Figures
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae genome encodes 21 two-component systems (TCS) and a variety of regulatory proteins in order to control gene expression. One of the TCS, BgrRS, comprising the BgrR DNA-binding regulatory protein and BgrS sensor histidine kinase, was discovered within a putative virulence island. BgrRS influences cell metabolism and positively control the expression of bac gene, coding for β antigen at transcriptional level. Inactivation of bgrR abrogated bac gene expression and increased virulence properties of S. agalactiae. In this study, a total of 140 strains were screened for the presence of bac gene, and the TCS bgrR and bgrS genes. A total of 53 strains carried the bac, bgrR and bgrS genes. Most of them (48 strains) expressed β antigen, while five strains did not express β antigen. Three strains, in which bac gene sequence was intact, while bgrR and/or bgrS genes had mutations, and expression of β antigen was absent, were complemented with a constructed plasmid pBgrRS(P) encoding functionally active bgrR and bgrS gene alleles. This procedure restored expression of β antigen indicating the crucial regulatory role of TCS BgrRS. The complemented strain A49V/BgrRS demonstrated attenuated virulence in intraperitoneal mice model of S. agalactiae infection compared to parental strain A49V. In conclusion we showed that disruption of β antigen expression is associated with: i) insertion of ISSa4 upstream the bac gene just after the ribosomal binding site; ii) point mutation G342A resulting a stop codon TGA within the bac gene and a truncated form of β antigen; iii) single deletion (G) in position 439 of the bgrR gene resulting in a frameshift and the loss of DNA-binding domain of the BgrR protein, and iv) single base substitutions in bgrR and bgrS genes causing single amino acid substitutions in BgrR (Arg187Lys) and BgrS (Arg252Gln). The fact that BgrRS negatively controls virulent properties of S. agalactiae gives a novel clue for understanding of S. agalactiae adaptation to the human.
Citation: Vasilyeva A, Santos Sanches I, Florindo C, Dmitriev A (2015) Natural Mutations in Streptococcus agalactiae Resulting in Abrogation of β Antigen Production. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128426
Academic Editor: Indranil Biswas, University of Kansas Medical Center, UNITED STATES
Received: November 28, 2014; Accepted: April 27, 2015; Published: June 5, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Vasilyeva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All data are included within the manuscript. The nucleotide sequences of the genes analyzed in this study have been deposited into the GenBank database under accession numbers KF444678, KF444679, KF472175, KF472176 and HQ840774.
Funding: This work was supported by i) the Russian Federal Agency of Scientific Organization; ii) RFBR projects № 12-04-31431 and № 13-04-01864a; iii) NANO_GUARD. Fullerene-based systems for oxidative inactivation of airborne microbial pathogens. Project No: 269138. FP7-MC-IRSES; iv) projects PTDC/SAU-MII/105114/2008 and Pest-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011-CREM, both funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Educação e Ciência (FCT/MEC), Portugal. CF is supported by research grant ref SFRH/BD/48231/2008 from Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) is a gram-positive bacterium which is able to cause the broad spectrum of human and animal diseases such as pathologies of the pregnancy, invasive infections of newborns (sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia), abscesses, endocarditis, mastitis of the dairy cows and other infections of different tissues and organs [1, 2, 3]. In order to successfully escape from the pressure of the host immune system and effectively colonize numerous tissues, this bacterium employs variety of the virulence factors which expression is coordinated at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. In particular, the expression of S. agalactiae virulence factors is controlled at transcriptional level by two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) and global transcriptional regulators [4].
The major function of the TCSs is sensing environmental changes and further modulation of the changes in expression of different proteins. TCSs consist of two proteins. The first protein, histidine kinase, senses the environmental changes and autophosphorylates a conserved histidine residue, and then transfers this phosphoryl group to the second protein, DNA-binding response regulator. This reaction results in conformational changes in DNA-binding response regulator molecule providing an ability to function as transcriptional regulator (activator or repressor) by binding with gene promoters through DNA binding domain.
At present, a total of 21 TCSs were identified in S. agalactiae [5–16]. They were found to be important for the control of S. agalactiae metabolism and expression of virulence factors. For example, DNA-binding response regulator CovR positively controls transcription of CAMP factor cfb gene and negatively controls transcription of hemolysin cylE gene and C5a peptidase scpB gene [7, 8]. At phenotypic level the covR mutant strain was characterized by attenuated virulent properties compared to the parental wild-type strain [8]. Microarray analysis identified the CovRS core-regulon. It included aminopeptidase C, serine peptidase, membrane protein, CAMP factor, oxidoreductase, hemolysin genes, and variety of hypothetical genes, among others [9]. S. agalactiae two-component system DltR/DltS is important for transcription of dltABCD operon, which is necessary for synthesis of lipoteichoic acids. Inactivation of dltA and dltR genes resulted in the attenuated virulent properties of S. agalactiae in vivo [10]. RgfA/RgfC TCS controls adhesion of S. agalactiae to epithelial cells and affects transcription of scpB gene [11]. FspSR TCS-16 was suggested to be involved in bacterial fitness and carbon metabolism during host colonization [16].
BgrRS two-component system of S. agalactiae was found to be located within the putative virulence island of 8992 bp in size [12], and BgrR and BgrS proteins shared 83% and 78% similarity with S. pneumoniae RR06 DNA-binding response regulator and HK06 histidine kinase, respectively [17]. It is suggested that this island was recently acquired by S. agalactiae, and an acquisition of this island provided certain selective advantages to S. agalactiae [18, 19]. The co-transcribed genes of BgrRS, bgrR and bgrS, are adjacent to the virulence gene bac encoding for the surface β antigen [12]. This surface protein has capacity to bind IgA and factor H of complement, and it is considered to be an important virulence factor [18–22].
Given the significance of bac gene (or β antigen) for S. agalactiae, the current studies are aimed to investigate the occurrence of bac gene (or β antigen) among S. agalactiae strains of different serotypes, among S. agalactiae strains of both human and animal origins, and among invasive and non-invasive strains [23–25]. The bac gene is also suggested to be used as one of genetic marker for microarray-based typing scheme of S. agalactiae isolates [26]. Certain studies are currently performed in order to evaluate the functional role of β antigen as vaccine candidate component [27, 28] and analyze its role in pathogenesis of S. agalactiae diseases [29].
Recently we constructed bgrR mutant and bgrR+bgrS double mutant S. agalactiae strains, and studied the functional role of BgrRS two-component system [14]. It was demonstrated that both transcription of bac gene and expression of encoded β-antigen were controlled by BgrR response regulator, but not BgrS histidine kinase. It was also found that regulation occurred at transcriptional level. In addition, inactivation of bgrR gene, but not bgrS gene, significantly affected virulence of S. agalactiae [14]. Together, these data demonstrated the functional role of BgrRS two-component system in regulation of β antigen and virulent properties of S. agalactiae.
As mentioned above, β antigen is considered to be an important virulence factor of S. agalactiae. However, similarly to other virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria, the expression of β antigen can vary in different strains or even be abrogated [30]. The goal of the present study was to screen a collection of S. agalactiae strains in order to reveal the strains without β antigen expression, to discover the reasons of abrogated β antigen expression, and to further study functional role of BgrRS TCS and β antigen in S. agalactiae virulence.
Materials and Methods
Bacterial strains and growth conditions
A total of 140 S. agalactiae human strains from microbiological collections in China (31 strains; Beijing Children’s Hospital), Russia (14 strains; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg), Sweden (15 strains; Lund University) and Portugal (80 strains, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade Nova de Lisboa and Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge) associated with different diseases were used in the study. The strains belonged to serological types Ia (33 strains), Ib (32 strains), II (37 strains), III (15 strains), V (21 strains) and NT (2 strains). Previously described S. agalactiae 168/00 strain [14] was used as control strain. S. agalactiae strains were cultured overnight at 37°C in Todd-Hewitt Broth (THB) (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., India) or on THB blood agar plates containing 5% of sheep erythrocytes. E. coli strain DH5α was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth (Sigma, USA) or on 1% LB agar plates. For S. agalactiae the following antibiotics were used: erythromycin, 2.5 μg/ml; spectinomycin, 125 μg/ml. For E. coli the following antibiotics were used: erythromycin, 200 μg/ml; spectinomycin, 100 μg/ml; of ampicillin, 100 μg/ml.
DNA techniques
Routine DNA techniques were done according to [31]. Chromosomal DNA was isolated with DNA Express Kit (Liteh, Russia). Plasmid DNA was purified using the AxyPrep Plasmid Midiprep Kit (Axygen Biosciences, USA). PCR was carried out as described [14] using the primers listed in the Table 1. PCR with primers BgrF and BgrR was carried out with initial denaturation of 2 min at 94°C followed by 10 cycles of first step amplification (40 sec at 94°C, 50 sec at 35°C, and 90 sec at 72°C) and 30 cycles of second step amplification (40 sec at 94°C, 50 sec at 55°C, and 90 sec at 72°C). PCR products were purified with AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences). Sequencing of PCR products was performed by GenomeLab GeXP Genetic Analysis System using the GenomeLab Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing with Quick Start Kit (Beckman Coulter, USA) and the primers listed in Table 1. Transformation of E. coli and S. agalactiae strains with recombinant plasmid was performed by Gene Pulser Xcell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) as recommended by the manufacturer.
Construction of the recombinant plasmid pBgrRS(P)
In order to construct the recombinant plasmid expressing two-component regulatory system BgrRS, the following strategy was used. The primers BgrF and BgrR containing BamHI and EcoRI restriction sites, respectively, were used to amplify DNA fragment containing entire bgrR and bgrS genes of the strain 168/00. This PCR fragment was digested with BamHI and EcoRI, and ligated with spectinomycin resistant vector pAT29 digested with the same enzymes. After transformation of E. coli strain DH5α, one of spectinomycin resistant clones was selected. Isolation and sequencing of the recombinant plasmid confirmed insertion of the BamHI-EcoRI DNA fragment containing both bgrR and bgrS genes in pAT29. The recombinant plasmid of 8900 bp in size was named as pBgrRS(P) and used in the following experiments.
SDS-PAGE and Western-blotting
S. agalactiae strains were grown for 13 hours, and the cells were harvested by centrifugation. Bacterial lysates were prepared by 10 min boiling of the cells in 10% solution of 2-mercaptoethanol. The lysates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE as described [32]. The gels were stained with Coomassee R-250 (Amresco, USA). For Western-blotting the gels were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, 0.45 μm, (Bio-Rad Laboratories) as previously described [32, 33]. The conjugated human IgA-horseradish peroxidase was used to detect β antigen expression.
Ethics Statement
Outbred ten-week old male mice were obtained from Rappolovo Animal Facility, Russia. All the experiments were performed according to the Protocol No. 3 (2011) approved by Animal Care Unit Committee, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russia. The animals were housed in polycarbonate cages. Free access to balanced food and water was provided. After the experiments, all animals were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation and cervical dislocation.
Murine infection model
Modeling of streptococcal infection was accomplished as previously described [14, 34]. Briefly, S. agalactiae clinical strain A49V (II serotype, China) that does not express β antigen due to a single nucleotide deletion resulting in a frameshift mutation of bgrR gene and the complemented strain A49V/BgrRS with functionally active two-component regulatory system BgrRS were grown in 40 ml of THB. The supernatants were removed, and the cells were washed with PBS several times, and resuspended in 4 ml of PBS. Ten-week old (14–16 g), male, white outbread mice (Rappolovo Animal Facility, Russia) were used in the study. The model of intra-peritoneal infection was used (S1 Table.). To do so, the each animal was infected by 0.5 ml of PBS containing 108 CFUs of the strain. A total of 13 animals were used in each experimental group. As control, injection of PBS (0.5 ml) was applied to one additional group of 10 animals. Observation for laboratory animals, definition of the endpoints for sacrifice, as well as euthanasia protocol were recently published [34]. Ten days after infection all survived mice were also sacrificed. The spleens of all animals were homogenized in PBS, and the ten-fold dilutions of suspensions were grown at THB blood agar plates in order to determine the number of S. agalactiae CFUs. The large number of bacterial CFUs was isolated from the spleens of died animals. They were found to be group B streptococcal gram-positive, catalase negative, and identified as S. agalactiae. At the same time, S. agalactiae was not isolated from the spleens of survived animals and animals of the control group.
Results
Screening of the collection of S. agalactiae strains
A total of 140 S. agalactiae strains were tested for the presence of bac gene by PCR using the primers L5 and L6. As result, 53 out of 140 strains were found to be bac gene positive: 16 out of 31 strains from China, 6 out of 14 strains from Russia, 7 out of 15 strains from Sweden and 24 out of 80 strains from Portugal (Table 2). Most of the bac gene positive strains represented Ib and II serotypes (Table 2). Additional PCR analysis of these 53 bac gene positive strains using the pairs of primers rrFor, rrRev and hkFor, hkRev demonstrated the presence of DNA-binding protein gene bgrR and sensor histidine kinase gene bgrS, respectively, in all the strains. Finally, all of these 53 bac, bgrR and bgrS gene positive strains were screened for the presence of β antigen by SDS-PAGE and western-blotting (Fig 1). A total of 48 strains expressed β antigen of different sizes which corresponds to the previous data indicating that in different strains the size of bac gene can be different as much as 0,5 kb [35]. However, 5 out of 53 bac gene positive strains did not produce β antigen: #8 (Ib serotype, Portugal), #06/08 (Ib serotype, Portugal), #122 (Ib serotype, Portugal), #128 (Ia serotype, Portugal), and A49V (II serotype, China). These strains were selected for further study.
Lanes 1, 2, 4: the strains that express β antigen; lane 3: strain that doesn’t express β antigen.
Insertion of the ISSa4 results in abrogation of β antigen expression in the strain #8
PCR analysis of the bac gene in the strain #8 using the primers 0524–76 and L6 revealed an amplicon which was approximately 1 kb larger than expected size. Sequencing of this DNA fragment using the primers listed in the Table 1 identified an integration of ISSa4 upstream the bac gene that occurred just after the ribosomal binding site GAGGA (Fig 2). As deduced, integration of this insertion sequence in the regulatory region of bac gene resulted in inability to activate the bac gene transcription and repression of β antigen synthesis. The corresponding nucleotide sequence in the strain #8 has been deposited into the GenBank database under accession number KF444678.
The sequences -35, -10, and ribosomal binding site are indicated in boxes.
Additionally, all 48 bac gene positive strains that express β antigen were tested for the presence of ISSa4. Using PCR and nucleotide sequencing, in different strains ISSa4 was found to be integrated in exonuclease gene, phage integrase gene, hypothetical protein genes, oxidoreductase gene, membrane protein gene, competence protein gene, among others, but not upstream the bac gene. Therefore, an integration of ISSa4 upstream bac gene in the strain #8 indeed is a reason for abrogation of β antigen expression.
Point mutation in the bac gene of the strain #06/08
As mentioned above, the strain #06/08 did not produce β antigen. In order to analyze the lack of β antigen expression in this strain, the entire bac gene including promoter region has been sequenced. Subsequent analysis of the bac gene in the strain #06/08 revealed the single point mutation G342A compared to the strains in which β antigen was expressed. This point mutation resulted in formation of stop codon TGA and therefore truncation of β antigen (Fig 3). The nucleotide sequence of the bac gene in the strain #06/08 has been deposited into the GenBank database under accession number KF444679.
The numbers indicate nucleotide positions. The signal sequence, C-terminal end, XPZ and LPYTG motifs, and IgA binding and factor H binding domains indicated according to [20].
Frameshift of the bgrR gene in the strain A49V
PCR and sequencing analyses of the bac gene and its promoter region in the strain A49V did not reveal any differences compared with those in the strains expressing β antigen. In order to analyze if the lack of β antigen expression can be associated with mutation in the genes of two-component regulatory system BgrRS, the genes bgrR and bgrS were sequenced and compared with those in the strain 168/00 expressing β antigen. As result, analysis of the bgrR and bgrS gene sequences in A49V strain revealed single nucleotide (G) deletion in position 439 of bgrR compared to the bgrR gene in the strain 168/00 (GenBank accession number FJ890928). This deletion resulted in the frameshift of bgrR gene. As deduced, the changes resulted in the replacement of 72 amino acids by 10 other amino acids at the C-terminal end of BgR protein. Importantly, all 9 amino acids involved in DNA binding activity of BgrR protein as well as entire DNA-binding domain were lost in the strain A49V (Fig 4). Nucleotide sequence of the bgrR gene in A49V strain has been deposited into the GenBank database under accession number HQ840774.
The numbers indicate aminoacid positions. Phosphorylation, dimerization and DNA-binding sites are shown.
Point mutations in the bgrR and bgrS genes of the strains #122 and #128
Given that two-component regulatory system BgrRS is responsible for the bac gene expression, the sequences of the bgrR and bgrS genes of #122 and #128 strains were determined. Compared to the control strain 168/00, in both #122 and #128 strains bgrR gene contained single nucleotide substitution G560A, and bgrS gene contained two nucleotide substitutions C474T and G755A. As deduced, two of these mutations resulted in the replacement of amino acids in BgrR (Arg187Lys) and BgrS (Arg252Gln) proteins and could result in formation of the functionally inactive BgrR and/or BgrS proteins. Nucleotide sequences of bgrR and bgrS genes in both #122 and #128 strains have been deposited into the GenBank database under accession numbers KF472175 and KF472176, respectively.
Complementation of the strains A49V, #122, and #128 by functionally active two-component regulatory system BgrRS
In order to prove that abrogation of β antigen expression in the strains A49V, #122, and #128 were associated with mutations in the genes of BgrRS two-component system, the expression of functionally active alleles of both bgrR and bgrS genes were restored in the strains A49V, #122 and #128. To do so, the DNA fragment containing promoter region and the bgrR and bgrS genes of the control strain 168/00 were cloned into expression vector pAT29 as described in Materials and Methods. The resultant plasmid, pBgrRS(P), were used to transform each of the strains A49V, #122, and #128. The spectinomycin resistant clones were screened, the recombinant plasmids were isolated, and the corresponding complemented strains were named as A49V/BgrRS, #122/BgrRS, and #128/BgrRS. Construction of the strains was confirmed by PCR and nucleotide sequencing (data not shown). SDS-PAGE and western-blotting revealed restoration of β antigen in each of the complemented strains (Fig 5).
Lane 1: strain A49V; lane 2: strain #122; lane 3: strain 168/00; lane 4: strain A49V/BgrRS; lane 5: strain #122/BgrRS.
Virulent properties of the strains A49V and A49V/BgrRS
The virulent properties of the strain A49V with non-functional BgrRS, and the complemented strain A49V with functional BgrRS (Fig 5) were compared employing in vivo infection model as described in Materials and Methods. As result, infection of laboratory animals with the strain A49V resulted in the death of 4 out of 13 animals, while the strain A49V/BgrRS was found to be avirulent, P ≤ 0.05 (Fig 6). Together, these data indicate that BgrRS two-component system negatively controls virulent properties of S. agalactiae.
Discussion
Expression of the virulent factors by pathogenic bacteria is extremely important for successful adaptation to human host, colonization of the tissues and organs, and fast infectious process [4]. Depending on the growth phase or the stage of interaction with the host, pathogenic bacteria activate or repress different virulence factors [16]. Potential absence of the virulence factor expression can be explained by numerous reasons. First, protein expression can be negatively regulated, in particular, by two-component systems. In addition, the deletions, insertions, duplications within the gene structure can result in the frame-shift and the changes in virulence factor sequence, conformation, and functional activity. Finally, an increase or decrease in protein expression can reflect abnormal transcriptional regulation.
The β antigen, which is considered as a virulent factor of S. agalactiae, is encoded by the bac gene and expressed during all the phases of growth [36]. However, 5 out of 140 S. agalactiae strains under present study did not express β antigen. In 2 of these 5 strains the disruption of the β antigen expression was associated with sequence of the bac gene. In the strain #06/08 the point mutation in the bac gene resulted in formation of stop codon TGA. Computer analysis identified that truncated form of the β antigen in this strain can consists of 351 aminoacids. As deduced, this truncated form does not possess IgA binding domain and, therefore, it can not be detected with SDS-PAGE followed by western-blotting. Previously, truncated non-functional forms of β antigen due to the mutations in the bac gene were also described [37, 38].
In the strain #8 an absence of β antigen expression was associated with insertion of ISSa4 in the regulatory region of bac. Interestingly, the virulence genes or DNA regions associated with the control of virulent properties of S. agalactiae are frequent targets for insertion sequences such as IS1548, ISSa4 and IS1381 [39–43]. In particular, one of the IS1381 copies was found to be integrated in the bac gene [44]. The question why insertion of ISs often happens in the virulence regions requires further analysis.
Identification of the molecular basis of virulence gene regulation can be very useful not only for understanding of pathogenesis of bacterial and viral diseases, but also for the target drug design and application of antibacterial and antiviral drugs that selectively block expression of virulence factors. As determined, three bac gene positive strains without expression of β antigen (A49V, #122, #128) carried out functionally active bac gene alleles, but were characterized by the mutations in bgrR and bgrS genes. According to the BLASTp analysis (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi), in the strain A49V mutations in the bgrR gene resulted in the loss of all 9 amino acids involved in DNA binding activity of BgrR protein, while in the strains #122, #128 the arginine at position 187 was replaced with lysine. The arginine at position 187 is involved in formation of DNA binding domain, and therefore it seems to be crucial for regulatory activity of BgrR. In the strains #122 and #128 mutation in bgrS gene resulted in mutation Arg252Gln, and therefore, this amino acid can be potentially involved in functional activity of BgrS.
Complementation of the strains A49V, #122, and #128 with bgrR and bgrS genes restored expression of the bac gene and indicated that BgrRS two-component system is extremely important for S. agalactiae.
Intraperitoneal infection of laboratory mice demonstrated difference in the virulent properties of the strain A49V/BgrRS in which BgrRS two-component system and β antigen expression was restored compared to the strain A49V. It is not surprised because usually inactivation of TCSs in S. agalactiae affects virulence. However, in the previous studies the strains, in which TCS (CovS/CovR, DltR/DltS, RgfA/RgfC) genes were inactivated, demonstrated attenuated virulence [7–11]. Therefore, these TCSs positively control virulence. In our study attenuated virulence was observed when the functionally active bgrR gene allele was restored. Given that one of the functional roles of BgrRS two-component systems is a control of bac gene transcription (β antigen expression) [14] these data give a novel clue for understanding of the role of BgrRS TCS and possibly β antigen in adaptation of S. agalactiae to the human host and virulence. Previously when we inactivated two-component system genes bgrR and bgrS in the strain 168/00 we also observed that the strain with functionally active BgrRS system was characterized by decreased virulence [14]. It is quite possible that acquisition of the bac, bgrR and bgrS genes within the virulence island [12] did not provide additional virulent properties for the “struggle” with human host and causing severe forms of diseases, but, on the contrary, it provided an ability for continuous asymptomatic colonization of the human. Given, that two-component systems usually affect transcription of the numerous genes [4], it is expected that bac gene not only target for BgrRS. Identification of all the BgrRS TCS affected genes, for example, with microarrays, can help to understand the mechanisms of adaptation of S. agalactiae in its natural ecological niches such as vaginal epithelium or prostatic liquid of human and milk of the dairy cows. This adaptation and mimicry can explain the quick spreading of the bac gene positive strains in human population.
In conclusion, the data presented here demonstrate that the disruption of β antigen expression in the strains under study are associated with: i) insertion of ISSa4 upstream the bac gene just after the ribosomal binding site; ii) point mutation G342A resulting a stop codon TGA within the bac gene and a truncated form of β antigen; iii) single deletion (G) in position 439 of the bgrR gene resulting in a frameshift and the loss of DNA-binding domain of the BgrR protein, and potentially iv) point mutations causing single amino acid substitutions in BgrR (Arg187Lys) and BgrS (Arg252Gln) proteins. In addition, the results indicate that BgrRS two-component system negatively controls virulent properties of S. agalactiae and give a novel clue for understanding of S. agalactiae adaptation to the human host.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Arrive checklist “Natural mutations in Streptococcus agalactiae resulting in abrogation of β antigen production.”
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128426.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by i) the Russian Federal Agency of Scientific Organization; ii) RFBR projects No 12-04-31431 and No 13-04-01864a; iii) NANO_GUARD. Fullerene-based systems for oxidative inactivation of airborne microbial pathogens. Project No: 269138. FP7-MC-IRSES; iv) projects PTDC/SAU-MII/105114/2008 and Pest-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011-CREM, both funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Educação e Ciência (FCT/MEC), Portugal.
CF is supported research grant ref SFRH/BD/48231/2008 from Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AD IS. Performed the experiments: AV CF. Analyzed the data: AV CF AD IS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AD IS. Wrote the paper: AV CF AD IS.
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