ࡱ > '` zA bjbj{P{P 7X : : l9
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 L . . . 8 . / D L = P/ ^ / / / / / V 0 $ (0 {= }= }= }= }= }= }= $ > h RA 2 = 8 <0 / / <0 <0 = 8 8 / / = 1 1 1 <0 j 8 / 8 / {= 1 <0 {= 1 1 5 , 8 8 G5 / D/ 7 . 0 R 75 78 D = 0 = ?5 B 0 p B G5 B 8 G5 <0 <0 1 <0 <0 <0 <0 <0 = = h1 R <0 <0 <0 = <0 <0 <0 <0 L L L $ p D L L L p L L L 8 8 8 8 8 8 StudyIntravaginal PracticeApplicator or productExposed, n (woman years)Events ExposedUnexposed, n (woman years)Events UnexposedReported Summary MeasureUnadjusted ratio (CI)Adjusted ratio (CI)Variables adjusted forGhys, 2001 [24]Insertion Herbs24 (26)2233 (241)16Rate ratio1.16 (0.27-5.06)Not reportedHira, 1990 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hira19908889Apparent vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by breast-feeding in ZambiaJournal8889Apparent vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by breast-feeding in ZambiaHira,S.K.Mangrola,U.G.Mwale,C.Chintu,C.Tembo,G.Brady,W.E.Perine,P.L.1990/91Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAdultAdverse EffectsArticleBlood TransfusionBreast FeedingEpidemiologic MethodsepidemiologyetiologyFemaleFetal BloodFollow-Up StudiesGov'tHIV-1HospitalHumanHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUSHumansInfant,NewbornIsolation & PurificationmicrobiologyPregnancyResearchResearch SupportRisk FactorsSupportTeachingtransmissionTYPE-1UniversitiesVerticalVertical TransmissionVPRPZambiaIn File421424J.Pediatr1173University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, ZambiaPM:2391598J.Pediatr1[7]Intravaginal cleansingCloth36105986Risk ratio27.68 (10.66-71.92)Not reportedMcClelland, 2006 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE McClelland20068036Vaginal washing and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among African women: a 10-year prospective studyJournal8036Vaginal washing and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among African women: a 10-year prospective studyMcClelland,R.S.Lavreys,L.Hassan,W.M.Mandaliya,K.Ndinya-Achola,J.O.Baeten,J.M.2006/1/9AadjustmentAdultAdverse EffectsArticleBehaviorCohort StudiesConfidence IntervaldatadiagnosisEpidemiologic MethodsepidemiologyetiologyFemaleFollow UpGenital Tract InfectionHIV-1HIV 1HIV InfectionsHumansInfectioninterventionInterviewIntravaginalKenyaMedicineMethodsOTHERPopulationPracticePreventionProspective StudiesProspective StudyProstitutionResearchResearch SupportRiskRisk FactorRisk FactorsSexSexualSexual behaviorSexually TransmittedSoapsStudySupporttransmissionUniversitiesUSAVaginavaginal douchingVPRPWashingtonWHOwomenWorkerIn File269273AIDS202Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. mcclell@u.washington.eduPM:16511421AIDS1[15]Intravaginal cleansingAny product26052172725Rate ratio4.52 (1.66-12.27)Not reportedIntravaginal cleansingWater aloneNR45NR5Hazard ratio2.75 (1.06-7.10)2.64 (1.00-6.97)Demographic factors, sexual behavior, sexually transmitted infectionsIntravaginal cleansingSoap and waterNR172NR5Hazard ratio4.03 (1.61-10.10)3.84 (1.51-9.77)Myer, 2006 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Myer20067738Distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of South African womenJournal7738Distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of South African womenMyer,L.Denny,L.de Souza,M.Wright,T.C.,Jr.Kuhn,L.2006/3/15AAfricaArticleassociationbutCross-Sectional StudiesCross Sectional StudiesDiseaseDiseasesepidemiologyFacultyFamilyFollow UpHealthHIVHIV-INFECTIONHIV InfectionsHumanHuman Immunodeficiency VirusHuman Immunodeficiency Virus InfectionHygieneInfectionInfectiousIntravaginalMedicineOdds RatioPracticeProspective StudiesProspective StudyPublic HealthRiskScienceSouth AfricatransmissionUniversitiesVaginaVirus InfectionVPRPWHOwomenIn File552560Am.J.Epidemiol.1636Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa. lmyer@cormack.uct.ac.zaPM:16443804Am.J.Epidemiol.1[16]Any vaginal practiceAny product/ applicator94524262561Hazard ratio1.11 (0.69-1.78)1.04 (0.65-1.68)Age, marital status, TV GC and/or CT, new sex partners past 5mIntravaginal cleansingFingers +/- water 1019262561Hazard ratio3.66 (1.82-7.37)Not reportedIntravaginal cleansingCloth +/- water47410262561Hazard ratio0.96 (0.49-1.87)Not reportedIntravaginal cleansingHousehold/laundry soap1583262561Hazard ratio0.82 (0.26-2.62)Not reportedIntravaginal cleansingHousehold disinfectant1211262561Hazard ratio0.38 (0.05-2.43)Not reportedvan de Wijgert, 2006 [39] ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van de20068900Is vaginal washing associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition?Journal8900Is vaginal washing associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition?van de,Wijgert J.Morrison,C.Salata,R.Padian,N.2006/6/12FemaleHIV-1HIV 1HIV InfectionsHumansHygieneKenyaLactobacillusLettermicrobiologyProstitutionRisktransmissionUgandaVaginaVirologyVPRPZimbabweIn File13471348AIDS209PM:16816573AIDS1, 2008 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van de Wijgert20088882Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African womenJournal8882Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal yeast, but not vaginal cleansing, increase HIV-1 acquisition in African womenvan de Wijgert,J.H.Morrison,C.S.Cornelisse,P.G.Munjoma,M.Moncada,J.Awio,P.Wang,J.Van Der,Pol B.Chipato,T.Salata,R.A.Padian,N.S.2008/6/13AAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAdolescentAdultAfricaAgedArticleBacterialBacterial vaginosisBloodbutBVCandidiasis,VulvovaginalCellsclinicCOHORTCohort StudiesCommunicable DiseasescomplicationsConfidence IntervalDiseaseDiseasesEpidemicetiologyFamilyFamily PlanningFemaleFollow UpHIVHIV-1HIV-INFECTIONHIV 1HIV infectionHumansIncidenceINCREASEInfectioninfectionsInflammationMedicalMethodsmicrobiologymodelModelsMucosalMULTICENTERMulticenter StudiesMulticenter StudyNetherlandsONPracticerelationshiprelationshipsResearchResearch SupportStudySupportThe NetherlandsUgandaVaginavaginal douchingVaginosisVaginosis,BacterialVPRPwomenZimbabweIn File203210J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr.482Academic Medical Center, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.vandewijgert@amc-cpcd.orgPM:18520679J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr.1[14] Any intravaginal practiceAny applicator3045NR1486NRHazard ratio0.96 (0.72-1.27)0.81 (0.59-1.10)BV, yeast, WBC, country, contraception, births, behavior, STI, HSV2Intravaginal cleansingUnspecified applicator/ productNRNRNRNRHazard ratio0.96 (0.72-1.27)No association in multivariable model (values not reported)Insertion of solidsUnspecified applicatorNRNRNRNRHazard ratio1.49 (1.03-2.15)1.09 (0.71-1.67)BV, yeast, WBC, country, contraception, births, behavior, STI, HSV2
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