Figures
Abstract
Cognitive impairment or intellectual disability (ID) is a widespread neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by low IQ (below 70). ID is genetically heterogeneous and is estimated to affect 1–3% of the world’s population. In affected children from consanguineous families, autosomal recessive inheritance is common, and identifying the underlying genetic cause is an important issue in clinical genetics. In the framework of a larger project, aimed at identifying candidate genes for autosomal recessive intellectual disorder (ARID), we recently carried out single nucleotide polymorphism-based genome-wide linkage analysis in several families from Ardabil province in Iran. The identification of homozygosity-by-descent loci in these families, in combination with whole exome sequencing, led us to identify possible causative homozygous changes in two families. In the first family, a missense variant was found in GRM1 gene, while in the second family, a frameshift alteration was identified in TRMT1, both of which were found to co-segregate with the disease. GRM1, a known causal gene for autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAR13, MIM#614831), encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor1 (mGluR1). This gene plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and cerebellar development. Conversely, the TRMT1 gene encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that dimethylates a single guanine residue at position 26 of most tRNAs using S-adenosyl methionine as the methyl group donor. We recently presented TRMT1 as a candidate gene for ARID in a consanguineous Iranian family (Najmabadi et al., 2011). We believe that this second Iranian family with a biallelic loss-of-function mutation in TRMT1 gene supports the idea that this gene likely has function in development of the disorder.
Citation: Davarniya B, Hu H, Kahrizi K, Musante L, Fattahi Z, Hosseini M, et al. (2015) The Role of a Novel TRMT1 Gene Mutation and Rare GRM1 Gene Defect in Intellectual Disability in Two Azeri Families. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0129631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129631
Editor: Dror Sharon, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, ISRAEL
Received: November 8, 2014; Accepted: May 11, 2015; Published: August 26, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Davarniya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by a grant (number 241995 - 1/3/2010), the Max-Planck Society, the EU FP 7 Project GENCODYS and also by the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (92/801/T/1/7829 - May 2013).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Cognitive impairment or intellectual disability (ID) is estimated to affect up to 3% of the general population and can be caused by both environmental and genetic factors, such as chromosomal aberrations or autosomal recessive, dominant, X-linked or mitochondrial mutations. ID can be divided into two main groups: non-syndromic (NS) ID, where it might present with ID without additional features, and syndromic ID, in which additional clinical or dysmorphic features may also be present [1, 2, 3].
Studies of the molecular basis of intellectual disability have focused on X-linked ID in part, because the larger families which is needed for gene mapping in ARID are rare in Western countries. A recent review suggests that ARID is not rare and in outbred populations, 13–24% of ID may be due to AR genes [4]. In populations where parental consanguinity is common, autosomal recessive gene defects are an even more important cause of ID. In families from the Middle East, autosomal recessive disorders were found to be approximately three times more frequent among inbred vs. non-inbred families [5].
Although mutations in approximately 1000 different genes may cause ID [6], it is thought that there are no molecular diagnoses for up to 50% of ID cases at present [7]. For the non-syndromic form of ID, it may be difficult to pinpoint and detect the molecular cause of some cases with minor clinical features unless a candidate gene is found in more than one individual.
In Iran, the rate of consanguineous marriages is about 40%, and the sharing of founder mutations between large related affected families could allow the identification of disease-associated genes. Due to this great resource, the Genetics Research Center (GRC) was able to discover more than eight ARID-associated loci (MRT4-11) between 2007 and 2011 [8,9]. Since 2011, using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we have identified 50 novel genes for ARID [10].
In this study, we present two novel variants in GRM1 and TRMT1 gene and propose that they are the underlying genetic causes of ARID in two Iranian families. Mutations in GRM1 gene are responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 13 (SCAR13; OMIM#614831; Guergultcheva et al., 2012). GRM1 encodes a metabotropic glutamate receptor1 (mGluR1) that participates in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and long-term depression in the cerebellum [11].
The second candidate gene we propose for ARID is TRMT1. In a recent study by Najmabadi et al., they recognize a family with TRMT1 gene mutation with clinically similar symptoms and features to our family 9000114 in this study. While functional analyses of new candidate genes and associated mutations can provide support for the involvement of a candidate gene, perhaps the most convincing evidence for causality is to find matching cases, as we did here. TRMT1 gene encodes a tRNA methyltransferase that dimethylates a single guanine residue at position 26 of most tRNAs [12]. Two RNA-methyltransferases, FTSJ1 (MRX9, MIM#309549) and NSUN2 (MRT5, MIM#611091), which have been identified previously, are implicated in X-linked ID and ARID, respectively, suggesting an important role of RNA methylation in cognition process [13, 14].
Overall, our results suggest that novel allelic variants of a large number of genes could lead to identification of Iranian patients affected with cognitive impairments. They also highlight how studying consanguineous families could help in discovering the genetic causes of heterogeneous disorders.
Methods
We identified 25 consanguineous families with two or three affected individuals from Ardabil province, Iran. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in Tehran, Iran.The parents, guardians, and individuals in this manuscript have given written informed consents (as outlined in PLOS consent form) to publish these case details and their pictures. All data created during this research are openly available from Genetics Research Center data archive. After obtaining written informed consent, the probands were examined by experienced clinical geneticists, who assessed the physical and mental status of the participants, and the participants then underwent a brain MRI to screen for abnormal anatomical features. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) was used to assess the IQ (intelligence quotient) of the patients. To rule out chromosomal aberrations and fragile X-syndrome, karyotype analysis by G-banding and fragile X testing by Southern blot analysis and PCR were performed. The karyotype of all patients was normal, and fragile X-syndrome was excluded. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood by following the standard salting out isolation method.
SNP genotyping and linkage analysis
A whole genome scan was performed using SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) for two or three affected individuals, one unaffected individual and their parents, and the data were analysed using Homozygosity Mapper software[15,16]. We applied the ALOHOMORA [17] software v0.32 which use for converting genotyping data into appropriate format for linkage analysis. The gender-check tool of the ALOHOMORA software was also used to check the gender of selected individuals. Recognition of incompatibility genotypes from genotype data was performed using PedCheck software [18]. Graphical representation of relationship errors software or GRR [19] was used to calculate the relationships between individuals within families. The LOD score was calculated using the MERLIN program based on autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and with complete penetrance and a disease allele prevalence of 0.001 [20]. The threshold in this research for assessment of the intervals was a LOD score of approximately 2.5. The visualizations of haplotypes in linkage intervals were obtained using Haplopainter software.
Whole Exome Sequencing and variant calling
The DNA of the index patients (IV.1 and V.2 for families 9000105 and 9000114, respectively) was used to generate an Illumina Pair End pre-capture library (SureSelect XT Target Enrichment System for Illumina Paired-End Sequencing Library; Agilent Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol (Agilent Technologies). The captured library was sequenced using the HiSeq 2000 (Illumina) in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol, in a 101-nucleotide single-end sequencing format. The selected exons were covered by an average depth of 100X, with 98% of them covered by at least 20X. To detect homozygous variants, we aligned the high-quality reads to the human reference genome GRCh37/hg19 by SOAP2.20. We also filtered out the neutral variants by matching dbSNP137, the 1000 Genome Project, ESP6500 exomes, and the 200 Danish exomes and were absent in Iranian controls [21,22]. Variants were ranked as potential candidates as previously described (Najmabadi et al., 2011) using an improved version of Medical Re-sequencing Analysis Pipeline (MERAP) developed at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany. In addition, a pathogenic evaluation of the novel mutations was carried out according to present guidelines [23, 24].
The evaluation was based on several indicators: the effect of the mutation on the codon, in silico prediction of the functional effect at the amino acid level, the functional role of the gene related disease, brain-expression profile, evolutionary conservation, gene ontology (GO), and analysis of animal models, if available.
Candidate variants were validated in affected and normal individuals, and their parents, if available, by conventional Sanger sequencing.
Results
Follow-up studies focused on 25 large consanguineous families from Ardabil province in Iran with two or three affected individuals. Here, we present two of these families in which autozygosity mapping and NGS led to the identification of a homozygous 2 bp deletion in TRMT1 gene (OMIM*611669) and a homozygous missense change in GRM1 gene (OMIM#604473).
The pedigree of the families are shown in Fig 1. The clinical findings are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The parents were clinically healthy; those deceased or unavailable were described as symptom free, supporting the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
(A) Pedigree of the family 9000105 with c.1360C>T; p.Leu454Phe mutation (B) Pedigree structure of the family 9000114 and facial appearance of the affected individuals with c.1332_1333delGT; p. Tyr445Leufs*28 mutation. Full symbols denote affected individuals with ID.
Family 9000105
The investigated patients (IV.1, IV.2, and IV.3) were born at term with uneventful pregnancies. Their head circumferences and weights at birth and later during infancy were reported not to be in the normal range (50th centile). All affected individuals had short stature (Table 1). The patients presented moderate-to-severe ID. All affected individuals had delayed developmental milestones and derangement of speech. An important neurologic symptom was ataxia, which were scaled in gait and stance. In a clinical examination to assay oculomotor signs, we found that patient IV.1 presented with nystagmus and esotropia while the other siblings were only affected by nystagmus. Frequent convulsions and aggressive behaviour were also observed. In patient IV.1, brain MRI revealed a severely increased number of cerebellar cisterns and cerebellar atrophy (Fig 2).
Brain imaging of the patient (IV: 4.1) with Congenital Cerebellar Ataxia; the images in T1 and T2 show cerebellar atrophy and severe increased number of cerebellar cisterns.
Family 9000114
The patients in this family were born preterm and had low birth weight (LBW). They all showed developmental delay. Both gait and the ability to sit were reported to be delayed by 2 years in all of the affected. Although the speech ability was normal, it started between four and six years of age. The patients did not manifest any other neurological problems or congenital malformations except for mild facial dysmorphism. In addition, they showed weakness in the upper and lower extremities. Brain imaging did not yield any significant issues.
Genotyping and Whole Exome Sequencing data
Genotype analysis of the family 9000105 revealed five intervals of autozygosity with a LOD score ≥2.5 (Fig 3A and S1 Table). Whole exome sequencing (WES) was then performed using one of the affected individuals (IV.1). After filtering the variants among candidate variants, a homozygous missense variant in GRM1gene [chr6. hg19: g.146673559C>T; NM_000838.2: c.1360C>T; p.Leu454Phe] (coordinates used in hg19) was ranked as potentially causative variant in this family. The candidate mutation in the GRM1 gene was located on a 5 Mbp identical by descend (IBD) segment with a LOD score of 2.7 on chromosome 6q24.2–24.3, flanked by heterozygous SNPs rs4473877: T>C and rs2341768:C>T (Figs 3 and 4).
(A) Parametric linkage analysis for family 9000105: indicates peaks (Lod≥2.5) including an IBD (Identical by descend) segment on chromosome 6. (B) Parametric linkage analysis for family 9000114: indicates peaks (Lod≥2.5), including a 5.6 Mb interval on chromosome 19.
(A) Scheme of the GRM1 gene structure; arrows indicated the mutation identified in this study (c.1360C>T) and those published by Guerguelcheva et al. (B). Sequence chromatograms showing the complete segregation of the missense mutation c.1360C>T in family 9000105 in the patients.
The p.Leu454Phe variant is located in the ligand binding domain (LBD), which is present in all mGluR1 protein isoforms. The amino acid Leu454 has a high PhyloP score and is conserved across evolution through the animal kingdom, suggesting an important role in the normal functioning of the protein. In silico analysis of GRM1 missense substitution using PolyPhen and SIFT predict this change as being "probably damaging" and "damaging". We used project HOPE [25] to perform 3D modelling of p.Leu454Phe change. The wild type residue is located in an α-helix. The mutation converts the wild type residue (leucine) into phenylalanine that does not prefer α-helices in its secondary structure. This residue is part of the so-called extracellular LBD and is buried in the core of the domain itself. The phenylalanine residue is larger in size than leucine residue and probably could not fit in the domain therefore resulting in protein folding problems (Fig 5).
(A) Partial nucleotide sequence alignment of human GRM1 and its homologues in the animal kingdom (CLUSTAL2.1). The position of the missense mutation in family 9000105 is indicated by an arrow. (B) Partial amino acid sequence alignment of the human mGluR1 protein and its homologues in the animal kingdom. (C) mGluR1 protein isoforms. Domain LBD/ATD = ligand binding domain/amino terminal domain, C = cysteinerich domain in red domain, TMD = transmembrane domain, CTD = C-terminal domain, H = Homer 1-binding motif.42 (D) Ribbon presentation of the mGluR1 protein. The protein is colored grey, the side chain of the mutated residue, p.Leu454Phe, is colored magenta and shown as small balls. (E) Close-up of the p.Leu454Phe mutation. The protein is colored grey, the side chains of both the wild-type and the mutant residue are shown and colored green and red, respectively. The p.Leu454Phe position is indicated.
Genotyping and linkage analysis of family 9000114 uncovered four homozygous genomic intervals with a LOD score ≥2.5 (Fig 3B and S1 Table). Following the same approach used for the family described above, WES was performed using DNA from individual V.2. After filtering and prioritization from candidate mutations, we ranked a homozygous 2 bp deletion in TRMT1 gene [chr19.hg19: g.13220259_13220260delAC; NM_001136035.2: c.1332_1333delGT; p.Tyr445Leufs*28] (coordinates used in hg19) as responsible variant which impact the function of gene. The TRMT1 alteration lies in a 5.6 Mbp homozygous linkage interval on chromosome 19p13.12–13.2 (LOD score of 2.5) flanked by the heterozygous SNPs rs7254567: A>G and rs17750057: C>A. (Figs 3 and 6).
(A) Scheme of the TRMT1 gene structure; arrows indicated the mutation identified in this study (c.1332_1333delGT) and the one published by Najmabadi et al. (see text). (B) Sequence chromatograms showing the complete segregation of the homozygous c.1332-1333delGT in 900114 family in the patients (5.2, 5.4 and 5.5), the healthy sibling (5.6) and mother (4.2) are heterozygous for deletion.
Sanger sequencing analysis confirmed co-segregation of the two recent variants with the disease in the family and also the absence of the each variant in 100 individuals of ethnic specific Iranian controls (Figs 4 and 6).
Conclusion
In theory, it is thought that many causative ID genes could participate in the common biological processes and pathways that elucidate the genetic basis of cognitive functions [6]. Other important genes could also have an impact on the chromatin modification process [26]. However, several studies have emphasized the role of synaptic- or neuron-specific gene defects in the aetiology of ID [27, 28].
Our understanding of the metabotropic glutamate receptors role in the central nervous system has grown rapidly in the past few decades [29]. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathological conditions [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. GRM1 is a G protein coupled receptor for glutamate (GPCR). Interesting electrophysiological experiments in mGluR1 –/–mice show abnormal long-term potentiation and point to a critical role for mGluR1 in synaptic plasticity, memory, and learning in other aspects [38]. Conversely, specific removal of mGluRs in the hippocampus causes deficits in long-term depression in the cerebellum, and these mice have gait disabilities [39, 40].
Among our comprehensive cohort of Iranian autosomal recessive ID (ARID) families, this was the first time we identified a mutation in the GRM1 gene. The similarities between the symptoms of individuals with congenital ataxia and additional features and those presented by patients with a SCAR13 phenotype (Guergultcheva et al., 2012), delayed infancy development, mild-to-profound ID with poor or absent speech, and gait and stance ataxia have been distinguished (Table 1). In silico analysis and 3D modelling of the mutant protein suggest a probable pathogenic role of the p.Leu454Phe mutation, which is located in a region encoding the LBD of the mGluR1 protein. All spontaneous mutations occurred in the LBD of the mGluR1, suggesting a critical role for this domain in the ataxic gait problems [41].
The binding of extracellular ligands, that is, peptides and neurotransmitters, to the LBD of mGluR1 induces a conformational change in the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which can precipitate in a variety of signalling responses, including activation of G proteins, which are composed of three subunits α, β and γ, and consequent downstream signalling cascades. Hence, activation of G proteins has an effect on various functional agents such as transcription factors, ion channels and enzymes. Inactivation of G proteins resulted in the exchange of GTP for GDP [29]. Extensive studies to discover the mechanism of the activation and function of GPCRs as well as the interacting protein models that modulate them, specifically the many novel ligands, have also contributed to finding therapeutic perspectives in neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
In one of the families reported in this study, a frameshift alteration in the TRMT1 gene resulted in an allelic variant that lies within the TRM functional domain, which is responsible for the enzymatic activity of the protein. This frameshift variant led to a premature termination codon (PTC) that affected the splicing of all TRMT1 splice variants, which probably undergo degradation mediated by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
Basel-Vanagaite et al. in 2003 identified a new locus in the chromosomal region 19p13.12-p13.2, which contains a critical 2.4 MB region between the proximal D19S547 and distal D19S1165 loci, which resulted in autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation in four consanguineous families of Israeli Arab origin [42]. Surprisingly, the TRMT1 gene maps onto the aforementioned region.
Interestingly, mutations in two genes encoding RNA-methyltransferases, NSUN2 and FTSJ1, are functionally similar to TRMT1 and are associated with perturbing the post-translation of tRNAs, causing the ID phenotype. Co-immunoprecipitation assays have also shown protein-protein interactions between NSUN2 and FTSJ1 (IntAct interaction database), suggesting a common functional pathway [26, 14]. However, a functional study with TRMT1 has not yet been performed to assess its role in human development; it would be beneficial to research in the future.
As mentioned above, this is the second ARID family in which TRMT1 defect has been identified. The first family reported by Najmabadi et al.2011, consisted of five offspring, two of whom were affected by moderate-to-severe ID. Upon examination, they showed pes planus and slight facial dysmorphism, including protruding ears, narrowing palpebral fissure and broad eyebrows. Spasticity in the lower limbs started at puberty and progressed gradually. The clinical findings in our study are consistent with the phenotype of the family described by Najmabadi et al., particularly the involvement of the upper and lower limbs and spasticity progression. The clinical features are summarized in Table 2. However, we did not observe any obvious abnormal findings in the brain MRIs, though the previous study revealed dilated 4th ventricle and cerebellar atrophy symptoms.
In this case and other similar cases, we believe that the identification of multiple patients with overlapping clinical features and allelic mutations is suggestive of a pathogenic role of the identified variants in the same gene. Our previous study [10] highlights the potential of linkage analysis as a valid tool to map disease genes, in combination with deep sequencing strategy, contributes to mutation discovery. Our findings also reveal that Iranian heterogeneous population in combination with consanguineous marriages would lead to identification of disease-associated genes.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Data of the homozygote intervals.
Information of the homozygote intervals within the 9000105 and 9000114 families based on the autozygosity mapping.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129631.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. List of variant identified in M9000105.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129631.s002
(XLS)
S3 Table. List of variant identified in M9000114.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129631.s003
(XLSX)
Acknowledgments
We are deeply grateful to the families who participated in this study and profoundly appreciate their collaboration in making this research possible. This work was supported by grant number (241995–1/3/2010), Max-Planck Society, EU FP 7 project GENCODYS, grant no. 241995 and by the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (92/801/T/1/7829—May 2013). In addition, the effective contribution of the Welfare Organization in northwest Iran (Ardabil province) allowed us to access patient cases, which made our study that much more credible.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HN HHR TFW. Performed the experiments: BD. Analyzed the data: HH LM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FM RF. Wrote the paper: BD. Tertiary analysis of WES data: ZF MH. Clinician: KK.
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