Figures
Abstract
Background
The polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G gene has been indicated to be correlated with coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility, but study results are still debatable.
Objective and Methods
The present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese Han population. A total of 879 CAD patients and 628 controls from eight separate studies were involved. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for the distribution of the 4G allele frequency of PAI-1 4G/5G gene and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed by the random effect model.
Results
The distribution of the 4 G allele frequency was 0.61 for the CAD group and 0.51 for the control group. The association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese Han population was significant under an allelic genetic model (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.44, P = 0.004). The heterogeneity test was also significant (P<0.0001). Meta-regression was performed to explore the heterogeneity source. Among the confounding factors, the heterogeneity could be explained by the publication year (P = 0.017), study region (P = 0.014), control group sample size (P = 0.011), total sample size (P = 0.011), and ratio of the case to the control group sample size (RR) (P = 0.019). In a stratified analysis by the total sample size, significantly increased risk was only detected in subgroup 2 under an allelic genetic model (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.35, P = 0.02).
Citation: Li Y-y (2012) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 4G/5G Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease in the Chinese Han Population: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 7(4): e33511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033511
Editor: Massimo Federici, University of Tor Vergata, Italy
Received: October 5, 2011; Accepted: February 9, 2012; Published: April 4, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Yan-yan Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 81100073 to YL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a key regulating factor, determines endogenous fibrinolysis activity. The elevated plasma concentration or activity of PAI-1 is one of the relevant signs of atherosclerosis and thrombus disease [1]. Many studies have demonstrated that elevated PAI-1 activity is an independent predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) [2]. Local plasmin generation is inhibited by elevated PAI-1, leading to decreased fibrinolysis activity, thrombosis, and fibrin deposition; local plasmin generation likewise facilitates atherosclerosis progress and vascular occlusion.
The PAI-1 gene, located in 7q21.3–22, spans 12.3 kb and contains 9 exons and 8 introns. The polymorphism of the 4G/5G gene is located in the PAI-1 gene promoter region. The 5th guanine (G base) is inserted or deleted in the 4 G sequence in the –675th base of the transcription initial point upstream. The PAI-1 gene has three genotypes, namely, 4G4G, 4G5G, and 5G5G. 4G4G allele carriers always have higher plasma PAI-1 activity than 4G5G and 5G5G carriers [3].
In 2006, Ye et al. performed a meta-analysis on seven hemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease in Caucasians and African-Americans. They reported that the PAI-1 (–675) 4G variant yields a per-allele relative risk of 1.06 (1.02 to 1.10) for coronary disease. However, their study had an indication of publication bias [4]. In 2009, Isordia-Salas I et al. found that the 4G allele is an independent risk factor for acute MI in young patients, similar to smoking, hypertension, and a family history of inherited cardiovascular disease in Mexico [5]. In 2010, Abboud N et al. found that the MI risk is notably high in 4 G carriers with elevated plasma PAI-1 in a Tunisian population [6]. However, in 2011, Rallidis LS et al. found that the 4 G allele of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism is less frequent among very young survivors of MI compared with that in matched controls in Greece [7]. In 2011, Ashavaid TF et al. found that PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism does not affect the severity of CAD in an Indian population [8].
Studies on the association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD have been extensively performed in China, but the results are still disputable. In 2001, Dai Y et al. reported that PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility for CAD [9]. The point was favored by another study [10]. However, other studies had opposite observations [11]–[16]. Therefore, the present meta-analysis, which included 1,507 participants, was performed to draw a valuable conclusion on the relationship between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese Han population (File S1).
Materials and Methods
Publication Search and Inclusion Criteria
The electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Biological Medicine Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched using the MeSH terms “coronary artery disease” or “coronary heart disease,” “polymorphism,” “plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,” “gene,” and “Chinese.” The included studies were published from 2001 to 2008 (last research updated on July 04, 2011).
The selected studies had to be in accordance with the following major criteria: a) evaluation of PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD in a Chinese Han population; b) diagnosis of CAD in accordance with the examination results of coronary arteriography (>50% stenosis of at least one major vessel), as well as clinical symptoms combined with electrocardiogram, echocardiography, treadmill exercise test, and myocardial perfusion imaging in emission computed tomography (ECT); c) controls proven to have no CAD either by coronary arteriography or by medical history, blood test, physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, treadmill exercise test, and ECT; and d) no other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (applied to all participants, including cases and controls).
Data Extraction
The data were obtained according to a standard protocol. Studies that were repeated, did not meet the inclusion criteria, or provided little data were excluded. If the same data appeared in different works, the result was only used once. The collected data comprised the name of the first author, publication year, region, number of genotypes, genotyping, study design, matching criteria, and total number of cases and controls.
Statistical Analysis
The association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD was compared using the odds ratio (OR) corresponding to a 95% confidence interval (CI). The presence of inter-study heterogeneity was calculated by the Chi-square-based Q-test, and significance was set at the P<0.05 level [17]. The inconsistency index I2 was calculated to assess the variation caused by the heterogeneity. If heterogeneity was observed among the studies, the random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled OR (the DerSimonian and Laird method) [18]. Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was adopted (the Mantel–Haenszel method) [19]. The Z test was used to determine the pooled OR with the significance set at P<0.05.
Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) with the significance set at P<0.05. The potential publication bias was estimated by the funnel plot. Egger’s linear regression test on the natural logarithm scale of the OR was used to assess the funnel plot asymmetry; the significance was set at the P<0.05 level [20]. STATA 10.0 software was used to perform all statistical analyses (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Studies and Populations
A total of 22 papers were obtained by the literature search, among which 8 fit the inclusion criteria. Of the 14 excluded studies, 3 papers were redundant studies, 5 were reviews, 2 deviated from the HWE, and 4 were not involved with PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism. The data were collected from 879 CAD patients and 628 controls (Table 1, File S2) [9]–[10], [11]–[16]. The five surveyed regions comprised the provinces of Beijing, Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Tianjin.
Pooled Analyses
The distribution of the 4 G allele frequency was 0.61 for the CAD group and 0.51 for the control group. The association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese Han population was significant under an allelic genetic model (OR = 1. 70, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.44, P = 0.004) (Table 2 and Figure 1).
The heterogeneity test was also significant (P<0.0001). Meta-regression was performed to explore the heterogeneity source. Among the confounding factors, the heterogeneity could be explained by the publication year (P = 0.017), study region (P = 0.014), control group sample size (P = 0.011), total sample size (P = 0.011), and RR (P = 0.019). In a stratified analysis by the total sample size, significantly increased CAD risk was detected in subgroup 2 under an allelic genetic model (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.09 to 3.35, P = 0.02). No significant increased CAD risk was detected in subgroup 1 under an allelic genetic model (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.95 to 2.57, P = 0.08). Studies with a total size of >200 were included in subgroup 1, and the residual studies with a total size of <200 were included in subgroup 2 (Tables 2, 3, and 4 and Figure 2).
The horizontal and vertical axis correspond to the OR and confidence limits. OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.
Bias Diagnostics
The publication bias of the studies was assessed using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. Publication bias was not seen in the funnel plot (Figure 3). No statistically significant difference was found in the Egger’s test, indicating low publication bias in the current meta-analysis (T = 2.09, P = 0.082).
Discussion
The current meta-analysis included 879 CAD patients and 628 controls. Significant association was observed between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD under an allelic genetic model in the Chinese Han population (OR = 1.70). This finding suggested that the carriers with the 4 G allele of the PAI-1 4G/5G gene in the Chinese Han population might be predisposed to CAD.
In the subsequent meta-regression, the confounding factors (publication year, study region, control size, total size, and RR) could explain the heterogeneity. This result suggested that the non-uniformity in the abovementioned factors contributed to the heterogeneity among the individual studies. In a stratified analysis by the total size, significantly increased risk was only detected in subgroup 2 under an allelic genetic model. After adjusting for the total sample size, unexplained heterogeneity still existed. The association of PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism with CAD was evidently weakened in subgroup 1 and not yet significant (OR = 1.56). In contrast, the association of PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism with CAD was evidently strengthened in subgroup 2 (OR = 2.03). Hence, further studies that can provide a match between the sample sizes of cases and controls are warranted.
PAI-1 is a glycoprotein that belongs to the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. It is equimolecularly combined with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) single chain, double chains, and double chain urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Consequently, tPA and uPA activities are rapidly inhibited by PAI-1. PAI-1 is also an essential regulatory substance for in vivo plasminogen activation. PAI-1, which is synthesized by endothelial cells and the liver, is regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters. A dose-response relationship has been found between PAI-1 and such metabolism syndrome-related factors as obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and physical labor deficiency [21].
PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism is one of the DNA sequence variations that plays a key role in regulating PAI-1 gene expression. Studies have shown that the PAI-1 activity of the 4 G allele promoter is higher than that of 5 G in a cytokine-stimulated state. PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism also influences PAI-1 gene transcription similarly in non-stimulated cells [22]. The 4 G or 5 G allele could be combined with protein A, which is a transcription activator. The 5 G allele could be incorporated with protein B, which hinders the combination of the transcription activator. The action locus is certified near the alleles. The 4 G homozygote lacks the combination site with B factor, thus the 4 G homozygote could not be combined with protein B, which contributes to elevated plasma PAI-1 activity [23], [24].
The relationship between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD risk is subject to much controversy worldwide. In 2003, Böttiger C et al. reported that 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene is not associated with an increased risk of thrombotic and restenotic events after coronary artery stenting in Germany [25]. In 2007, Sampaio MF et al. reported that acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not associated with PAI-1 gene polymorphisms in young adults in Brazil [26]. By contrast, Juhan-Vague I et al. found that PAI-1 played a role in MI risk in the presence of underlying insulin resistance. A significant interaction between insulin or proinsulin and –675 4G/5G polymorphism is observed in MI risk in France [27]. In 2008, Onalan O et al. reported that the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype is an independent predictor for the development of MI in a Turkish population [28].
The present research has some limitations. Large-scale studies on the relationship between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and CAD are still inadequate. PAI-1 is influenced not only by PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism, but also by environmental factors, such as the concentration of blood sugar, insulin, triglycerides, and so on [29]. Elevated plasma PAI-1 activity is also associated with the progress of CAD. Plasma PAI-1 activity in the acute coronary syndrome is much higher than that in stable CAD patients, suggesting that PAI-1 plays a more important role in the acute phase of CAD than in the other phases [30].
The current meta-analysis indicated that the 4 G allele of PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism might increase the CAD risk in the Chinese Han population. Therefore, significant potential guidance for formulating CAD individual therapies is provided. Taking into account the aforementioned limitations, further studies are highly needed in the future.
Acknowledgments
I thank all our colleagues working in the Department of geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YL. Performed the experiments: YL. Analyzed the data: YL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL. Wrote the paper: YL.
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