Figures
Abstract
Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) to electrical stimulation on the right and left sides of the lower lip were measured using magnetoencephalography and compared in the bilateral hemispheres of 31 healthy normal young and 29 healthy normal elderly subjects to evaluate age-related change in lip somatosensation. The initial peak of the response around 13 ms, designated as N13m, and the second peak of the response, designated as P21m, were investigated. The N13m response, which was detected in 22 of 62 hemispheres in young adults and 37 of 58 hemispheres in elderly adults, showed significantly prolonged latency and increased equivalent current dipole (ECD) moment in the elderly adults. The P21m response, which was detected in 56 of 62 hemispheres in young adults and in 52 of 58 hemispheres in elderly adults, showed longer peak latency in the elderly adults. No significant difference was found in the ECD moment for P21m, which suggests that aging affected the SEFs of the lip somatosensation, but the effects of aging on N13m and P21m differed. Prolonged latency and increased ECD moment of N13m might result from decreased peripheral conduction and increased cortical excitation system associated with aging. Therefore, the initial response component might be an objective parameter for investigating change in lip function with age.
Citation: Hihara H, Kanetaka H, Kanno A, Koeda S, Nakasato N, Kawashima R, et al. (2017) Evaluating age-related change in lip somatosensation using somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179323
Editor: Christos Papadelis, Boston Children's Hospital / Harvard Medical School, UNITED STATES
Received: November 6, 2016; Accepted: May 26, 2017; Published: June 15, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Hihara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15K15718, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/index.html. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Lip somatosensation is extremely important for daily life because of the involvement in stomatognathic functions, such as swallowing, speaking, and feeding, as reflected in the large lip representation in the model of somatotopic functional organization of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) called the homunculus [1]. The lower lip is innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve. Inferior alveolar nerve injuries sometimes occur after dental treatment and patients may lose sensation in the affected areas. Such loss of lip somatosensation can cause dysfunction of speech, mastication, and swallowing [2]. Therefore, lip somatosensation and function are thought to be interrelated to a considerable degree. In addition, decreased lip somatosensation with aging may cause dysphagia and speech disorder [3, 4]. These adverse events are important issues clinically. In particular, evaluation of age-related change in lip somatosensation is important to predict functional changes of the oral region.
Lip somatosensation is generally evaluated using psychophysical methods such as the two point discriminator and von Frey filaments [5, 6]. Various studies of age-related changes in lip somatosensation have revealed that aging decreases sensory function [3, 7, 8]. However, these methods require the cooperation of the subject and depend on subjective interpretation. Furthermore, no diagnostic index of functional disorder of the oral region during aging has been established.
Functional brain imaging techniques, especially magnetoencephalography (MEG), a non-invasive brain imaging technique, can detect the weak magnetic fields caused by neural activity. Such magnetic fields are not distorted by the scalp structure. MEG has high temporal resolution similar to electroencephalography, but MEG has higher spatial resolution. MEG detection of somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) caused by stimulation of the median nerve is well established in clinical use.
Lip somatosensation has been investigated using SEFs for lips by several research groups, but only in young subjects [9–19]. No study has evaluated age-related changes in lip somatosensation using SEFs or other functional brain imaging techniques in elderly subjects. Age-related changes have been studied using various functional brain imaging techniques with median nerve stimulation [20–26]. These studies identified prolonged latency and increased amplitude in elderly subjects. In particular, MEG detection of the SEFs for median nerve stimulation showed prolonged latency and increased amplitude were characteristic of the initial response in elderly subjects [27–29].
The initial N20m response of the median nerve is considered to be a glutamate-dependent excitatory component [30–32], and the first component of the lip response is considered to be analogous based on the orientation of the dipole [13]. The second P35m response of the median nerve is absent in infants with immature inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-dependent component [30, 33, 34], and in patients with Angelman's syndrome, a disorder of GABAergic-related genetic involvement [35]. Consequently, the P35m is considered to be a post-excitatory inhibitory GABA-dependent component [30–32]. Similarly, the second component of the lip response is considered to be analogous based on the orientation of the dipole [11, 13, 17]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the first component of the lip response is glutamate-dependent excitatory, and the second component is post-excitatory inhibitory GABA-dependent.
Investigation of age-related change using SEFs for median nerve stimulation showed prolonged latency and increased amplitude of the N20m [27–29], and either a large equivalent current dipole (ECD) moment [29] or no effect [28] on the P35m in elderly people. Prolonged latency in elderly people can be explained by decreased peripheral conduction velocity in the spinal cord [20, 36, 37]. In addition, reduced GABAergic inhibition and enhanced glutamatergic excitation have been reported in elderly people [38–42]. Furthermore, the first component of the SEF showed larger response in patients with mild cognitive impairment than in normal elderly subjects, which can represent a diagnosis index for functional change [43]. Therefore, we hypothesized that the first component of the SEF response to lip stimulation would show prolonged latency and increased moment and the second component would show prolonged latency and decreased moment in elderly subjects.
To confirm this hypothesis, the present study investigated the location and age-related change in the first and second components of the SEF responses to lower lip stimulation using MEG.
Subjects and methods
This article complies with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for reporting findings.
This study examined 62 hemispheres of 31 right-handed healthy normal young adults (YA) (22 males and 9 females; age 20–27 years, mean 22.5 years) and 58 hemispheres of 29 right-handed healthy normal elderly adults (EA) (17 males and 12 females; age 63–76 years, mean 71.0 years). No subject had a history of neurological disease. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry (protocol number: 23–20) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Electrical stimulation was administered to the right and left sides of the lower lip of each subjectsubjects using a handmade clip with a silver-ball electrode (Unique Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) attached to the surface of the mucosa facing the canines (Fig 1). The electrical stimuli consisted of constant current biphasic pulses with duration of 0.3 ms delivered at 0.7 Hz. The sensory threshold was determined by the psychophysical method. The test was conducted several times with ascending and descending series of stimulus, and the mean of the detected thresholds was considered as the sensory threshold. The stimulus intensity was below the pain threshold. No participant reported feeling any pain.
(A) Handmade stimulator (silver ball electrode embedded in the handmade clip) and (B) application of the electrode to the left side of the lip.
The SEF signals were measured using a whole-head 200-channel MEG system (PQA160C; Ricoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in a magnetically shielded room. The subjects lay supine, with the head location determined by the positions of five fiduciary markers consisting of induction coils placed at known locations on the scalp. The head shape and coil positions were established using a three-dimensional digitizer (FastSCAN Cobra; Polhemus, Inc., Colchester, VT) based on three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained for all subjects using a 3T MR system (Achieva; Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands). The MEG signals were recorded from 50 ms before to 300 ms after the trigger point and were filtered from 0.5 to 1000 Hz, and digitized at 2000 Hz. Data for about 400 stimuli were averaged.
A previous study designated the first component of the response as N15m, observed as a contralateral initial peak with latency of around 15 ms and anterior dipole orientation [12], but used a different MEG system (Neuromag Vector View; Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) to that in our study. The filter in that system delayed the latency by about 2 ms. Therefore, in the present study, the first component of the response was designated as N13m. The second component of the response was designated as P21m, a contralateral second peak with latency of around 20–25 ms with posterior dipole orientation [17]. Measurements of these N13m and P21m peaks were used for further analysis.
The SEFs were modeled as ECDs. The ECDs were used to estimate the location and moment of the source, and were superimposed on the MR images. The ECD was calculated using analysis software (Meglaboratory; Ricoh Co., Ltd.) based on Sarvas law [44] which is a method of estimating the sources of magnetic signals in a spherical conductor. All ECDs were located on the central sulcus. Goodness-of-fit greater than 70% was used for additional analyses.
The latency and single ECD moments for N13m and P21m were compared between the YA group and EA group. Additionally, the stimulus intensity and interpeak latency were compared by unpaired Student's t-tests, and the detection rate was compared by chi-square test. For multiple comparisons, the false discovery rate control test was applied to the p-values obtained from the Student's t-tests and chi-square tests [45, 46]. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationships between the ECD moment and the stimulus intensity, peak latency, and peak intensity. The locations of N13m and P21m were compared within the YA and EA groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical comparison. These data are expressed as the mean and standard deviation. Differences were considered significant for p<0.05.
Early components are known to be difficult to detect because of artifacts [9–12, 14–18]. Reportedly, no inter-hemispheric difference exists in the lip region [17]. The present study found no significant inter-hemispheric differences in ECD moment and peak latencies for N13m and P21m in the YA and EA groups.
Results
The N13m response to lower lip stimulation was detected in 22 hemispheres of 17 YA subjects and 37 hemispheres of 25 EA subjects. The P21m response was detected in 56 hemispheres of 29 YA subjects and 52 hemispheres of 26 EA subjects. Clear responses were detected only in the contralateral hemisphere to the stimulus side; ECDs were estimated in the central sulcus.
The detection rates of N13m responses were significantly higher for EA subjects than for YA subjects (YA at 35.4% vs. EA at 63.8%; t = 8.7, p = 0.0032, chi-square test). However, the detection rates of P21m responses showed no significant difference (YA at 90.3% vs. EA at 89.7%; t = 0.014, p = 0.90).
Stimulus intensity showed no significant difference between YA and EA subjects (YA at 4.89±2.86 mA vs. EA at 4.60± 2.30 mA; t = 0.57, p = 0.56) (Table 1). Additionally, sensory threshold showed no significant difference between YA and EA subjects (YA at 0.68±0.24 mA vs. EA at 0.8± 0.52 mA; t = 1.6, p = 0.11).
Fig 2 presents examples of the waveforms and latencies for N13m and P21m in each group. Significant age effects were found in the latencies for both N13m and P21m. The latency of N13m was significantly longer for EA subjects than for YA subjects (YA at 12.5±1.05 ms vs. EA at 15.1±1.07 ms; t = 9.0, p<0.0001). In addition, the latency of P21m was significantly longer for EA subjects than for YA subjects (YA at 20.5±2.03 ms vs. EA at 21.7±1.69 ms; t = 3.2, p = 0.0016). Interpeak latency was significantly longer for YA subjects than for EA subjects (YA at 8.28± 1.32 ms vs. EA at 7.08± 1.42 ms; t = 3.1, p = 0.0030)
[1] YA subject (25 years old, male), [2] EA subject (71 years old, male). Each waveform shows 10 ms before to 35 ms after stimulus onset. Red and blue arrows indicate peak latencies for N13m and P21m, respectively.
Fig 3 shows isofield maps and ECD locations for N13m and P21m. ECD moments for N13m indicated a significant age effect. The ECD moment of N13m for EA subjects was significantly larger than for YA subjects (YA at 2.19±0.81 nAm vs. EA at 6.06±2.68 nAm; t = 8.2, p<0.0001). However, the ECD moment of P21m showed no significant difference (YA at 13.3±9.06 nAm vs. EA at 11.4±5.73 nAm; t = 1.3, p = 0.19). The correlation between ECD moment and stimulus of P21m for YA subjects was significant (P21m for YA: r = 0.37, p = 0.0054). No other significant correlation was found between the ECD moment and the stimulus intensity (N13m for YA: r = 0.17, p = 0.44; N13m for EA: r = 0.31, p = 0.069; P21m for EA: r = 0.037, p = 0.79). Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between latency and stimulus intensity (N13m for YA: r = 0.12, p = 0.59; N13m for EA: r = 0.18, p = 0.30; P21m for YA: r = 0.13, p = 0.32; P21m for EA: r = -0.0054, p = 0.70).
[1] YA subject (25 years old, male), [2] EA subject (71 years old, male). (A) Isofield maps. (B) ECD locations. (C) ECD moment of N13m shows a larger moment in the EA subject than in the YA subject.
Locations of N13m and P21m were compared within each group. The locations of N13m were significantly different from those of P21m in the Z axis and θ for YA subjects (Z: p = 0.0074, θ: p<0.0001) and θ for EA subjects (θ: p<0.0001) (Table 2).
Discussion
The present study tested our hypothesis that the first component of the SEF response to lip stimulation would show prolonged latency and increased moment and the second component would show prolonged latency and decreased moment in elderly subjects. The present MEG study of age-related change in lip somatosensation showed markedly prolonged latency and increased ECD moment for N13m and prolonged latency for P21m in the EA subjects compared to the YA subjects. However there was no significant difference in ECD moment for P21m. These findings agreed with our hypothesis for the latency and moment of the first component (N13m), and the latency for the second component (P21m). However, the finding for the ECD moment for P21m was not consistent with the hypothesis.
Previous studies were based on analysis of the P21m or later components [9–12, 14–18]. In the present study, the P21m was observed in almost all subjects. However, the N13m was more difficult to detect because of its low amplitude and the effects of stimulus artifacts. Specifically, the N13m was detectable in 37 of 58 hemispheres of EA subjects, but in only 22 of 62 hemispheres of YA subjects. Detection of the N13m was significantly higher in EA subjects than in YA subjects. The amplitude of N13m was lower in YA subjects than in EA subjects. Additionally, the latencies of N13m were shorter in YA subjects than in EA subjects. Therefore, the N13m of YA subjects was more affected by artifacts. These reasons explain the fewer detections of N13m in YA subjects.
N13m and P21m were only detected in the contralateral hemisphere to the stimulus side, as reported previously [11, 13, 17]. However, the ECDs of the first and second components were estimated bilaterally [4], possibly due to the use of tactile stimuli in contrast to electrical stimuli used in other studies including the present study. Therefore, the stimulus methods might affect such interhemispheric differences.
Prolonged latency and increased ECD moment of N13m, and prolonged latency of P21m were observed in the EA subjects, as we hypothesized. The absence of significant correlation between ECD moment and stimulus intensity for N13m, and between the latency and stimulus intensity for N13m and P21m showed that the changes are related to aging and not to the stimulus intensity. The higher detection rate of N13m in EA subjects might be related to this increased response.
The N13m response is considered to be an excitatory glutamate-dependent component like the N20m response to median nerve stimulation. The N20m pathway is known to input directly to the primary somatosensory cortex via the thalamus without the involvement of synapses [47–50]. Therefore, the N13m pathway probably also inputs directly to the primary somatosensory cortex via the thalamus without synapses, so directly reflects the decreased peripheral conduction and enhancement of glutamatergic excitation with aging. Accordingly, N13m may provide a parameter for measuring change with aging.
Median nerve studies have suggested that the N20m and P35m responses are generated independently [51, 52]. Other studies also suggested that the locations of N20m and P35m are different [53–55]. Consequently, the pathways of N20m and P35m from the peripheral to primary somatosensory cortices are likely to be different. The P35m response is known to be generated by inhibition in the deeper cortical layer [31, 32, 56, 57]. Therefore, P21m input to the primary somatosensory cortex occurs via synapses. Long latency components are affected by the attention and vigilance states [58, 59]. Additionally, some sources persisted after the response of P35m [29], and the response of N20m overlaps the response of P35m [59]. Therefore, the P21m response might be affected by the N13m response, and the attention and vigilance states. Consequently, N13m might be regarded as a pure response that is not affected by the attention or vigilance state.
Interpeak latency was shorter in the EA subjects than in the YA subjects. Therefore, the prolonged latency for P21m cannot be explained by only aging change of the peripheral nerves. The greater amplitude of N13m and increased rising of the waveform result from enhancement of glutamatergic excitation. In contrast, the slightly smaller amplitude of P21m and reduced rising of the waveform result from reduction of the suppression system. The combination of these effects caused the shorter interpeak latency. This observation is thought to reflect the different signal sources of N13m and P21m, and seems to reinforce the hypothesis that the respective pathways and locations are different.
This study showed that the locations of N13m and P21m were significantly different as we hypothesized. Furthermore, the correlation between ECD moment and stimulus intensity of P21m was significant in the YA subjects. These findings support the idea that P21m is affected by the attention and vigilance states, and the activities of other cortical regions. Consequently, the location and the effects of aging differ between N13m and P21m.
In conclusion, the present study detected age-related differences in lip somatosensation using somatosensory evoked magnetic field analysis. Our findings indicate that N13m is more useful than P21m as an objective parameter of aging change in lip somatosensation, and may be useful for evaluating functional change.
Acknowledgments
We are deeply grateful to Associate Professor Jun Aida of Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry for his assistance in statistical analyses, and to Mr. Tsuyoshi Kanno for his assistance in measuring the SEFs of the subjects using MEG.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: HH HK AK SK KS.
- Data curation: HH HK AK.
- Formal analysis: HH HK AK NN RK.
- Funding acquisition: HK KS.
- Investigation: HH HK SK.
- Methodology: HK AK NN RK.
- Project administration: HK NN RK KS.
- Resources: HH HK AK SK RK.
- Software: HK AK.
- Supervision: HK KS.
- Validation: NN RK.
- Visualization: HH HK.
- Writing – original draft: HH HK AK.
- Writing – review & editing: NN RK KS.
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