Figures
Abstract
Background
While Denmark is well known for its plethora of registers. Many studies are conducted on research databases that only cover parts of Denmark, and regional differences could potentially threaten these studies’ external validity. The aim of this study was to assess sociodemographic and health related homogeneity of the five Danish regions.
Methods
We obtained descriptive data for the five Danish regions, using publicly available data sources: Statbank Denmark, the Danish Ministry of Economic Affairs, and Medstat.dk. These data sources comprise aggregate data from four different nationwide registers: The Danish National Patient Register, The Danish Civil Registration System, The Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics, and The Danish National Health Service Register for Primary Care. We compared the Danish regions regarding demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health care utilization, and use of medication. For each characteristic, one-year prevalence was obtained and analyses were performed for 2013 and 2008 to account for possible change over time.
Results
In 2013, 5,602,628 persons were living in Denmark. The mean age was 40.7 years in the entire Danish population and ranged between 39.6 to 42.4 years in the five regions (coefficient of variation between regions [CV] = 0.028). The proportion of women in Denmark was 50.4% (CV = 0.009). The proportion of residents with low education level was 28.7% (CV = 0.051). The annual number of GP contacts was 7.1 (range: 6.7–7.4, CV = 0.040), and 114 per 1,000 residents were admitted to the hospital (range: 101–131, CV = 0.107). The annual number of persons redeeming a prescription of any medication was 723 per 1,000 residents (range: 718–743, CV = 0.016). Analyses for 2008 showed comparable levels of homogeneity as for 2013.
Citation: Henriksen DP, Rasmussen L, Hansen MR, Hallas J, Pottegård A (2015) Comparison of the Five Danish Regions Regarding Demographic Characteristics, Healthcare Utilization, and Medication Use—A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140197. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140197
Editor: Koustuv Dalal, Örebro University, SWEDEN
Received: June 3, 2015; Accepted: September 21, 2015; Published: October 6, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Henriksen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Studies using administrative data are the backbone of epidemiological research[1]. The Danish population has previously been described as one large cohort[2], and referred to as the epidemiologist’s dream[3]. Virtually all medical care in Denmark is furnished by the national health authorities with limited or no co-payment from the patient, and perfect linkage can be achieved using the unique Danish Civil Registration Number assigned to all Danish citizens[4]. The availability of nationwide registries on hospitalizations[5], cancers[6], drug use[7], income[8], and education[9], allows a detailed account of vital health parameters on the level of the single individual. In addition to the nationwide registers, regional registers also exist [10–13]. These registers often have a higher level of detail than the nationwide registers and may allow the researcher to address other research questions. However, this comes at the expense of a smaller sample size, a lower statistical precision and the recurring question of generalizability or external validity, potentially affecting the high quality studies published from these registers [14].
Using publicly available high quality national administrative data, the aim of this study was to assess whether the five regions of Denmark by themselves each can be considered representative samples of the Danish population in terms of sociodemographic parameters and health related utilization and thereby whether studies that employ regional data sources in general should address generalizability as part of their aim.
Setting
Overview of the Danish healthcare system
Until 2007, the Danish National Health Service was divided into 16 sections: 14 counties and the municipalities Frederiksberg, and Copenhagen, with each county further subdivided into municipalities. After 2007, the counties were combined into five regions[15] (Fig 1).
The figure is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Originally Jarke, modified by Daniel Pilsgaard Henriksen—Derived from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denmark_regions.svg
Each region runs the public hospitals and health services including general practice. A typical general practitioner’s (GP) office receives 95% of its operating income from public funds[16]. Taxes finance approximately 83% of all healthcare expenses, including free access to hospitals, outpatient clinics, GP’s, as well as partial reimbursement of prescribed medicines. The remaining patient copayments make up approximately 17% of the total health expenditures, and primarily constitutes co-payment of medication and dental care[16].
Methods
Data sources
We retrieved publicly available aggregate data from four different nationwide registers: The Danish National Patient Register[5], The Danish Civil Registration System[17], The Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics[7], and The Danish National Health Service Register for Primary Care[18].
The aggregate data, which was based on data from the four databases above, was retrieved from three different sources:
- StatBank Denmark is a free-of-charge database containing detailed aggregate statistical information on the Danish Society[19]. The database is hosted by Statistics Denmark, a state institution under the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior[20]. Statistics Denmark was founded in 1850 as an extension of the representative government established by the first constitution of 1849[20]. Statistics Denmark is a governmental institution collecting information electronically provided by administrative registers of different governmental agencies[21]. From this data source, we obtained demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as health utilization (both primary—and secondary care).
- The Danish Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior provides free and public access to key measures of the Danish population[22]. We used this database to identify the proportion of citizens living in urban areas.
- Medstat.dk contains statistics on the sale of medicines in Denmark based on the data reported to the Register of Medicinal Product Statistics[23]. It is mandatory to report the sale of medicines, and therefore, the data cover all sales from pharmacies and non-pharmacy outlets in Denmark. The sale statistics from primary care are available from 1996 onwards, including a number of individual level parameters. The Register of Medicinal Product Statistics also includes data about medicines sold to hospitals on an aggregate level. Drug use statistics from hospitals are available from 1997 onwards[23].
We used data from 2013 for our primary analysis, but also obtained the same data from 2008 in order to compare the years, and identify potential differences in the population development over time.
Definitions
Demographic characteristics.
Age was grouped into 10-year intervals. Population density was defined as number of residents divided by area in square kilometers. Urbanization was defined as the percentage of residents in a region who lived in a town with more than 200 residents. Marital status was categorized as married, never married, divorced, or widowed.
Socioeconomic characteristics.
Income was reported as the mean income of each person in eight income categories (including individuals ≥15 years of age). Unemployment was defined as the proportion of persons aged 15–64 years unemployed in each region. Education was categorized according to the highest attained educational level: <10 years (primary and lower secondary school), 10–12 years (vocational education and upper secondary school), >12 years (short, medium and long-term higher education)[24].
Healthcare utilization.
Three measures of healthcare utilization were used: 1) annual number of hospital admissions per 1,000 residents, 2) annual number of outpatient contacts per 1,000 residents, and 3) annual number of GP contacts per resident. GP contacts included daytime visits, telephone consultations, email consultations, and out of hours on-call GPs. A patient could have more than one GP contact per day.
Medication use.
Two measures of medication use were used: 1) annual number of persons filling a prescription of any medicine per 1,000 residents, and 2) the annual number of persons filling a prescription of the 6 most commonly used main medication categories in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) (ATC: A Alimentary tract and metabolism; C Cardiovascular system; D Dermatologicals; J Antiinfectives for systemic use; N Nervous system; R Respiratory system)[25].
Analysis
We obtained data for the entire Danish population, and stratified by the five regions (Capital Region of Denmark, Region Zealand, Region of Southern Denmark, Central Denmark Region, and Region of Northern Denmark). We presented demographic- and socioeconomic characteristics as 1-year prevalences in absolute numbers and proportions from 2013, and repeated the analyses for the year 2008.
Coefficients of variation (CV) (standard deviations divided by the means) were computed across the five regions as a measure of the differences.
Data management, analyses, and graphics were performed with Stata version 13.1 (Stata Corporation LP ®, Texas, USA).
All Stata codes as well as a detailed guide on how to extract the raw data and reproduce the study results including how to generate the figures are available at http://www.github.com/dphenriksen.
Results
Demographic characteristics
In 2013, 5,602,628 persons were living in Denmark, and 50.4% (N = 2,823,776) were women.
The Capital Region of Denmark comprised 30.9% of the entire Danish population, Region Zealand 14.6%, Region of Southern Denmark 21.4%, Central Denmark Region 22.7%, and Region of Northern Denmark 10.4% (Table 1). The proportion of women in the five regions ranged from 49.7% (Region of Northern Denmark) to 51.0% (Capital Region of Denmark) (Table 1).
The mean age was 40.7 years in the entire Danish population, ranging from 39.6 years (Capital Region of Denmark) to 42.4 (Region Zealand) (CV = 0.028).
The proportion of residents in 10-year age categories stratified by gender and region are presented in Fig 2A–2C.
The overall population density was 131 persons per km2 (Table 1). The population density in the five regions ranged between 74 persons per km2 (Region of Northern Denmark) to 679 persons per km2 (Capital Region of Denmark) (CV = 1.230) (Table 1).
(2A) Total, (2B) Females, (2C) Males
Socioeconomic characteristics
Among residents aged 15 to 69 years, a total of 1,140,481 (28.7%) had a highest attained education level below 10 years, and 1,062,977 (26.7%) had a highest attained education level above 12 years. The Capital Region of Denmark had the lowest proportion of residents with low education level (24.0%), and Region Zealand had the highest proportion (32.2%). Of all Danish residents, 13.7% were categorized as having an income below 100,000 DKR (below €13,400) ranging from 12.7% (Region Zealand) to 14.6% (Capital Region of Denmark. In total, 3.1% had an income of 750,000 DKR or above (above €100,500) ranging from 2.0% (Region of Northern Denmark) to 4.7% (Capital Region of Denmark) (Fig 3). For results on marital status and unemployment, see Fig 3.
Healthcare utilization
The annual number of GP contacts for the entire Danish population was 7.1 per resident, and ranged between 6.7 (Capital Region of Denmark) to 7.4 (Region Zealand and Region of Southern Denmark), (CV = 0.041) (Table 2). For the entire Danish population, 114 per 1,000 residents were admitted to the hospital in 2013, ranging from 101 (Central Denmark Region) to 131 (Region Zealand) (CV = 0.107) (Table 2). For a detailed overview of the mean number of GP contacts by age, see Fig 4. For details of outpatient contacts, admissions, and in-hospital bed-days, see Table 2.
Medication use
The annual number of persons redeeming a prescription of any medication from a pharmacy was 723 per 1,000 residents in Denmark, ranging from 718 per 1,000 in the Central Denmark Region to 743 in Region Zealand (CV = 0.016). When stratifying on the most frequently used drug classes, we found CV values ranging from 0.026 (ATC: R–Respiratory System) to 0.092 (ATC: C–Cardiovascular system). For details of the prevalences of medication use in the 6 most commonly used ATC main categories, see Table 3.
Development over time
Results of demographic-, and socioeconomic characteristics as well as healthcare utilization and medication use from 2008 are presented in S1 File. No differences in heterogeneity were observed in 2008 as compared to 2013. Further, no major differences in the covariate prevalences were found when comparing 2008 to 2013.
Discussion
In this study, we found that all Danish regions generally can be considered representative of the Danish population in terms of demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics as well as healthcare utilization and medication use. We found that the results were stable over time, when comparing data from 2008 to 2013.
Sample representativeness is important in epidemiological surveys in order to achieve external validity. Population-based samples could, like in the present study, be obtained in terms of a geographical boundary of all persons living within a certain area. Other criteria for sampling include special types of medical contact such as the general practice research databases[26]. In the US, population-based studies are primarily based on persons receiving certain types of social benefits, like Medicare or Medicaid[27], or special groups like the Veterans Affairs Medical Care System[28]. Thus, the large US databases are more limited in scope and underrepresent minority and underserved populations [29].
The large administrative registers like the Danish National Patient Register[5] and the Danish Cancer Registry[6] are all nationwide, and contain information on all Danish residents. However, the regional clinical databases are of special interest, as they often provide additional valuable clinical information like laboratory values[13], redeemed prescriptions from the pharmacies[10,11], or microbiological data[12]. Due to the difficulties in obtaining this additional clinical information on patients, it is therefore important that the source population (the region of interest) resembles the target population (the entire Danish population). Only a single study has addressed this previously[30] but the study only focused on a minor part of Denmark (Northern Jutland and the island of Funen), and much have changed, structurally and politically, since the study was conducted in 1997.
We found that the Capital region had a larger proportion of urbanized area, and a higher population density, than the Danish average, which were the most profound differences we encountered in the data. The Capital region also had a larger proportion of residents with a higher education and a larger proportion of young residents (aged 20–39 years) compared to the Danish average. Other examples of minor differences include a slightly higher rate of outpatient contacts in the South region and a higher rate of admissions in the Zealand region, as well as a lower overall drug consumption in the Central region. In general, however, these differences are only modest, and the residents in the regions appear homogenous in regards to our indicators. This information is of great use to researchers using regional subsets of inhabitants instead of using nationwide samples. Furthermore, it is important to readers of Danish epidemiological research to know that the different regions can be considered a representative sample of the entire Danish population.
There are some limitations associated with the current study. We used only aggregate data, and not data on individual subjects, potentially missing subtle differences within groups. For example, a similar average in hospitalization rate between two regions may coexist with large differences in individual-level distribution of hospitalizations.
Conclusion
The Danish regions were comparable and can each generally be considered representative of the entire Danish population regarding basic sociodemographic characteristics and health care utilization. Epidemiologic studies conducted on a regional subset of Danish citizens are thus considered to be generalizable to the entire Danish population.
Supporting Information
S1 File. Appendix 1.
Results of demographic-, and socioeconomic characteristics as well as healthcare utilization and medication use from 2008
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140197.s001
(DOCX)
S2 File. Appendix 2.
Guide to retrieval of raw data
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140197.s002
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Morten Olesen for his highly valuable input on data management and analysis, as well as for validating the published code.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DPH LR MRH JH AP. Performed the experiments: DPH LR. Analyzed the data: DPH LR MRH JH AP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DPH LR MRH JH AP. Wrote the paper: DPH LR MRH JH AP.
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