Characterization of the SUMO-Binding Activity of the Myeloproliferative and Mental Retardation (MYM)-Type Zinc Fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198

Catherine M. Guzzo; Alison Ringel; Eric Cox; Ijeoma Uzoma; Heng Zhu; Seth Blackshaw; Cynthia Wolberger; Michael J. Matunis

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105271

Abstract

SUMO-binding proteins interact with SUMO modified proteins to mediate a wide range of functional consequences. Here, we report the identification of a new SUMO-binding protein, ZNF261. Four human proteins including ZNF261, ZNF198, ZNF262, and ZNF258 contain a stretch of tandem zinc fingers called myeloproliferative and mental retardation (MYM)-type zinc fingers. We demonstrated that MYM-type zinc fingers from ZNF261 and ZNF198 are necessary and sufficient for SUMO-binding and that individual MYM-type zinc fingers function as SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). Our binding studies revealed that the MYM-type zinc fingers from ZNF261 and ZNF198 interact with the same surface on SUMO-2 recognized by the archetypal consensus SIM. We also present evidence that MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 contain zinc, but that zinc is not required for SUMO-binding. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies using truncated fragments of ZNF198 revealed that MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF198 are necessary for localization to PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). In summary, our studies have identified and characterized the SUMO-binding activity of the MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198.

Citation: Guzzo CM, Ringel A, Cox E, Uzoma I, Zhu H, Blackshaw S, et al. (2014) Characterization of the SUMO-Binding Activity of the Myeloproliferative and Mental Retardation (MYM)-Type Zinc Fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105271. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271

Editor: Anja-Katrin Bielinsky, University of Minnesota, United States of America

Received: April 25, 2014; Accepted: July 20, 2014; Published: August 18, 2014

Copyright: © 2014 Guzzo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This work was supported by AACR postdoctoral fellowship 08-40-02-GUZZ to CMG and National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants GMO60980 and U54RR020839 to MJM. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Small Ubiquitin-related Modifiers (SUMOs) are reversible post-translational protein modifications that are conjugated to lysine residues on substrate proteins by an enzymatic cascade. Interactions between SUMO-modified proteins and SUMO-binding proteins containing SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) regulate a wide range of functional consequences including formation of multi-protein complexes and changes in protein localization, activity, solubility, and stability [1], [2]. The functional diversity of the SUMO signal is due, in part, to expression of three SUMO paralogs and formation of polymeric SUMO. Mammals contain three isoforms of SUMO known as SUMO-1, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. SUMO-1 is ∼50% identical to SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are frequently referred to as SUMO-2/3 because they are ∼96% identical and may be functionally redundant. SUMO-2/3 contains a consensus SUMOylation motif, ΨKXE/D, and can therefore readily form polymeric chains.

The archetypal consensus SIM consists of four hydrophobic amino acids adjacent to a cluster of negatively charged residues [3]-[8]. Structural studies revealed that this SIM forms an extended β-strand that inserts between the α-helix and second β-strand in all three SUMO paralogs [4], [7]–[10]. However, little is understood regarding how proteins preferentially recognize SUMO-1 or SUMO-2, although for some SIM containing proteins the cluster of negatively charged residues confers binding specificity for SUMO-1 over SUMO-2 [4], [11].

To address SUMO paralog-selectivity, we initiated high-throughput studies using protein microarrays to identify novel SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and SUMO-2 polymeric chain binding proteins. Among the identified proteins was ZNF261, which contains a stretch of unique tandem zinc fingers called MYM-type zinc fingers (MYeloproliferative and Mental retardation-type zinc fingers). Tandem MYM-type zinc fingers are found in three other human proteins including ZNF198, ZNF262, and ZNF258 [12]. Additionally, ZNF237 and ZMYM1 genes encoding for MYM-type zinc finger containing proteins have been sequenced [13], [14]. However, the major splice variant of ZNF237 produces a protein containing only a single MYM-type zinc finger and current evidence for ZMYM1 is only available at the transcript level. The function of MYM-type zinc finger containing proteins are not fully understood, however, proteins within this family have been linked to myeloproliferative syndromes [15], [16], mental retardation [17], transcriptional regulation [18], [19], DNA repair [20], and telomere maintenance [21].

ZNF198 is the best studied member of the MYM-type zinc finger family of proteins. Translocation of the ZNF198 and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) genes has been linked to atypical myeloproliferative disease [15], [16]. Intriguingly, several studies have previously revealed connections between ZNF198 and sumoylation. First, studies have shown that ZNF198 is modified by SUMO-1 and that this modification is required for its localization to PML nuclear bodies [22]. Second, studies have shown that ZNF198 affects gene expression in part through a mechanism that involves interactions with SUMO-modified HDAC1 [18]. Although direct interactions between ZNF198 and SUMO were not demonstrated, a fragment of ZNF198 containing the MYM-type zinc-finger domain was found to be necessary and sufficient for binding specifically to SUMO-2 modified, but not unmodified, HDAC1.

In this report, we characterized ZNF261 as a newly identified SUMO-binding protein. Our analysis revealed that ZNF261 and ZNF198 interact with SUMO through the MYM-type zinc fingers rather than a consensus SIM. We also provide evidence that the MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF198 are important for localization to PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). Taken together, our findings establish that the MYM-type zinc fingers are legitimate SUMO-binding domains.

Materials and Methods

Antibodies

Anti-GST (B-14, sc-138, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-myc (9E10, sc-40, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-PML (A301-167A, Bethyl) were used.

Cell culture

The U2OS cell line used in this study is an established cell line that is commercially available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, U2OS, HTB-96). U2OS cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 mM Hepes. Cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂.

CD measurements

CD measurements of ZNF261 samples (75 µM) were performed on a Jasco J-810 spectropolarimeter using a 0.2 mm pathlength cuvette (Jasco). Protein absorbance was measured in the UV range between 260 and 190 nm. Samples were scanned at 100 nm/min and 10 scans were collected per sample. High-tension voltage was kept below 500 V during all scans. Treated samples were dialyzed overnight against 50 mM EDTA, 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5 or 6 M GuHCl.

Equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation

Equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation experiments were performed in 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, 350 mM NaCl, 5 mM DTT, and 10 µM ZnCl₂ at 10°C in an An60-Ti rotor on a Beckman Optima XL-I. Recombinant MYM SIMs from ZNF261 (amino acids 236–490) were run in the analytical ultracentrifuge at three different concentrations (10, 20, and 40 µM) at rotor speeds of 15,000, 20,000, and 25,000 rpm. Three different concentrations of SUMO-2(x2) (20, 40, 80 µM) were added to 20 µM MYM SIMs from ZNF261 and run in the analytical ultracentrifuge using the same protocol. Approach to equilibrium was monitored using SEDFIT [23] and sedimentation equilibrium absorbance data was collected at 280 nm every two hours for 10–16 hours at each rotor speed. Only scans attaining equilibrium were used for data analysis, which were globally fit to an A+B → AB binding model using SEDPHAT [24]. Confidence intervals were calculated using F-statistics and the error surface projection method used in SEDPHAT [24]. The partial specific volume for ZNF261 (0.7122 ml/g) and the SUMO-2(x2) (0.7190 ml/g) were calculated using SedNTerp [25]. For each sample, total protein concentration did not exceed 2 mg/ml and absorbance values were under 1.0.

Immunofluorescence microscopy

Cells grown on coverslips were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then fixed and permeabilized at room temperature with PBS containing 2% formaldehyde/0.2% Triton X-100. After 10 min, cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 2% formaldehyde in PBS for 20 min at room temperature. Cells were washed with PBS and incubated with the indicated primary antibodies for 1 hour. Cells were washed and incubated with Alexa Fluor–conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulinG (IgG) or Alexa Fluor–conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen) for 1 hour. Coverslips were washed with PBS and mounted with mounting solution containing 100 mM tris (pH 8.8), 50% glycerol, 2.5% DABCO (Sigma), and 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (0.2 mg/ml). Images were obtained on a Zeiss Observer.Z1 microscope.

Immunoprecipitation

U2OS cells were transfected, incubated for 24 hours, and lysed in buffer A (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, and 1% NP-40) containing 1 mM PMSF, 0.3 µM aprotinin, 10 µM leupeptin, 1 µM pepstatin A, 0.025 U/µl benzonase, and 10 mM N-ethyl-maleimide (Sigma). Cell lysates were sonicated on ice and centrifuged at 14,000 rpm and 4°C for 10 min. Soluble cell lysates and anti-Flag-agarose beads (A2220, Sigma) or anti-myc-agarose beads (sc-40 AC, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) were incubated for 3 hours and washed five times with buffer A. Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-PAGE loading buffer.

In vitro binding assays

Recombinant GST, GST-tagged SUMO-1, SUMO-2, SUMO-2(QFI), or SUMO-2(x3) (8 µg protein) were diluted into 100 µl of 1X PBS, 0.05% Tween 20 and incubated in glutathione-coated 96-well plates (Pierce Biotechnology). Following overnight incubation at 4°C, wells were blocked for 1 h at room temperature with 2% bovine serum albumin in assay buffer (20 mM HEPES-KOH pH 7.3, 110 mM potassium acetate, 2 mM magnesium acetate, 1 mM EGTA, 0.05% Tween 20). ZNF261 and ZNF198 proteins were produced by in vitro transcription and translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of [³⁵S]methionine according to manufacturer's instructions (Promega). In vitro translated proteins (10 µl) were diluted into 100 µl of assay buffer and incubated with the immobilized proteins for 1 h at room temperature. Where indicated binding reactions were performed in the presence of 50 mM EDTA, 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, or 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline, or 10 mM 1,7-phenanthroline. Unbound proteins were removed by washing and bound proteins were eluted with SDS sample buffer and resolved by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Equal loading of immobilized proteins was verified by anti-GST immunoblot after binding. Relative binding was determined by loading equal cpm of radiolabeled protein per well followed by liquid scintillation detection of eluted proteins. All binding assays were repeated in triplicate.

Binding assays using recombinant His-tagged ZNF261 (amino acids 1-495) proteins were performed following overnight dialysis against assay buffer, or 50 mM EDTA, 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, or 1,10-phenanthroline, or 1,7-phenanthroline. Binding assays were performed as described above and bound proteins were eluted with SDS sample buffer and detected by anti-His immunoblot.

Plasmids

ZNF261 (amino acids 1-495) entry clone was obtained from the Ultimate Human ORF collection (Invitrogen). To generate a clone for protein expression in bacteria or rabbit reticulocyte lysate, recombination reactions were performed between the entry clone and Gateway pDEST17 Vector according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). Amino acid substitutions in ZNF261 were generated by PCR-based QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis (Stratagene) using the wild-type plasmid. ZNF261 and ZNF198 fragments were generated by PCR, digested with appropriate restriction enzymes, and ligated into pcDNA6/myc-His A (Invitrogen). All mutations and constructs were verified by DNA sequence analysis. Full-length ZNF198 cDNA was a gift from Hongtao Yu (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX). The construct for expression of FLAG-PML (isoform III) in mammalian cells was provided by Pier Paolo Pandolfi (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA).

Recombinant proteins

Recombinant His-tagged ZNF261 (amino acids 1-495) was expressed in the presence of 10 µM ZnCl₂ in E. coli and purified using Ni-NTA agarose according to Manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen). For analytical ultracentrifugation experiments, MYM domains (amino acids 236–490) were expressed as His-tagged thioredoxin fusion proteins. Cultures were grown in the presence of 10 µM ZnCl₂ at 37°C. When the OD reached ∼0.7, expression was induced with 50 µM IPTG. The temperature was adjusted to 16°C and expression was carried out overnight. His-tagged MYM domains were purified using HisTrap columns according to Manufacturer's instructions (GE Healthcare). Purified His-tagged MYM domains were incubated with His-tagged TEV protease overnight at 4°C. The protein sample was applied to a HisTrap column and untagged MYM domains were collected in the flow-through. Untagged MYM domains were separated from impurities using a MonoS column (GE Healthcare) followed by gel filtration over a Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare). GST, GST-tagged SUMO-1, SUMO-2, SUMO-2(x3), and SUMO-2(QFI) were purified by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer's instructions.

Transfections

Transfections were performed in 35×10–mm tissue culture dishes with 1.0 µg of DNA and 2.5 µl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) per transfection or 60×10-mm tissue culture dishes with 2.5 µg of DNA and 6.25 µl of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) per transfection. Immunofluorescence or immunoprecipitation experiments were performed 24 hours later.

Zinc content analysis

Zinc content of ZNF261 (1-495) samples (3 µM and 0.5 µM) were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) using an Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS (Agilent). Samples were diluted to a final concentration of 1% HNO₃ and a final volume of 1.5 ml. A standard calibration curve was generated from samples containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 µg/L Zn²⁺. Prior to analysis ZNF261 (amino acids 1-495) samples were dialyzed overnight against 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 350 mM NaCl, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 10 µM ZnCl₂ (Untreated), or 50 mM EDTA, 100 mM sodium acetate pH 5.5, or 6 M GuHCl, or 10 mM 1,10-phenanthroline, or 10 mM 1,7-phenanthroline.

Results

ZNF261 and ZNF198 are SUMO-binding proteins

We performed SUMO-binding assays on protein microarrays containing ∼4,000 unique human proteins that are known or predicted to function as transcription factors [26]. Microarrays were probed with fluorescently labeled SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and a linear polymeric SUMO-2 referred to as SUMO-2(x3) that consists of three consecutive SUMO-2 proteins. Among the identified proteins with preferential SUMO-2 binding was ZNF261, which contains a stretch of unique tandem zinc fingers called MYM-type zinc fingers. The human genome encodes four proteins including ZNF261, ZNF198, ZNF258, and ZNF262 that contain tandem repeats of MYM-type zinc fingers (Figure 1A). Depending on the definition of the MYM-type zinc finger consensus motif, ZNF198 and ZNF261 contain either 5 or 9 MYM-type zinc fingers. The MYM-type zinc finger consensus motif has been defined as Cys-X₂-Cys-X_19-22-Cys-X₃-Cys-X_13-19-Cys-X₂-Cys-X_19-25-Cys-X₂-Cys where X is any residue [12]. Thus, ZNF198 and ZNF261 contain 5 MYM-type zinc fingers. However, the MYM-type zinc finger has also been defined as Cys-X₂-Cys-X_19-24[F/Y]-Cys-X₃-Cys-X₃[F/Y] giving rise to 9 MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF198 and ZNF261 [18].

Download:

Figure 1. MYM-type zinc finger containing proteins ZNF261 and ZNF198 have SUMO-binding activity.

A: Schematic diagrams of MYM-type zinc finger containing proteins. Amino acid number is shown next to each schematic diagram. Locations of the myeloproliferative and mental retardation-type zinc fingers (MYM-type zinc fingers, gold), proline/valine-rich domains (P/V-rich, green), and Cre-like domains (CL domain, blue) are shown. The MYM-type zinc finger consensus motif where X is any amino acid is shown below. B: Full-length ZNF261 or ZNF198 proteins were in vitro transcribed and translated in the presence of [³⁵S] methionine and bound to immobilized GST-tagged SUMO-1, SUMO-2 or SUMO-2(x3). Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Binding to GST alone was performed as a negative control. All binding assays contained equivalent amounts of GST and GST-tagged SUMO proteins as determined by immunoblot analysis of eluted proteins with an anti-GST antibody.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.g001

To validate the protein microarray binding results, full-length ZNF261 was expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and incubated with GST, GST-tagged SUMO-1, SUMO-2, SUMO-2(x3) immobilized on glutathione-coated plates (Figure 1B). Consistent with our protein microarray results, we found that ZNF261 interacted preferentially with SUMO-2 compared to SUMO-1. Additionally, we demonstrated that ZNF198, a second member of the MYM-type zinc finger protein family that was not found on the protein microarray, also displayed preferential binding to SUMO-2 (Figure 1B).

The MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198 mediate SUMO-binding

To further investigate and delineate the SUMO-binding activity of ZNF261, we deleted either the N- or C-terminal domains and again performed in vitro SUMO-binding assays (Figure 2A). Binding studies using deletion mutants demonstrated that both the N- and C-terminal domains in ZNF261 are dispensable for SUMO-binding. Moreover, the zinc-finger domain alone was sufficient for SUMO binding. Although deleting the N-terminal 235 amino acids appeared to reduce the SUMO-binding activity of the zinc-finger domain, these extreme N-terminal residues alone did not bind SUMO (Figure S1).

Download:

Figure 2. MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198 are involved in SUMO-binding.

A: GST and GST-SUMO-2(x3) were immobilized on glutathione coated plates and incubated with ³⁵S-labeled full-length or N- or C-terminus truncation fragments of ZNF261. Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. B: Pyruvate kinase or pyruvate kinase fused to the MYM-type zinc fingers from ZNF261 or ZNF198 were incubated with immobilized GST (white), GST-SUMO-2 (grey), and GST-SUMO-2(x3) (black). Unbound proteins were removed by washing and bound proteins were determined by liquid scintillation detection of eluted proteins. Plotted values represent the mean +/− S.D. from three independent experiments. C: ZNF261 was run at three concentrations in the analytical ultracentrifuge (10, 20, and 40 µM). Representative sedimentation data from the 20 µM ZNF261(1-495) data set is shown in the left panel. The data was globally fit to a single species model and the residuals between the calculated and experimental absorbance are shown below. The residuals appear randomly scattered around zero indicating that a single species model describes the data. ZNF261(1-495) (20 µM) was run with three concentrations of SUMO-2(x2) (20, 40, and 80 µM) in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Representative sedimentation data of the 20 µM ZNF261 and 80 µM SUMO-2(x2) data set is shown in the right panel. Data were globally fit to an A+B → AB model and the residuals between the calculated and experimental absorbance are shown below. The global reduced chi-squared value was 3.13.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.g002

To determine whether single MYM-type zinc fingers are able to act as SUMO-interacting motifs we fused the first one or two zinc fingers of ZNF261 to pyruvate kinase and performed binding assays. The molecular weight of a single MYM domain is ∼9 kDa and fusion of the MYM domain to pyruvate kinase enhanced expression in our rabbit reticulocyte system. Pyruvate kinase alone had minimal affinity for SUMO-2 or SUMO-2(x3) (Figure 2B). When pyruvate kinase fused with a single MYM-type zinc finger was translated in rabbit reticulocyte and binding assays were performed we detected a 1.5-fold increase in binding to SUMO-2 and a 3-fold increase in binding to SUMO-2(x3) compared to GST alone, as assessed by quantitative comparison of bound [³⁵S]-labeled protein (Figure 2B). Adding a second MYM-type zinc finger to pyruvate kinase further increased the binding to both SUMO-2 and SUMO-2(x3) by more than 2-fold, indicating that individual motifs contribute to SUMO recognition (Figure 2B). Similar results were obtained in SUMO-binding assays using the MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF198 fused to pyruvate kinase (Figure 2B). Taken together, these results indicate that individual MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198 are sufficient for SUMO-binding.

To further characterize interactions between the MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF261 and SUMO-2, we determined the dissociation constant and binding stoichiometry of a ZNF261:SUMO-2 complex using equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation. Experiments were performed with a recombinant fragment of ZNF261 containing the first two MYM-type zinc fingers (amino acids 237-490) and SUMO-2(x2), a linear fusion of two consecutive SUMO-2 proteins. Analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation of ZNF261(1-495) alone revealed that this fragment behaves as a monomer in solution (Figure 2C, left panel). The same experiment was then performed using ZNF261 in combination with three different concentrations of SUMO-2(x2) (Figure 2C, right panel). By globally fitting the centrifugation data to an A+B → AB binding model, we determined that a 1∶1 complex formed with a dissociation constant of 56.3 µM (with a 95% confidence interval of 35.8 µM to 91.2 µM).

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers and classical SIMs interact with a common surface on SUMO-2

The archetypal consensus SIM forms a β-strand that inserts between the α-helix and second β-strand in SUMO [4], [7]-[9], [27]. This interaction can be disrupted by alanine substitutions of Q35, F36 and I38 in the second β-strand of SUMO-2. For example, defective interactions between SUMO-2(QFI) and SIM containing proteins BLM and HIPK2 have been previously demonstrated [28]. To determine whether the MYM-type zinc finger interacts with the α-helix and second β-strand in SUMO-2, we performed binding assays using wild-type and mutant SUMO-2(QFI) proteins. We were unable to detect binding to SUMO-2(QFI) or SUMO-2(x3)(QFI) by ZNF261 or ZNF198 (Figure 3). Thus, residues in the second β-strand of SUMO-2 are equally important for interactions with classical or MYM-type zinc fingers.

Download:

Figure 3. MYM-type zinc fingers interact with the α-helix and second β-strand in SUMO-2.

In vitro expressed full-length ZNF261 and ZNF198 were incubated with GST or GST-tagged SUMO-2, SUMO-2(QFI), SUMO-2(x3), and SUMO-2(x3)(QFI). Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. All binding assays contained equivalent amounts of GST and GST-tagged SUMO proteins as determined by immunoblot analysis of eluted proteins with an anti-GST antibody.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.g003

MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 coordinate Zn²⁺

The MYM-type zinc finger consensus sequence is “Cys-X₂-Cys-X_19-22-Cys-X₃-Cys-X_13-19-Cys-X₂-Cys-X_19-25-Cys-X₃-Cys” where X is any amino acid [12]. Most zinc finger proteins use four cysteine residues in a tetrahedral configuration to coordinate a zinc atom, however pentahedral and hexahedral coordination has also been reported [29], [30]. Thus, MYM-type zinc fingers are putative zinc-binding motifs where each motif is predicted to bind two zinc atoms with each zinc atom tetrahedrally coordinated by four cysteine residues. To investigate the zinc coordinating properties of MYM-type zinc fingers, we expressed and purified a recombinant fragment of ZNF261(1-495) containing the first two MYM-type zinc fingers and measured the zinc content by ICP-MS. Consist with tetrahedral coordination, we detected approximately 2 zinc atoms bound per MYM-type zinc finger (Table 1).

Download:

Table 1. ICP-MS analysis of zinc content in ZNF261(1-495).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.t001

To determine whether various chelating agents effectively remove zinc from the MYM-type zinc finger, we subjected recombinant ZNF261(1-495) to several chelating treatments and measured the zinc content by ICP-MS (Table 1). As a negative control, we measured the Zn²⁺ content after denaturation with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, a condition in which 10% of the Zn²⁺ ion remained bound relative to untreated protein. After treatment with EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline, the percent of Zn²⁺ ion remaining bound to ZNF261(1-495) was 7% and 28% compared to untreated protein, respectively. As expected, >90% of the Zn²⁺ ion remained bound to ZNF261 after treatment with 1,7-phenanthroline, the non-chelating analog of 1,10-phenanthroline. Thus, MYM-type zinc fingers are zinc-binding motifs and zinc can be removed using standard chelating agents.

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers bind to SUMO in the presence of zinc chelators

To determine whether zinc coordination is necessary for the SUMO-binding activity of MYM-type zinc fingers, we performed in vitro binding assays in the absence and presence of metal chelators. Full-length ZNF261 was expressed in reticulocyte lysate and incubated with GST and GST-tagged SUMO-2(x3) in the absence or presence of metal chelators. Surprisingly, similar amounts of ZNF261 were pulled down by SUMO-2(x3) in standard assay conditions and in the presence of either EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline, or 1,7-phenanthroline (Figure 4A).

Download:

Figure 4. Zinc chelation does not significantly perturb SUMO-binding activity of ZNF261.

A: In vitro expressed full-length ZNF261 proteins were incubated overnight with immobilized GST or GST-tagged SUMO-2(x3) in assay buffer (untreated) or assay buffer containing 50 mM EDTA/100 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5 (EDTA treated), or 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen), or 1,7-phenanthroline (1,7-phen). Unbound proteins were washed away and bound proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography. B: Immobilized GST or GST-tagged SUMO-2(x3) was incubated with ³⁵S-labeled ZNF261(1-495) wild-type or ZNF261(1-495) containing cysteine to alanine substitutions. Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.g004

Because reticulocyte lysate contains ions and proteins that could interfere with zinc chelation, we also performed binding assays using purified recombinant His-tagged ZNF261(1-495) (Figure S2A). GST and GST-tagged SUMOs were immobilized on glutathione-coated plates and then incubated with His-tagged ZNF261(1-495) that had been dialyzed against assay buffer or assay buffer containing EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline. Consistent with our binding assays using ZNF261 produced in reticulocyte lysate, similar amounts of recombinant ZNF261(1-495) bound to SUMO in the absence and presence of zinc chelators (Figure S2B).

To further demonstrate that MYM-type zinc fingers can bind SUMO independently of zinc we performed binding assays using ZNF261(1-495) containing cysteine residues within the MYM-type zinc fingers mutated to alanine. ZNF261(1-495) contains two MYM-type zinc fingers each with 8 cysteine residues for a total of 16 cysteine residues. Wild-type and cysteine mutant ZNF261 proteins were transcribed and translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and binding assays were performed under standard assay conditions. Minimal differences in SUMO-binding activity were observed between wild-type and cysteine mutant ZNF261 proteins containing 1, 2, or 4 cysteine residues mutated to alanine (Figure 4B). Taken together, these results indicate that zinc is dispensable for SUMO-binding by MYM-type zinc fingers.

Removal of zinc does not significantly perturb the secondary structure of ZNF261

We hypothesized that MYM-type zinc fingers bind to SUMO in the presence of metal chelators because the secondary structure of the MYM-type zinc finger is not significantly perturbed by zinc removal. To test this hypothesis we measured the secondary structure of untreated and EDTA-treated recombinant ZNF261(1-495) by CD spectropolarimetry. As a negative control, we completely denatured ZNF261(1-495) with 6 M GuHCl and observed that the CD spectrum showed a significant loss of ZNF261 secondary structure (Figure S2C). Similar CD spectra were obtained for untreated and EDTA-treated ZNF261(1-495) indicating that the secondary structure of ZNF261(1-495) does not undergo significant perturbation upon removal of zinc (Figure S2C).

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers in ZNF198 are necessary but not sufficient for localization to PML-NBs

A previous study reported that ZNF198 localizes to PML-NBs and that SUMO modification of ZNF198 on residue K963 is required for this localization [22]. To investigate whether MYM-type zinc fingers are also required for localization of ZNF198 to PML-NBs, we examined co-localization of ZNF198 truncation mutants with PML by immunofluorescence microscopy. We detected co-localization of PML and myc-tagged full-length ZNF198 wild-type, the SUMO modification site mutant (K-R mut, K963R), and the C-terminal truncation mutant (Figure 5A). Interestingly, we observed that truncation of the N-terminus prevented localization of ZNF198 to PML-NBs, and that the N-terminus alone was not sufficient for targeting ZNF198 to PML-NBs (Figure 5A).

Download:

Figure 5. The N-terminus and MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF198 are required for localization to PML-NBs.

A: U2OS cells were transfected with constructs encoding myc-tagged ZNF198 full-length or truncation fragments. Localization of ZNF198 with PML-NBs was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. B: Full-length and truncation fragments of myc-tagged ZNF198 were expressed in U2OS cells, immunopurified with anti-myc agarose beads, and detected with anti-myc and anti-SUMO-2 antibodies. Full-length protein bands are marked with an asterisk in each input lane. C: Myc-tagged ZNF198 and FLAG-tagged PML were co-expressed in U2OS cells, immunopurified with anti-myc agarose beads or anti-FLAG agarose beads, and detected with anti-myc and anti-PML antibodies.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.g005

To characterize interactions with SUMO-modified proteins in vivo, we immunopurified myc-tagged full-length ZNF198 and truncation mutants from transiently transfected cells. We detected high molecular mass SUMO-2 conjugates in immunopurifications of full-length ZNF198, as well as N- and C-terminal deletion mutants (Figure 5B). Notably, levels of SUMO-2 conjugates were reduced in immunopurifications of the N-terminal deletion mutant, correlating with the observed defect in localization to PML nuclear bodies. No SUMO-2 conjugates were immunopurified with the N-terminal fragment of of ZNF198 alone, indicating that it is not directly involved in SUMO binding.

To investigate whether ZNF198 interacts directly with PML in mammalian cells, we co-expressed FLAG-tagged PML and myc-tagged ZNF198 and performed reciprocal immunopurification experiments. Using anti-myc and anti-Flag agarose beads, we were able to co-purify ZNF198 and PML from mammalian cell extracts (Figure 5C). Unfortunately, attempts to co-purify PML with truncation mutants of ZNF198 were inconclusive. Taken together, our studies reveal that the N-terminus and MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF198 are both required for localization to PML-NBs and that ZNF198 can interact with PML.

Discussion

Here we report the identification and characterization of the SUMO-binding activity of the MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198. Our characterization of the SUMO-binding activity of the MYM-type zinc finger in ZNF261 and ZNF198 includes the following findings: (1) MYM-type zinc fingers preferentially bind to SUMO-2, (2) the MYM-type zinc finger:SUMO-2 complex binding stoichiometry is 1∶1, (3) MYM-type zinc fingers and classical SIMs interact with a common surface on SUMO-2, (4) each MYM-type zinc finger coordinates two zinc atoms, (5) MYM-type zinc fingers bind to SUMO in the absence of zinc, (6) removal of zinc does not significantly perturb the secondary structure of the MYM-type zinc finger, and (7) MYM-type zinc fingers and the N-terminus of ZNF198 mediate localization to PML-NBs.

ZNF198 contains three predicted classic SIMs (two in the N-terminus and one in the zinc-finger domain), however, SUMO-binding assays using truncated ZNF198 fragments revealed that these predicted SIMs are not involved in binding to SUMO-2 modified HDAC1 [18]. Sequence analysis of ZNF261 did not reveal any classic SIMs [31]. Although it appears from our binding data that the zinc finger domain of ZNF261 alone does not bind SUMO as well as the full-length protein (Figure 2A), we do not believe that the N- or C-terminal domains have direct effects on SUMO binding, as their individual deletions had minimal impact. Consistent with this, we detected no interactions between the extreme N-terminus of ZNF261 and SUMO (Figure S1).

Although SUMO-binding activity has been formally mapped to the MYM-type zinc finger domains in only two proteins, and to individual MYM-type zinc fingers in only ZNF261, we propose that these zinc fingers represent a signature SIM. However, whether all MYM-type zinc fingers function individually as SIMs, and whether they all share similar affinities for different SUMO paralogs, remains to be formally tested. The four MYM-type zinc finger proteins expressed in mammals each contain 5 tandem MYM-type zinc fingers, suggesting a potential to interact preferentially with poly-SUMO chains, proteins mono-sumoylated at multiple tandem sites, or with multiple sumoylated proteins. Consistent with individual MYM-type zinc fingers functioning as SIMs to enhance binding to poly-SUMO, we detected more robust interactions between a ZNF261 fragment with two zinc-finger motifs and poly-SUMO-2 compared to a fragment with a single zinc-finger motif and monomeric SUMO-2. We measured the binding affinity of the two N-terminal MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF261 for SUMO-2(x2) as ∼50 µM. In comparison, recent studies demonstrated affinities between ∼15–70 µM for interactions between individual tandem classic SIMs present in RNF4 and SUMO-2(x2) [32], [33]. Thus, MYM-type zinc fingers and classic SIMs appear to bind SUMO with comparable affinities. Future studies will be required to determine the biological significance of the interaction between tandem MYM-type zinc fingers with SUMO and also to determine whether the remaining two family members, ZNF262 and ZNF258 can bind SUMO.

The mechanisms used by SUMO-binding proteins to differentiate between SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 have not been completely defined. For several SUMO-binding proteins the charged residues adjacent to the consensus SIM confer preferential SUMO-1 binding [4], [11]. The classical SIM forms a β-strand that inserts into a groove on SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 [4], [5], [7]–[9], [27]. Our studies revealed that the MYM-type zinc fingers of ZNF198 and ZNF261 bind preferentially to SUMO-2 using the same surface on SUMO-2 recognized by the classical SIM. Understanding how the MYM-type zinc fingers preferentially bind to SUMO-2 could provide important insight into paralog selective binding and function.

Our ICP-MS analysis revealed 2 zinc atoms bound per MYM-type zinc finger, however, SUMO-binding activity and secondary structure were not significantly perturbed by zinc chelation. This effect may be related to the formation of stabilizing disulfide bridges between cysteine residues, as has been reported for two zinc finger proteins T4 gp32 metalloprotein and DnaJ [34], [35]. Although our observation that mutating the cysteines to alanine argues against a requirement of disulfide stabilization, further studies are required to investigate this possibility and any physiological significance.

An important consequence of SUMO modification is formation of multi-protein complexes assembled by interactions between modified proteins and proteins containing SIMs. For example, PML-NBs are formed by association of SUMO modified PML with proteins containing SIMs including PML [36], Daxx [37], TDG [38], RNF4 [39]–[41], and HIPK2 [42]. Consistent with SUMO binding being required for localization of these proteins to PML-NBs, we found that the MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF198 were also necessary but not sufficient for localization to PML-NBs. Efficient recruitment of ZNF198 to PML-NBs required both the MYM-type zinc fingers and the N-terminus. We hypothesize that the N-terminus in ZNF198 may contain a PML-binding motif that in combination with the MYM-type zinc fingers allows efficient incorporation of ZNF198 into PML-NBs and association with SUMO-modified proteins. Consistent with this hypothesis, full-length ZNF198 and the C-terminal truncation mutant co-purified with higher levels of SUMO-2 conjugates compared to the N-terminal truncation mutant. Moreover, other studies have demonstrated that proteins can contain SIMs in tandem with binding domains that specifically recognize the SUMO modified protein. For example, the DNA helicase Srs2 contains a SIM in close proximity to a PCNA binding motif and both motifs are required for recognition of SUMO-modified PCNA [43].

In this study we revealed that the MYM-type zinc-finger domain mediates SUMO-binding. Moreover, a previous study demonstrated that the ZZ Zinc finger motif in HERC2 is a SUMO-binding motif [44], suggesting that multiple different classes of zinc fingers have the potential to recognize SUMO, ubiquitin, or other ubiquitin-like proteins. Consistent with this, affinity chromatography and yeast two-hybrid assays have identified several other types of zinc finger proteins with SUMO-binding activity [4], [45]. In addition, the second largest class of ubiquitin-binding domains are the ZnF domains consisting of UBZ, NZF, A20 ZnF, and ZnF UBP domains [46]. We anticipate that bioinformatics and biochemical analysis will continue to identify additional types of zinc-finger SIMs.

In summary, our studies have demonstrated that the MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198 function as SIMs. MYM-type zinc finger containing proteins function in transcriptional regulation [18], [19], [47], prevention of telomeric fusions [21], [48], [49], and DNA repair [20]. In future studies, it will be important to explore how the SUMO-binding activities of these proteins influence their roles in these and other cellular processes.

Supporting Information

Figure S1.

The N-terminus of ZNF261 does not bind SUMO. In vitro expressed ZNF261(1-495) truncation fragments were incubated with GST or GST-tagged SUMO-2(x3). Bound proteins were eluted with SDS-sample buffer and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.s001

(TIF)

Figure S2.

Zinc chelation does not significantly perturb SUMO-binding activity or secondary structure of ZNF261. A: Schematic Diagram of his-tagged ZNF261(1-495) used for SUMO-binding assays and CD spectropolarimetry. B: Immobilized GST or GST-tagged SUMO-2(x3) was incubated with recombinant His-tagged ZNF261(1-495) and bound proteins were visualized by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot analysis with anti-His antibody. Prior to incubation, ZNF261(1-495) was dialyzed overnight against assay buffer or assay buffer containing EDTA or GuHCl. C: CD spectra for 75 µM ZNF261(1-495) untreated (diamonds), EDTA treated (triangles), and GuHCl treated (squares) were obtained.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105271.s002

(TIF)

Acknowledgments

Full-length ZNF198 cDNA was a gift from Hongtao Yu (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX). The construct for expression of FLAG-PML (isoform III) in mammalian cells was provided by Pier Paolo Pandolfi (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA).

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CMG AR EC IU SB HZ CW MJM. Performed the experiments: CMG AR. Analyzed the data: CMG AR EC IU SB HZ CW MJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CMG AR EC IU MJM. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: CMG MJM.

References

1. Flotho A, Melchior F (2013) Sumoylation: a regulatory protein modification in health and disease. Annu Rev Biochem 82: 357–385.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
2. Johnson ES (2004) Protein modification by SUMO. Annu Rev Biochem 73: 355–382.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
3. Hannich JT, Lewis A, Kroetz MB, Li SJ, Heide H, et al. (2005) Defining the SUMO-modified proteome by multiple approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280: 4102–4110.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
4. Hecker CM, Rabiller M, Haglund K, Bayer P, Dikic I (2006) Specification of SUMO1- and SUMO2-interacting motifs. J Biol Chem 281: 16117–16127.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
5. Kerscher O (2007) SUMO junction-what's your function? New insights through SUMO-interacting motifs. EMBO Rep 8: 550–555.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
6. Minty A, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Caput D (2000) Covalent modification of p73alpha by SUMO-1. Two-hybrid screening with p73 identifies novel SUMO-1-interacting proteins and a SUMO-1 interaction motif. J Biol Chem 275: 36316–36323.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
7. Song J, Durrin LK, Wilkinson TA, Krontiris TG, Chen Y (2004) Identification of a SUMO-binding motif that recognizes SUMO-modified proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 14373–14378.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
8. Song J, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen Y (2005) Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) recognition of a SUMO binding motif: a reversal of the bound orientation. J Biol Chem 280: 40122–40129.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
9. Baba D, Maita N, Jee JG, Uchimura Y, Saitoh H, et al. (2005) Crystal structure of thymine DNA glycosylase conjugated to SUMO-1. Nature 435: 979–982.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
10. Reverter D, Lima CD (2005) Insights into E3 ligase activity revealed by a SUMO-RanGAP1-Ubc9-Nup358 complex. Nature 435: 687–692.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
11. Chang CC, Naik MT, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Liao PH, et al. (2011) Structural and functional roles of Daxx SIM phosphorylation in SUMO paralog-selective binding and apoptosis modulation. Mol Cell 42: 62–74.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
12. Smedley D, Hamoudi R, Lu YJ, Cooper C, Shipley J (1999) Cloning and mapping of members of the MYM family. Genomics 60: 244–247.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
13. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, et al. (2006) The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 441: 315–321.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
14. Sohal J, Reiter A, Goldman JM, Cross NC (2000) Cloning of ZNF237, a novel member of the MYM gene family that maps to human chromosome 13q11—>q12. Cytogenet Cell Genet 89: 24–28.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
15. Smedley D, Hamoudi R, Clark J, Warren W, Abdul-Rauf M, et al. (1998) The t(8;13)(p11;q11-12) rearrangement associated with an atypical myeloproliferative disorder fuses the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene to a novel gene RAMP. Hum Mol Genet 7: 637–642.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
16. Xiao S, Nalabolu SR, Aster JC, Ma J, Abruzzo L, et al. (1998) FGFR1 is fused with a novel zinc-finger gene, ZNF198, in the t(8;13) leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome. Nat Genet 18: 84–87.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
17. van der Maarel SM, Scholten IH, Huber I, Philippe C, Suijkerbuijk RF, et al. (1996) Cloning and characterization of DXS6673E, a candidate gene for X-linked mental retardation in Xq13.1. Hum Mol Genet 5: 887–897.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
18. Gocke CB, Yu H (2008) ZNF198 stabilizes the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex on chromatin through its MYM-type zinc fingers. PLoS One 3: e3255.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
19. Hakimi MA, Dong Y, Lane WS, Speicher DW, Shiekhattar R (2003) A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene is a component of a new family of histone deacetylase-containing complexes. J Biol Chem 278: 7234–7239.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
20. Kunapuli P, Somerville R, Still IH, Cowell JK (2003) ZNF198 protein, involved in rearrangement in myeloproliferative disease, forms complexes with the DNA repair-associated HHR6A/6B and RAD18 proteins. Oncogene 22: 3417–3423.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
21. Raffa GD, Cenci G, Siriaco G, Goldberg ML, Gatti M (2005) The putative Drosophila transcription factor woc is required to prevent telomeric fusions. Mol Cell 20: 821–831.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
22. Kunapuli P, Kasyapa CS, Chin SF, Caldas C, Cowell JK (2006) ZNF198, a zinc finger protein rearranged in myeloproliferative disease, localizes to the PML nuclear bodies and interacts with SUMO-1 and PML. Exp Cell Res 312: 3739–3751.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
23. Schuck P (2000) Size-distribution analysis of macromolecules by sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and lamm equation modeling. Biophys J 78: 1606–1619.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
24. Schuck P (2003) On the analysis of protein self-association by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. Anal Biochem 320: 104–124.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
25. Laue TM, Shah BD, Ridgeway TM, Pelletier SL (1992) Analytical Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry and Polymer Science. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
26. Lin YY, Lu JY, Zhang J, Walter W, Dang W, et al. (2009) Protein acetylation microarray reveals that NuA4 controls key metabolic target regulating gluconeogenesis. Cell 136: 1073–1084.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
27. Sekiyama N, Ikegami T, Yamane T, Ikeguchi M, Uchimura Y, et al. (2008) Structure of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif of MBD1-containing chromatin-associated factor 1 bound to SUMO-3. J Biol Chem 283: 35966–35975.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
28. Zhu J, Zhu S, Guzzo CM, Ellis NA, Sung KS, et al. (2008) Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) binding determines substrate recognition and paralog-selective SUMO modification. J Biol Chem 283: 29405–29415.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
29. Dudev T, Lim C (2003) Principles governing Mg, Ca, and Zn binding and selectivity in proteins. Chem Rev 103: 773–788.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
30. Sousa SF, Lopes AB, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ (2009) The Zinc proteome: a tale of stability and functionality. Dalton Trans 7946–7956.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
31. Vogt B, Hofmann K (2012) Bioinformatical detection of recognition factors for ubiquitin and SUMO. Methods Mol Biol 832: 249–261.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
32. Keusekotten K, Bade VN, Meyer-Teschendorf K, Sriramachandran AM, Fischer-Schrader K, et al. (2014) Multivalent interactions of the SUMO-interaction motifs in RING finger protein 4 determine the specificity for chains of the SUMO. Biochem J 457: 207–214.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
33. Kung CC, Naik MT, Wang SH, Shih HM, Chang CC, et al.. (2014) Structural Analysis of poly-SUMO Chain Recognition by RNF4-SIMs Domain. Biochem J.
34. Banecki B, Liberek K, Wall D, Wawrzynow A, Georgopoulos C, et al. (1996) Structure-function analysis of the zinc finger region of the DnaJ molecular chaperone. J Biol Chem 271: 14840–14848.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
35. Qiu H, Kodadek T, Giedroc DP (1994) Zinc-free and reduced T4 gene 32 protein binds single-stranded DNA weakly and fails to stimulate UvsX-catalyzed homologous pairing. J Biol Chem 269: 2773–2781.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
36. Shen TH, Lin HK, Scaglioni PP, Yung TM, Pandolfi PP (2006) The mechanisms of PML-nuclear body formation. Mol Cell 24: 331–339.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
37. Lin DY, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Kuo HY, Chang CC, et al. (2006) Role of SUMO-interacting motif in Daxx SUMO modification, subnuclear localization, and repression of sumoylated transcription factors. Mol Cell 24: 341–354.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
38. Takahashi H, Hatakeyama S, Saitoh H, Nakayama KI (2005) Noncovalent SUMO-1 binding activity of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is required for its SUMO-1 modification and colocalization with the promyelocytic leukemia protein. J Biol Chem 280: 5611–5621.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
39. Hakli M, Karvonen U, Janne OA, Palvimo JJ (2005) SUMO-1 promotes association of SNURF (RNF4) with PML nuclear bodies. Exp Cell Res 304: 224–233.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
40. Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Jeanne M, Benhenda S, Nasr R, Lei M, et al. (2008) Arsenic degrades PML or PML-RARalpha through a SUMO-triggered RNF4/ubiquitin-mediated pathway. Nat Cell Biol 10: 547–555.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
41. Tatham MH, Geoffroy MC, Shen L, Plechanovova A, Hattersley N, et al. (2008) RNF4 is a poly-SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase required for arsenic-induced PML degradation. Nat Cell Biol 10: 538–546.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
42. Sung KS, Lee YA, Kim ET, Lee SR, Ahn JH, et al. (2011) Role of the SUMO-interacting motif in HIPK2 targeting to the PML nuclear bodies and regulation of p53. Exp Cell Res 317: 1060–1070.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
43. Armstrong AA, Mohideen F, Lima CD (2012) Recognition of SUMO-modified PCNA requires tandem receptor motifs in Srs2. Nature 483: 59–63.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
44. Danielsen JR, Povlsen LK, Villumsen BH, Streicher W, Nilsson J, et al. (2012) DNA damage-inducible SUMOylation of HERC2 promotes RNF8 binding via a novel SUMO-binding Zinc finger. J Cell Biol 197: 179–187.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
45. Makhnevych T, Sydorskyy Y, Xin X, Srikumar T, Vizeacoumar FJ, et al. (2009) Global map of SUMO function revealed by protein-protein interaction and genetic networks. Mol Cell 33: 124–135.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
46. Hicke L, Schubert HL, Hill CP (2005) Ubiquitin-binding domains. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 610–621.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
47. Ouyang J, Valin A, Gill G (2009) Regulation of transcription factor activity by SUMO modification. Methods Mol Biol 497: 141–152.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
48. Lu CY, Tsai CH, Brill SJ, Teng SC (2010) Sumoylation of the BLM ortholog, Sgs1, promotes telomere-telomere recombination in budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 38: 488–498.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
49. Xhemalce B, Riising EM, Baumann P, Dejean A, Arcangioli B, et al. (2007) Role of SUMO in the dynamics of telomere maintenance in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 893–898.
- View Article
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Flotho A, Melchior F (2013) Sumoylation: a regulatory protein modification in health and disease. Annu Rev Biochem 82: 357–385.
View Article
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Johnson ES (2004) Protein modification by SUMO. Annu Rev Biochem 73: 355–382.
View Article
Google Scholar

[5] View Article

[6] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Hannich JT, Lewis A, Kroetz MB, Li SJ, Heide H, et al. (2005) Defining the SUMO-modified proteome by multiple approaches in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280: 4102–4110.
View Article
Google Scholar

[8] View Article

[9] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Hecker CM, Rabiller M, Haglund K, Bayer P, Dikic I (2006) Specification of SUMO1- and SUMO2-interacting motifs. J Biol Chem 281: 16117–16127.
View Article
Google Scholar

[11] View Article

[12] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. Kerscher O (2007) SUMO junction-what's your function? New insights through SUMO-interacting motifs. EMBO Rep 8: 550–555.
View Article
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Minty A, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Caput D (2000) Covalent modification of p73alpha by SUMO-1. Two-hybrid screening with p73 identifies novel SUMO-1-interacting proteins and a SUMO-1 interaction motif. J Biol Chem 275: 36316–36323.
View Article
Google Scholar

[17] View Article

[18] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Song J, Durrin LK, Wilkinson TA, Krontiris TG, Chen Y (2004) Identification of a SUMO-binding motif that recognizes SUMO-modified proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 14373–14378.
View Article
Google Scholar

[20] View Article

[21] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Song J, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen Y (2005) Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) recognition of a SUMO binding motif: a reversal of the bound orientation. J Biol Chem 280: 40122–40129.
View Article
Google Scholar

[23] View Article

[24] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Baba D, Maita N, Jee JG, Uchimura Y, Saitoh H, et al. (2005) Crystal structure of thymine DNA glycosylase conjugated to SUMO-1. Nature 435: 979–982.
View Article
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. Reverter D, Lima CD (2005) Insights into E3 ligase activity revealed by a SUMO-RanGAP1-Ubc9-Nup358 complex. Nature 435: 687–692.
View Article
Google Scholar

[29] View Article

[30] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Chang CC, Naik MT, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Liao PH, et al. (2011) Structural and functional roles of Daxx SIM phosphorylation in SUMO paralog-selective binding and apoptosis modulation. Mol Cell 42: 62–74.
View Article
Google Scholar

[32] View Article

[33] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Smedley D, Hamoudi R, Lu YJ, Cooper C, Shipley J (1999) Cloning and mapping of members of the MYM family. Genomics 60: 244–247.
View Article
Google Scholar

[35] View Article

[36] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, et al. (2006) The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 441: 315–321.
View Article
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Sohal J, Reiter A, Goldman JM, Cross NC (2000) Cloning of ZNF237, a novel member of the MYM gene family that maps to human chromosome 13q11—>q12. Cytogenet Cell Genet 89: 24–28.
View Article
Google Scholar

[41] View Article

[42] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Smedley D, Hamoudi R, Clark J, Warren W, Abdul-Rauf M, et al. (1998) The t(8;13)(p11;q11-12) rearrangement associated with an atypical myeloproliferative disorder fuses the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene to a novel gene RAMP. Hum Mol Genet 7: 637–642.
View Article
Google Scholar

[44] View Article

[45] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Xiao S, Nalabolu SR, Aster JC, Ma J, Abruzzo L, et al. (1998) FGFR1 is fused with a novel zinc-finger gene, ZNF198, in the t(8;13) leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome. Nat Genet 18: 84–87.
View Article
Google Scholar

[47] View Article

[48] Google Scholar

[ref17] 17. van der Maarel SM, Scholten IH, Huber I, Philippe C, Suijkerbuijk RF, et al. (1996) Cloning and characterization of DXS6673E, a candidate gene for X-linked mental retardation in Xq13.1. Hum Mol Genet 5: 887–897.
View Article
Google Scholar

[50] View Article

[51] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Gocke CB, Yu H (2008) ZNF198 stabilizes the LSD1-CoREST-HDAC1 complex on chromatin through its MYM-type zinc fingers. PLoS One 3: e3255.
View Article
Google Scholar

[53] View Article

[54] Google Scholar

[ref19] 19. Hakimi MA, Dong Y, Lane WS, Speicher DW, Shiekhattar R (2003) A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene is a component of a new family of histone deacetylase-containing complexes. J Biol Chem 278: 7234–7239.
View Article
Google Scholar

[56] View Article

[57] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Kunapuli P, Somerville R, Still IH, Cowell JK (2003) ZNF198 protein, involved in rearrangement in myeloproliferative disease, forms complexes with the DNA repair-associated HHR6A/6B and RAD18 proteins. Oncogene 22: 3417–3423.
View Article
Google Scholar

[59] View Article

[60] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Raffa GD, Cenci G, Siriaco G, Goldberg ML, Gatti M (2005) The putative Drosophila transcription factor woc is required to prevent telomeric fusions. Mol Cell 20: 821–831.
View Article
Google Scholar

[62] View Article

[63] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Kunapuli P, Kasyapa CS, Chin SF, Caldas C, Cowell JK (2006) ZNF198, a zinc finger protein rearranged in myeloproliferative disease, localizes to the PML nuclear bodies and interacts with SUMO-1 and PML. Exp Cell Res 312: 3739–3751.
View Article
Google Scholar

[65] View Article

[66] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Schuck P (2000) Size-distribution analysis of macromolecules by sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and lamm equation modeling. Biophys J 78: 1606–1619.
View Article
Google Scholar

[68] View Article

[69] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. Schuck P (2003) On the analysis of protein self-association by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. Anal Biochem 320: 104–124.
View Article
Google Scholar

[71] View Article

[72] Google Scholar

[ref25] 25. Laue TM, Shah BD, Ridgeway TM, Pelletier SL (1992) Analytical Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry and Polymer Science. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.
View Article
Google Scholar

[74] View Article

[75] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Lin YY, Lu JY, Zhang J, Walter W, Dang W, et al. (2009) Protein acetylation microarray reveals that NuA4 controls key metabolic target regulating gluconeogenesis. Cell 136: 1073–1084.
View Article
Google Scholar

[77] View Article

[78] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Sekiyama N, Ikegami T, Yamane T, Ikeguchi M, Uchimura Y, et al. (2008) Structure of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif of MBD1-containing chromatin-associated factor 1 bound to SUMO-3. J Biol Chem 283: 35966–35975.
View Article
Google Scholar

[80] View Article

[81] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Zhu J, Zhu S, Guzzo CM, Ellis NA, Sung KS, et al. (2008) Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) binding determines substrate recognition and paralog-selective SUMO modification. J Biol Chem 283: 29405–29415.
View Article
Google Scholar

[83] View Article

[84] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. Dudev T, Lim C (2003) Principles governing Mg, Ca, and Zn binding and selectivity in proteins. Chem Rev 103: 773–788.
View Article
Google Scholar

[86] View Article

[87] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Sousa SF, Lopes AB, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ (2009) The Zinc proteome: a tale of stability and functionality. Dalton Trans 7946–7956.
View Article
Google Scholar

[89] View Article

[90] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Vogt B, Hofmann K (2012) Bioinformatical detection of recognition factors for ubiquitin and SUMO. Methods Mol Biol 832: 249–261.
View Article
Google Scholar

[92] View Article

[93] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. Keusekotten K, Bade VN, Meyer-Teschendorf K, Sriramachandran AM, Fischer-Schrader K, et al. (2014) Multivalent interactions of the SUMO-interaction motifs in RING finger protein 4 determine the specificity for chains of the SUMO. Biochem J 457: 207–214.
View Article
Google Scholar

[95] View Article

[96] Google Scholar

[ref33] 33. Kung CC, Naik MT, Wang SH, Shih HM, Chang CC, et al.. (2014) Structural Analysis of poly-SUMO Chain Recognition by RNF4-SIMs Domain. Biochem J.

[ref34] 34. Banecki B, Liberek K, Wall D, Wawrzynow A, Georgopoulos C, et al. (1996) Structure-function analysis of the zinc finger region of the DnaJ molecular chaperone. J Biol Chem 271: 14840–14848.
View Article
Google Scholar

[99] View Article

[100] Google Scholar

[ref35] 35. Qiu H, Kodadek T, Giedroc DP (1994) Zinc-free and reduced T4 gene 32 protein binds single-stranded DNA weakly and fails to stimulate UvsX-catalyzed homologous pairing. J Biol Chem 269: 2773–2781.
View Article
Google Scholar

[102] View Article

[103] Google Scholar

[ref36] 36. Shen TH, Lin HK, Scaglioni PP, Yung TM, Pandolfi PP (2006) The mechanisms of PML-nuclear body formation. Mol Cell 24: 331–339.
View Article
Google Scholar

[105] View Article

[106] Google Scholar

[ref37] 37. Lin DY, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Kuo HY, Chang CC, et al. (2006) Role of SUMO-interacting motif in Daxx SUMO modification, subnuclear localization, and repression of sumoylated transcription factors. Mol Cell 24: 341–354.
View Article
Google Scholar

[108] View Article

[109] Google Scholar

[ref38] 38. Takahashi H, Hatakeyama S, Saitoh H, Nakayama KI (2005) Noncovalent SUMO-1 binding activity of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is required for its SUMO-1 modification and colocalization with the promyelocytic leukemia protein. J Biol Chem 280: 5611–5621.
View Article
Google Scholar

[111] View Article

[112] Google Scholar

[ref39] 39. Hakli M, Karvonen U, Janne OA, Palvimo JJ (2005) SUMO-1 promotes association of SNURF (RNF4) with PML nuclear bodies. Exp Cell Res 304: 224–233.
View Article
Google Scholar

[114] View Article

[115] Google Scholar

[ref40] 40. Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Jeanne M, Benhenda S, Nasr R, Lei M, et al. (2008) Arsenic degrades PML or PML-RARalpha through a SUMO-triggered RNF4/ubiquitin-mediated pathway. Nat Cell Biol 10: 547–555.
View Article
Google Scholar

[117] View Article

[118] Google Scholar

[ref41] 41. Tatham MH, Geoffroy MC, Shen L, Plechanovova A, Hattersley N, et al. (2008) RNF4 is a poly-SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase required for arsenic-induced PML degradation. Nat Cell Biol 10: 538–546.
View Article
Google Scholar

[120] View Article

[121] Google Scholar

[ref42] 42. Sung KS, Lee YA, Kim ET, Lee SR, Ahn JH, et al. (2011) Role of the SUMO-interacting motif in HIPK2 targeting to the PML nuclear bodies and regulation of p53. Exp Cell Res 317: 1060–1070.
View Article
Google Scholar

[123] View Article

[124] Google Scholar

[ref43] 43. Armstrong AA, Mohideen F, Lima CD (2012) Recognition of SUMO-modified PCNA requires tandem receptor motifs in Srs2. Nature 483: 59–63.
View Article
Google Scholar

[126] View Article

[127] Google Scholar

[ref44] 44. Danielsen JR, Povlsen LK, Villumsen BH, Streicher W, Nilsson J, et al. (2012) DNA damage-inducible SUMOylation of HERC2 promotes RNF8 binding via a novel SUMO-binding Zinc finger. J Cell Biol 197: 179–187.
View Article
Google Scholar

[129] View Article

[130] Google Scholar

[ref45] 45. Makhnevych T, Sydorskyy Y, Xin X, Srikumar T, Vizeacoumar FJ, et al. (2009) Global map of SUMO function revealed by protein-protein interaction and genetic networks. Mol Cell 33: 124–135.
View Article
Google Scholar

[132] View Article

[133] Google Scholar

[ref46] 46. Hicke L, Schubert HL, Hill CP (2005) Ubiquitin-binding domains. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 610–621.
View Article
Google Scholar

[135] View Article

[136] Google Scholar

[ref47] 47. Ouyang J, Valin A, Gill G (2009) Regulation of transcription factor activity by SUMO modification. Methods Mol Biol 497: 141–152.
View Article
Google Scholar

[138] View Article

[139] Google Scholar

[ref48] 48. Lu CY, Tsai CH, Brill SJ, Teng SC (2010) Sumoylation of the BLM ortholog, Sgs1, promotes telomere-telomere recombination in budding yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 38: 488–498.
View Article
Google Scholar

[141] View Article

[142] Google Scholar

[ref49] 49. Xhemalce B, Riising EM, Baumann P, Dejean A, Arcangioli B, et al. (2007) Role of SUMO in the dynamics of telomere maintenance in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 893–898.
View Article
Google Scholar

[144] View Article

[145] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Antibodies

Cell culture

CD measurements

Equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation

Immunofluorescence microscopy

Immunoprecipitation

In vitro binding assays

Plasmids

Recombinant proteins

Transfections

Zinc content analysis

Results

ZNF261 and ZNF198 are SUMO-binding proteins

The MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 and ZNF198 mediate SUMO-binding

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers and classical SIMs interact with a common surface on SUMO-2

MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 coordinate Zn2+

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers bind to SUMO in the presence of zinc chelators

Removal of zinc does not significantly perturb the secondary structure of ZNF261

MYM-Type Zinc Fingers in ZNF198 are necessary but not sufficient for localization to PML-NBs

Discussion

Supporting Information

Figure S1.

Figure S2.

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

References

MYM-type zinc fingers in ZNF261 coordinate Zn²⁺