Figures
Abstract
Much discussion has surrounded the association between the administration of neuraminidase inhibitors (NI) and severe abnormal behaviors, including sudden running away and jumping from a high place, which can be life-threatening if no one intervenes. Using data on the number of abnormal behaviors and patients who had been prescribed NI in Japan, we calculated the incidence rate of severe abnormal behaviors among influenza patients who had been prescribed NI. Then, we evaluated the relative risk between the four types of NI on severe abnormal behavior. We found no significant difference in the incidence rates of abnormal behavior by the type of NI. Results implicate that the current policy of package inserts, which warn physicians that patients who were administered ANY type of NI might exhibit abnormal behavior, seems to be appropriate.
Citation: Nakamura Y, Sugawara T, Ohkusa Y, Taniguchi K, Miyazaki C, Momoi M, et al. (2015) Life-Threatening Abnormal Behavior Incidence in 10–19 Year Old Patients Administered Neuraminidase Inhibitors. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0129712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129712
Editor: Kenji Hashimoto, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, JAPAN
Received: December 27, 2014; Accepted: May 12, 2015; Published: July 1, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Nakamura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: The data of abnormal behavior are within the paper. The number of patients who were prescribed NI was referred from published information of the Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the MHLW (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/shingi-yakuji.html?tid=127869) [21–24].
Funding: This research was financially supported by a Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Wealth (H22-Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices-Assignment-023 in 2010, H23-Global Health-Assignment-005 in 2011, H24-Global Health-Assignment-001 in 2012, and H25-Global Health-Assignment-002 in 2013).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In February 2007, two Japanese Junior high students who had contracted influenza jumped from a great height and died. At that time, oseltamivir was presumed to cause these events. As a response to these events, the Dear Healthcare Professional Letters of Emergent Safety Communications (the Yellow Letter) published in March 2007 ordered physicians to inhibit the prescription of oseltamivir to 10–19-year-old influenza patients, with a particular exclusion of high-risk patients who have a complication or medical history [1]. Moreover, because the patients who were administrated other neuraminidase inhibitors (NI) also showed abnormal behavior in the report from all outpatient clinics and hospitals throughout Japan [2], mandatory package inserts for NI of all types have warned about abnormal behavior since December 2007 [3–6]. Moreover, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has advised caregivers to devote attention to influenza-like illness (ILI) patients irrespective of the administration of any drug since April 2007.
Many studies, mainly conducted in Japan, have examined the relation between abnormal behaviors and the administration of oseltamivir [7–14] or laninamivir [15,16]. Particularly, a survey of abnormal behaviors of influenza patients from all physicians revealed abnormal behaviors of patients who had and had not been administered NI [17].
A few studies have indicated abnormal behaviors of patients who had been administered NI in other countries than Japan, such as the US, China, and European countries [18–20]. Toovey et al. (2012) reported 1,805 neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) in 1,330 patients who had been receiving oseltamivir, and reported 454 events of delirium and delirium-like events [18]. The US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System received 980 NPAEs associated with oseltamivir [19]. In addition, Jefferson et al. (2014) reviewed clinical report describing some effects of oseltamivir [20]. That review examined 47 psychiatric adverse events occurring in 44 patients taking oseltamivir arms in 23 trials.
Unfortunately, these studies have not investigated the relative risk of life-threatening abnormal behaviors by NI. They only examined oseltamivir or laninamivir, and did not consider other NIs such as zanamivir or peramivir. Because the number of influenza patients taking NI were not presented in the study periods and studied areas in these studies, they failed to identify the incidence rate of life-threatening abnormal behaviors by NI. Additionally, the abnormal behavior in these studies was not well defined; they might include some mild abnormal behaviors which might not affect the patient’s life.
Therefore, we examined incidence rates of the most severe abnormal behaviors of influenza patients who were prescribed four types of NI, and compared these incidence rates to evaluate the relative risk of abnormal behaviors associated with NI. Using the incidence rates, we assessed the association between the type of NI and severe abnormal behaviors. To calculate the incidence rates of patients with severe abnormal behaviors among influenza patients, it is necessary to ascertain the precise number of influenza patients. We used the number of patients who had been prescribed NI from data, which were shown at the Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the MHLW (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/shingi-yakuji.html?tid=127869, in Japanese). The survey includes the estimated number of patients who were prescribed NI during each influenza season, although the details of procedures used for estimating the number of patients were not well explained.
Unfortunately, the data shown at the Subcommittee as mentioned above did not include the estimated number of ILI patients who were not prescribed any NI, even though the survey of abnormal behavior included the case without any NI [2,17]. In other words, we cannot define the control group who were not prescribed any NI so as to evaluate the absolute risk of any NI. Therefore, in this study we focus on the relative risk among types of NI rather than the absolute risk of each NI.
Materials and Methods
Data and Study Period
Definitions of abnormal behavior in patients with influenza and the methods for investigation were described in a report of an earlier study [17]. All cases of patients with influenza who presented with severe abnormal behavior were reported from physicians of all outpatient clinics and hospitals throughout Japan, based on the administrative order from the section manager of the Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases Control Division, MHLW, and the section manager of Safety Division of Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, MHLW. All reports were made either online or via fax to the Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID).
In this study, ILI was defined as showing all the following symptoms: acute onset, high fever >38°C, upper respiratory symptoms, systemic symptoms including fatigue, or positive results from an influenza rapid diagnosis kit [17]. We defined severe abnormal behavior as active motion behavior which can be life-threatening if no one intervenes, including those such as sudden running away, jumping from a high place, and rampaging involving self-injury. Moreover, we defined sudden running away and jumping from a high place as the most severe abnormal behaviors because they would engender death with a high probability. We specifically focused on the analysis of the most severe abnormal behaviors.
In Japan, the influenza season is defined as the period from the 36th epidemiological week to the 35th week of the following year. We undertook the survey for the abnormal behaviors in 2006/2007 to 2013/2014 season. However, since the approval of laninamivir and peramivir was completed in 2010/2011 season, we did not use data for periods before 2010/2011 season.
The number of patients who were prescribed NI was referred from published information of the Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the MHLW (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/shingi-yakuji.html?tid=127869) [21–24]. Data consists of the estimated numbers of patients prescribed NI by the type and proportion of prescription of NI in each season. We used these data from 2010/2011 to 2013/2014 seasons. We specifically examined 10–19-year-old patients because they were regarded as the patients most affected by NI and data was collected mainly on this group at the Subcommittee.
Analysis
We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess the difference in the incidence rate of abnormal behaviors by NI. We also evaluated the difference in the incidence rates in any pair of type of NI using a Fisher’s exact test. We adopted 5% as the significance level.
Ethics
For the investigation of abnormal behavior, because we did not collect any personally identifiable information such as name, address, and date of birth, patient records and information were anonymized and de-identified before analysis. Moreover, we have only counted the number of patients with a certain condition from the collected information. The ethical guidelines for epidemiological research in Japan do not require receipt of informed consent from patients in this case. The studies of abnormal behavior were approved by the NIID committee for ethical consideration: approval numbers were 261, 312, 375, and 462.
Results
Table 1 presented the estimated number of 10–19-year-old patients who were prescribed NI in each season. The maximum number of all estimated numbers of patients prescribed NI was approximately 2.2 million during the 2010/2011 season. The maximum and minimum numbers of each NI were, respectively, 0.22 and 0.13 million for oseltamivir, 1.01 and 0.62 million for zanamivir, 0.85 and 0.66 million for laninamivir, and 0.04 and 0.02 million for peramivir.
Fig 1 presented the number of cases of abnormal behaviors and incidence rates of patients with the most severe abnormal behaviors per million 10–19-year-old patients who were prescribed each type of NI in each season. The numbers of cases of abnormal behaviors for each NI were, respectively, from 0 to 2 for oseltamivir, from 1 to 3 for zanamivir, from 1 to 4 for laninamivir, and from 0 to 1 for peramivir. The highest incidence rates per million influenza patients were, respectively, 15.4 for oseltamivir, 4.8 for zanamivir, 4.7 for laninamivir, and 31.3 for peramivir. In total, during 2010/2011 through 2013/2014 season, incidence per million influenza patients were 6.1 for oseltamivir, 2.4 for zanamivir, 2.5 for laninamivir, and 8.3 for peramivir, respectively.
Since approvals for laninamivir and peramivir were in 2010, we ignored data before 2010. This figure shows the number of patients with the most severe abnormal behaviors of 10–19-year-olds, which are shown on bar charts, and incidence rates in number per million influenza patients, which are shown as bar charts in each season.
Regarding the results of ANOVA for NI of all types related to abnormal behaviors of 10–19-year-old from 2010/2011 through 2013/2014, p-value and F-statistics were 0.749 and 0.41. Therefore, it presented no significance. Table 2 showed the results of Fisher’s exact tests in any pair of type of NI, and there were no significant differences in any pair of type of NI.
Discussion
We found no significant difference among the incidence rates of the most severe abnormal behaviors by NI. Such a relative risk has never examined before. We focused on the most severe abnormal behaviors as they are the most serious public health concerns. However, focusing on those behaviors necessarily reduced the sample size, and such a small sample might be the reason for our inconclusive results. Although, as mentioned above, the most severe abnormal behaviors were investigated nationwide [17], such behaviors are very rare. Therefore, we cannot expand the number of cases immediately by adding new study fields. Therefore, accumulation of data by continuing the research is expected to be necessary to find a definitive conclusion about differences in risk for the most severe abnormal behavior of influenza patients.
The Dear Healthcare Professional Letters of Emergent Safety Communications related to oseltamivir administration required physicians to refrain from prescribing oseltamivir from 10–19-year-old patients with influenza, exception for high-risk patients. Therefore, 10–19 years old were presumably high-risk patients who were administrated with oseltamivir. Unfortunately, we have no information about complications or medical history related to high risk. Furthermore, we do not know that such a high risk might be particularly associated with abnormal behaviors. High-risk patients might be more prone to abnormal behaviors, but such an association might be hypothetical.
Since we found no significant difference among all types and in any pair of type of NI, we cannot speculate about the relative risk of types of NI. If we took account of multiple-test adjustment, e.g. Bonferroni and/or Holm correction for Fisher’s exact test, the conclusion should not be affected because all p-values of any pair of type of NI were less than the significant level. On the other hand, the patients with the most severe abnormal behaviors had been reported in all types of NI. Therefore, we considered that the policy of the package inserts, which warned physicians that patients who were administered any types of NI might exhibit abnormal behavior, is appropriate.
Concerning the number of patients who were prescribed NI, we used the estimated number of patients provided at the Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the MHLW. These data were estimated from three databases: Japan Medical Information Research Institute (JMIRI) [25], Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC) [26], and JammNet [27]. The JMIRI data based on prescription claims from 400 panel pharmacies, which account for approximately 0.9% of all pharmacies. The JMDC and JammNet data based on medical and prescription claims for 1 million and 0.5 million population, respectively accounting for approximately 0.8%, and 0.4% of the total population. However, because the data coverage is too small, the sample representativeness of the databases is apparently problematic. Moreover, details of the procedures for estimating the number of patients were not well explained. Therefore, the estimated number of influenza patients used in this study might be questionable as the precise number of patients. One previous study had validated the estimated number of influenza patients in JMDC with Prescription Surveillance (PS) [28]. The estimated number of influenza patients through PS, which accounts of approximately 19.6% of all pharmacies in nationwide, was validated with all electronic medical claims (National Database of Electronic Medical Claims, NDBEMC) [29,30], accounting for about 96.2% of all medical claims. Moreover, all physicians must record a diagnosis on medical claims [31–33]. Therefore, NDBEMC is regarded as the most reliable data source. However, our data of the estimated number of patients with each NI from databases of JMIRI, JMDC, and JammNet, which were published from MHLW, has not been validated by NDBEMC.
Conclusion
This is the first study that examined the relative risk of the most severe abnormal behaviors among type of NI. The obtained result showed no significant difference among the incidence rates of the most severe abnormal behaviors by NI. However, severe abnormal behaviors with all types of NI had been reported. Therefore, we infer that the policy mandating package inserts in NI of all types, and asking physicians about abnormal behavior, seems to be appropriate. It is important to continue the investigation for abnormal behaviors and accumulate data so as to reach definitely conclusion.
We should note again that the incidence rate of the most severe abnormal behaviors among ILI patients who were not prescribed NI is not available because the denominators were not available in information provided from the Subcommittee. Therefore we cannot evaluate the absolute risk of any NI. This lack of information might be resolved by using information from NDBEMC, and thus it remains the next challenge.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by a Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Wealth (H22-Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices-Assignment-023 in 2010, H23-Global Health-Assignment-005 in 2011, H24-Global Health-Assignment-001 in 2012, and H25-Global Health-Assignment-002 in 2013).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YO YN TS KT CM MM NO. Performed the experiments: TS YO NO. Analyzed the data: YO YN TS KT CM MM NO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YO YN TS KT CM MM NO. Wrote the paper: YO YN TS KT CM MM NO.
References
- 1.
Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The Dear Healthcare Professional Letters of Emergent Safety Communications (Yellow Letter) about abnormal behavior after administrated Tamiflu. Available: http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/kinkyu_anzen/file/kinkyu20070320.pdf (in Japanese). Accessed 9 November 2014.
- 2.
Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 5th Investigation Committee for Safety, Reference materials 3–3. Study about Abnormal Behavior with Influenza-like Illness (Influenza yousikkan rikanzi no ijoukoudou jouhou syuusyuu ni kansuru kenkyuu). 2007. Available: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/shingi/2007/12/dl/s1225-7e.pdf (in Japanese).
- 3.
Package Insert of Tamiflu Capsule 75. Available: http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/6250021M1027_1_30/ (in Japanese). Accessed 28 April 2015.
- 4.
Package Insert of Relenza. Available: http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/6250702G1028_1_16/ (in Japanese). Accessed 28 April 2015.
- 5.
Package Insert of Inavir Dry Powder Inhaler 20mg. Available: http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/6250703G1022_1_10/ (in Japanese). Accessed 28 April 2015.
- 6.
Package Insert of RAPIACTA Bag 300mg for Intravenous Drip Infusion. Available: http://www.info.pmda.go.jp/go/pack/6250405A1032_1_02/ (in Japanese). Accessed 28 April 2015.
- 7. Yokota S, Fujita T, Mori M, Nezu A, Okumura A, Hosoya M, et al. Epidemiologic survey of influenza-associated complications I. clinical assessment of symptoms and signs, and medication. Nihon Syounikagakkaizatsushi. 2007; 111: 1545–1558 (in Japanese).
- 8. Fujita T, Mori M, Nezu A, Okumura A, Hosoya M, Suzuki H, et al. Epidemiologic Survey of Influenza-associated Complications: II. A Statistical Analysis of Symptoms and Signs, and Medication. Nihon Syounikagakkaizatsushi. 2007; 111: 1559–1567 (in Japanese).
- 9. Nariai A, Kobayashi A, Manabe T. Prospective study on abnormal behaviors of children associated with influenza after first oral administration of oseltamivir. Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2008; 20: 148–152 (in Japanese).
- 10. Morita H, Shimizu J, Ando Y, Narahara K, Horikawa Y, Yokoyama Y, et al. Clinical characterization of hospitalized children with influenza at three hospitals in Okayama City during the 2006–2007 influenza season. Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2007; 19: 455–461 (in Japanese).
- 11. Tanabe T, Hara K, Tominaga M, Kinoshita C, Kasahara T, Kou M, et al. Prospective studies on neurological symptoms associated with influenza virus infection during 2006–2007 influenza season (part 1). Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2007; 19: 463–467 (in Japanese)
- 12. Tominaga M, Tanabe T, Hara K, Kinoshita C, Kasahara T, Kou M, et al. Prospective studies on neurological symptoms associated with influenza virus infection during the 2006–2007 influenza season (part 2)―abnormal behaviors―. Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2007; 19: 468–472 (in Japanese)
- 13. Takahashi K, Akagi K, Ikeda H, Oh Y, Katuta T, Kojima K, et al. Analysis of abnormal behaviors associated with influenza infection from 2005/06 through 2006/07 influenza seasons in Kanagawa Prefecture: especially focused on dangerous behaviors such as "rushing out of the house." Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2007; 19: 473–477 (in Japanese).
- 14. Takamiya H. Clinical study on abnormal behaviors of influenza patients at my facility over the past five seasons. Infection and Immunity in Childhood. 2007; 19: 479–485 (in Japanese).
- 15. Kashiwagi S, Yoshida S, Yamaguchi H, Niwa S, Mitsui N, Tanigawa M, et al. Safety of the long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate hydrate in post-marketing surveillance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;40(5):381–8. pmid:22871369
- 16. Nakano T, Okumura A, Tanabe T, Niwa S, Fukushima M, Yonemochi R, et al. Safety evaluation of laninamivir octanoate hydrate through analysis of adverse events reported during early post-marketing phase vigilance. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45(6):469–77. pmid:23373850
- 17. Nakamura Y, Sugawara T, Ohkusa Y, Taniguchi K, Miyazaki C, Momoi M, et al. Abnormal behavior during influenza in Japan during the last seven seasons: 2006–2007 to 2012–2013. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 2014; 20(12):789–93. pmid:25284815
- 18. Toovey S, Prinssen EP, Rayner CR, Thakrar BT, Dutkowski R, Koerner A, et al. Post-marketing assessment of neuropsychiatric adverse events in influenza patients treated with oseltamivir: an updated review. Adv Ther. 2012; 29(10):826–48. pmid:23054689
- 19. Hoffman KB, Demakas A, Erdman CB, Dimbil M, Doraiswamy PM. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of oseltamivir in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, 1999–2012. BMJ. 2013; 23;347:f4656. pmid:23881998
- 20. Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Spencer EA, Onakpoya I, Heneghan CJ. Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments. BMJ. 2014; 348:g2545. pmid:24811411
- 21.
Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 7th Investigation Committee for Safety, Reference materials 1–3. Usages of Anti-influenza Virus Drugs (Kou influenza virus yaku no siyoujoukyou). 2011. Available: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/shingi/2r9852000001vftu-att/2r9852000001vg6l.pdf (in Japanese).
- 22.
Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 4th Investigation Committee for Safety, Reference materials 3–2. Usages of Anti-influenza Virus Drugs (Kou influenza virus yaku no siyoujoukyou). 2012. Available: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11121000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku-Soumuka/0000035794.pdf (in Japanese).
- 23.
Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 5th Investigation Committee for Safety, Reference materials 2–2. Usages of Anti-influenza Virus Drugs (Kou influenza virus yaku no siyoujoukyou). 2013. Available: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11121000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku-Soumuka/0000035672.pdf (in Japanese).
- 24.
Subcommittee on Drug Safety of Committee on Drug Safety in the Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 6th Investigation Committee for Safety, Reference materials 2–2. Usages of Anti-influenza Virus Drugs (Kou influenza virus yaku no siyoujoukyou). 2014. Available: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-Shingikai-11121000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku-Soumuka/0000063406.pdf (in Japanese).
- 25.
Available: http://www.jmiri.jp/index.php/service/prescriptionanalysis (in Japanese). Accessed 9 November 2014.
- 26.
Available: http://www.jmdc.co.jp/jp/srv_pharma/jdm.html (in Japanese). Accessed 9 November 2014.
- 27.
Available: http://www.jamm-net.co.jp/products/jmdi.php (in Japanese). Accessed 9 November 9 2014.
- 28. Shimizu E, Kawahara K. Assessment of Medical Information Databases to Estimate Patient Numbers. Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology. 2014; 19(1): 1–11.
- 29. Nakamura Y, Sugawara T, Kawanohara H, Ohkusa Y, Kamei M, Oishi K. Evaluation of the Estimated Number of Influenza Patients from National Sentinel Surveillance using National Database of Electronic Medical Claims. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;68(1):27–9. pmid:25420664
- 30. Nakamura Y, Kawanohara H, Kamei M. Evaluation of Influenza Patients in Each Prefecture Estimated by Prescription Surveillance by using National Electronic Medical Claims. Kouseinoshihyou. 2015;.62(2):1–6 (in Japanese).
- 31.
Health Insurance Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Expert Meeting of Providing the Information of Medical Claims and Others. Report of Providing Information of Medical Claims and Health Check-Up for Metabolic Syndrome to Third Parties. 2013 (in Japanese).
- 32.
Health Insurance Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Expert Meeting of Providing the Information of Medical Claims and Others. Guideline for Providing the Information of Medical Claims and Health Check-Up for Metabolic Syndrome. 2011 Mar. [updated 2013 Aug.] (in Japanese).
- 33. Miura K, Miyagawa N, Murakami Y, Kakuno H, Okayama A. Outlines of the national database on medical expenditure and health check-up. Hoken Iryo Kagaku 2013; 62(1): 31–35 (in Japanese).