limestone caves, in crevices of rocks and boulders, and foraging near forest streams to presumably skim insects from water surface [11, 14, 23].
Myotis federatus Thomas, 1916
Myotis peytoni federatus Thomas, 1916: 3; Semangko Paas, MALAYSIA, 2700 ft (Collector unknown; BM(NH) 1916.4.20.5) [178].
Myotis montivagus federatus [9].
Myotis federatus [35].
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD. DNA barcodes recorded as M. montivagus are associated with two BINs, BOLD:AAC5917 and BOLD:AAU0309, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: M. federatus was previousy considered to be a subspecies of M. montivagus [9] based on dental characters [213]. Görföl et al. [35], however, noted that M. federatus has smaller forearms, a larger skull and smaller middle upper premolars (P3). The species have distinct geographical ranges: M. federatus is confined to Peninsular Malaysia whereas M. montivagus is distributed from south China to northern Myanmar [35]. Previous records of M. montivagus from Peninsular Malaysia [1, 5, 50, 111] should be updated to M. federatus [35].
IUCN status: Not Evaluated but Least Concern as M. montivagus.
Recorded at: Previously recorded as M. montivagus at: Selangor: Genting Semangkok [23], Batu Caves (HNHM 98.14.31 [35]), Ulu Gombak [54]; Pahang: Genting Highland [54]; Perak: Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50].
M. federatus has been recorded in primary and secondary forests with elevations up to 1,000 m [14].
Myotis ridleyi [Thomas, 1898]
Pipistrellus ridleyi Thomas, 1898: 361; Selangor, MALAYSIA (H. N. Ridley, collector; BM(NH) 1898.3.13.5) [220].
Myotis ridleyi [140].
Common English name: Ridley's Myotis
Barcode Index Number: There are no DNA barcodes recorded under this name on BOLD.
IUCN status: Near Threatened
Recorded at: Pahang: Gunong Benom [140] in Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 32]; Perak: Bukit Jerneh Cave and Tumang Lembing Cave [30], Temengor Forest Reserve [46, 47], Kledang Saiong Forest Reserve [101]; Negeri Sembilan: Pasoh Forest Reserve [45], Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve [100]; Selangor: Ulu Gombak [54]; Johor: Endau-Kluang Forest Reserve and Endau-Kota Tinggi Forest Reserve [56], Gunung Panti [100]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
M. ridleyi has been recorded only at understory of lowland forests, suggesting that the species is confined to forest interior. Individuals have been reported roosting in caves and under fallen logs and rocks [11, 14].
Myotis siligorensis [Horsfield, 1855]
Vespertilio siligorensis Horsfield, 1855: 102; Siligori, NEPAL (Brian Houghton Hodgson, collector; Type unknown) [221].
Myotis siligorensis [23].
Common English name: Small-toothed Myotis
Barcode Index Number: DNA barcodes recorded as M. siligorensis are associated with five BINs, BOLD:AAA9718, BOLD:AAA9719, BOLD:AAA9720, BOLD:AAA9721, and BOLD:ACF1046, but there are no DNA barcodes from Peninsular Malaysia.
Remarks: Our NJ analysis suggested that M. siligorensis may be a species complex (S10 Fig). Simmons [98] recognised four subspecies: M. s. siligorensis (type locality: Nepal), M. s. sowerbyi (type locality: China), M. s. alticraniatus (type locality: Vietnam) and M. s. thaianus (type locality: Thailand). Whether the five BINs correspond to the described subspecies remains to be determined.
IUCN status: Least Concern
Recorded at: Pahang: Krau Wildlife Reserve [11, 41], Cheras Cave [23], Tasik Chini [43], Kuantan [140]; Perlis: Wang Kelian State Park [50]; Kedah: Ulu Muda Forest Reserve [57].
M. siligorensis has been recorded roosting in rock crevices and fissures in caves, often in small colonies at forest edges, in primary and secondary forests [14, 23]. Individuals have been recorded foraging near street lights at research station [11].
Supporting information
S1 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Asellia stoliczkana on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s001
(PDF)
S2 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Coelops frithi on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s002
(PDF)
S3 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Hipposideros pomona on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s003
(PDF)
S4 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Rhinolophus acuminatus on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s004
(PDF)
S5 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Rhinolophus macrotis on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s005
(PDF)
S6 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Rhinolophus pusillus on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s006
(PDF)
S7 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Murina huttoni on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s007
(PDF)
S8 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Murina suilla on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s008
(PDF)
S9 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Tylonycteris pachypus on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s009
(PDF)
S10 Fig. NJ tree of DNA barcodes recorded as Myotis siligorensis on BOLD.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s010
(PDF)
S1 File. Checklist of bats of Peninsular Malaysia.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179555.s011
(XLS)
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by a grant under the University of Malaya Postgraduate Research Fund (PG060-2016A). We thank Dr. Charles M. Francis of the Canadian Wildlife Service and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable advice and constructive comments which substantially improved this manuscript. We extend our gratitude to Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Malaysia (DWNP) for giving us the access to the specimens in the Institute of Biodiversity, Lanchang, Malaysia. We also thank Dr. Zubaid Akbar Mukhtar Ahmad of National University of Malaysia, Professor Stephen Rossiter of Queen Mary University of London and Shahfiz Azman of the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) for directing us towards valuable literature. We are grateful to Prof. Emeritus Dr. Yong Hoi Sen, Lee Ping Shin, Sing Kong Wah and Brandon Mong Guo Jie of the University of Malaya for their valuable advice.
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