Heat and mass transfer on MHD squeezing flow of Jeffrey nanofluid in horizontal channel through permeable medium

The heat and mass transfer on time dependent hydrodynamic squeeze flow of Jeffrey nanofluid across two plates over permeable medium in the slip condition with heat generation/absorption, thermal radiation and chemical reaction are investigated. The impacts of Brownian motion and thermophoresis is examined in the Buongiorno’s nanofluid model. Conversion of the governing partial differential equations to the ordinary differential equations is conducted via similarity transformation. The dimensionless equations are solved by imposing numerical method of Keller-box. The outputs are compared with previous reported works in the journals for the validation of the present outputs and found in proper agreement. The behavior of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration profiles by varying the pertinent parameters are examined. Findings portray that the acceleration of the velocity profile and the wall shear stress is due to the squeezing of plates. Furthermore, the velocity, temperature and concentration profile decline with boost in Hartmann number and ratio of relaxation to retardation times. It is discovered that the rate of heat transfer and temperature profile increase when viscous dissipation, thermophoresis and heat source/sink rises. In contrast, the increment of thermal radiation reduces the temperature and enhances the heat transfer rate. Besides, the mass transfer rate decelerates for increasing Brownian motion in nanofluid, while it elevates when chemical reaction and thermophoresis increases.


Introduction
The wide applications of ultrahigh cooling devices in the industrial sectors is important to improve the thermal devices' effectiveness. Therefore, the development of an advanced heat transfer fluid by dispersing the metallic nanoparticles in a conventional fluid was discovered by Choi and Eastman [1]. The new innovative fluid with high thermal efficiency is known as nanofluid. The addition of nanoparticles improves the thermal conductivity of conventional fluid; for instance, water, ethylene glycol or engine oil. Eastman et al. [2] conducted the experimental studies on the dispersion of copper nanoparticles in the ethylene glycol. They found that the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol boosts up to 40% caused by the suspended nanoparticles enhance the capability of heat transfer in the flow. Nanofluid has been utilized in various applications such as vehicle cooling, reducing fuel in electric power plant and nanodrug delivery [3]. Wong and De Leon [4] stated that the usage of nanofluid coolants in the device leads to energy saving and emission reduction, which result in decreasing the production cost. Later, the relative velocity of nanoparticles and base fluid generated by seven slip mechanisms was analysed by Buongiorno [5]. He pointed out that only Brownian motion and thermophoresis are responsible in the increment of heat transfer process in nanofluid. Following the pioneer works of Buongiorno, many scientists started using Buongiorno's model in the problem involving nanofluid flow [6][7][8]. Squeeze flow is induced by the compression of two plates with external applied stress. The idea of squeezing flow is implemented in various engineering applications, for example moving pistons, lubrication systems, injection moulding and hydraulic lifts. The flow of non-Newtonian fluid within two moving surfaces was first investigated by Stefan [9] using theory of lubrication. Subsequent to the Stefan's work, the research on squeeze flow has gain interest from researchers and it is discovered in different geometries. Later, Reynolds [10] and Archibald [11] explored the squeeze flow in the elliptical and rectangular geometries. The governing equations is formulated according to the Reynolds equation. However, it is not proper to be applied in the squeezing flow with high velocity and porous thrust bearings as stated in Jackson [12] and Ishizawa [13] studies. Therefore, many renewed studies are performed to revise the formulation model of the squeeze flow mathematically [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].
Jeffrey fluid is classified as Non-Newtonian fluid due to the flow behaviour depends on the shear stress applied. The fluid acts as a solid if the shear stress exerted is lower than yield stress, whereas the fluid begins to flow if the shear stress exerted is more than yield stress [22,23]. The mathematical model of Jeffrey fluid used time derivatives as an alternative to convective derivatives. The parameter of relaxation and retardation times in the Jeffrey model are significant for the representation of the viscoelastics properties in the polymer sectors [24]. Jeffrey fluid model is treated as the model for the blood flow over thin arteries [25], motion of chyme through small intestine [26] and food bolus in oesophagus [27] due to its rheological characteristics.
The study of magnetohydrodynamics flow at the boundary layer has been acknowledged by many scientists due to its concept is applicable in various engineering devices. The magnetic field is imposed in the electrical conducted fluid generate Lorentz force. The applications of Lorentz force occur in various devices such as mass spectrometers and cyclotrons [28,29]. Recently, the advancement of Darcy's Law lead to the research on the flow through porous medium increases. The implementation of porous medium is recommended in the engine cooling devices because it is useful in boosting the heat removal in the devices [30]. Hayat et al. [31] studied the impact of MHD on unsteady Jeffrey fluid flow caused by squeeze between two porous plates with suction and injection. The analytical series solution was achieved by Homotopy analysis method (HAM). Then, Muhammad et al. [32] extended Hayat et al. [31] with the stretching porous lower surface. The MHD flow of Jeffrey fluid through permeable medium across circular channel was analysed by Nallapu and Radhakrishnamacharya [33]. Later, the mixed convection flow of Jeffrey fluid over stretched vertical plate at a stagnation point with magnetic field was examined by Ahmad and Ishak [34]. Keller-box scheme is employed to discretize the problem numerically. Hayat et al. [35] explored MHD squeezing flow of Jeffrey nanofluid over two disks.
The role of viscous dissipation in the flow and heat transfer of high velocity or viscosity fluid is relevant in numerous manufacturing processes, such as strand casting, hot rolling and high extrusion of polymer materials. Sheikholeslami et al. [36] initiated the research on time dependent squeeze flow of nanofluid within two surfaces with viscous dissipation using Tiwari and Das model. The similar problem was reported from Pourmehran et al. [37] and Gorgani et al. [38] by implementing different methods. Acharya et al. [39] extended the previous problem with magnetic field impact. Later, Azimi and Riazi [40] discovered the work of Acharya et al. [39] via Buongiorno's nanofluid model. The influences of viscous dissipation and velocity slip on the MHD squeeze flow of nanofluid was examined by Singh et al. [41]. In Non-Newtonian fluid, numerical solution of unsteady flow of Jeffrey nanofluid past a stretched surface with the impacts of Brownian motion, thermophoresis and viscous dissipation was presented by El-Zahar et al. [42]. Fourth-Order Finite Difference Continuation Method (FFDCM) is used in their study. The hydromagnetic flow of Jeffrey nanofluid over a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation and joule heating was studied by Shahzad et al. [43].
Thermal radiation is the electromagnetic waves that emitted from the heated surface. It is converted from thermal energy to electromagnetic energy due to the kinetic interactions among particles on the surface. The radiative heat transfer effects is usually arised in removal of heat on nuclear fuel debris, propulsion system and radiative waste materials disposal [44,45]. Madaki et al. [46] analysed the influences of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on the squeeze flow of nanofluid within two plates by imposing Tiwari and Das model. Later, Sheikholeslami et al. [47] continued the work of Madaki et al. [46] by taking into account magnetic field. The previous problem was extended by Mittal et al. [48] with the impact of heat sink/source. Pandey and Kumar [49] investigated the unsteady MHD squeeze flow of nanofluid over porous medium with suction and injection. In Non-Newtonian fluid, Ashraf et al. [50] discovered the impacts of thermal radiation on MHD flow of Jeffrey nanofluid past a radial stretched wall with convective heat and mass transfer. The magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow on a stretching plate under the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink was reported by Sharma and Gupta [51].
The flow behaviour with chemical reaction is a topic of currrent interest because of its industrial importance, for instance nuclear power plants, chemical catalytic reactors, gas turbines and propulsion devices in aircraft [52,53]. Several researchers discovered the impacts of chemical reaction in the different flow geometries. The presence of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on hydromagnetic squeeze flow of nanofluid in two disks with suction and injection was discovered by Ullah et al. [54]. Further, Mohamed et al. [55] discussed the squeezing nanofluid flow across permeable medium with chemical reaction, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink. In non-Newtonian fluid, the mixed convection flow of MHD Jeffrey nanofluid past permeable cone under the effects of chemical reaction and thermal radiation was examined by Raju et al. [56]. Later, Shankar and Naduvinamani [57] analysed the squeeze flow of Casson nanofluid with magnetic field, viscous dissipation, joule heating and chemical reaction. The work of Shankar and Naduvinamani [57] was continued by Noor et al. [58] with the flow of Casson nanofluid over porous medium in the presence of heat source/ sink.
The abovementioned cited papers reveal that most of the studies limited to the squeeze flow of nanofluid. Clearly, no study is conducted on Jeffrey nanofluid flow between two moving plates. Motivated by the above literature survey, the objective of this research is to investigate unsteady squeeze flow of Jeffrey nanofluid with impacts of viscous dissipation, joule heating, chemical reaction, thermal radiation and heat source or sink. The numerical results are solved via Keller-box scheme and computed by MATLAB software. The graphical outputs for velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration are investigated with several important parameters.
The present work is applicable to be implemented as the model for nuclear reactor safety because it is involved the flow with chemical reaction [59]. The nuclear reaction process is automatically terminated when hazards occur. Furthermore, the presence of magnetic field in the flow increase the electricity induced by nuclear reactor [60]. Heat transfer capacity in nanofluid is higher than conventional fluid by thousand times. The addition of nanoparticles boosts the thermal conductivity of Jeffrey fluid. It is discovered that efficiency of heat transfer in nuclear power plant rises and consequently, decrease the thermal hydraulic problems system involving high temperature fluctuations due to thermal striping and thermal stratifications [61]. Hence, the new gateway for the better energy optimization and protection system in nuclear power plant is explored within the present study.

Mathematical formulation
The unsteady magnetohydrodynamics flow of Jeffrey nanofluid due to squeeze of two surfaces over permeable medium with thermal radiation, chemical reaction and heat source/sink. Furthermore, the impacts of viscous dissipation and joule heating are analysed. The distance betweeen both plates is y ¼ �h t ð Þ ¼ �lð1 À atÞ  magnetic field T w temperature at upper plate (K) Based on the boundary layer approximations, the continuity, momentum, energy and concentration equations of Jeffrey nanofluid are The correlated boundary conditions are The definition of radiative heat flux, q r based on Roseland approximation is stated by The linear function of temperature is described by term T 4 because of the small temperature gradient in the fluid. Then, T 4 is expanded in Taylor series about T 1 by neglecting the higher order terms gives The energy equation is derived using Eqs (7) and (8) as follows The non-dimensional variables are implemented to reduce the partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations [22]; ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ð1 À atÞ ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ð1 À atÞ Substitute variables (10) into Eqs (2), (4) and (9), the dimensionless forms are obtained with the non-dimensional boundary conditions The significant parameters in the non-dimensional equations are defined as Physically, the movement of channel is portrayed by squeezing number with S>0 shows the plates approaches closer and S<0 shows the plates separates further. Deborah, Darcy and Hartmann numbers are important parameter for velocity profile. Furthermore, thermal radiation, Eckert number and heat generation/absorption parameters are used for regulation of temperature profile. The effect of chemical reaction is exhibited in the nanoparticles concentration profile. The flow in the simultaneous momentum and mass diffusion is described by Lewis number.

Results and discussion
The ordinary differential Eqs (8) to (10) with related boundary conditions (11) and (12) are derived via Keller-box scheme. The results are obtained and plotted graphically using algorithm built in MATLAB software. The proper prediction for the step size and boundary layer thickness is necessary to achieve the precise results. Here, Δη = 0.01 and η 1 = 1 are considered. Difference of previous and present outputs of velocity, temperature, and concentration is called convergence criteria. The iteration process is stopped when it converges to 10 −5 [64].
The computations for S, λ 1 , Ha, Da, De, δ, Pr, Ec, R d , γ, Le, N b , N t and R are conducted to analyse the behaviour of velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Tables 1 to 3 depict the present outputs are compared with the previous outputs in the journal as limiting cases.
The numerical outputs of skin friction coefficient for S are compared with Wang [17] and Ahmed et al. 65] in Table 1. The comparison of skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for S are portrayed in Table 2 with Naduvinamani and Shankar [62]. Table 3 shows

S Naduvinamani and Shankar [62]
Present outputs     11 displays that the axial velocity decreases for η�0.5 and it enhancing for η>0.5 with raise in Ha. It is noticed that the cross flow of velocity profile occurs at the middle of the boundary layer. Fig 12 depicts the variation of Ha on temperature field. It is observed that the flow temperature boosts with raise in Ha. The influences of Ha on nanoparticles concentration is described in Fig 13. The reduction of concentration profile is shown for increasing Ha.

PLOS ONE
temperature field is explored in Fig 17. It is observed that the flow temperature elevates for increasing Ec. The heat generated due to the motion of fluid particles in the flow with high viscosity is known as viscous dissipation. It is denoted by Eckert number. The raise in Ec elevates the kinetic energy of fluid particles, and it cause boosting the temperature in the flow. The fluid vicinity and therefore, elevating the temperature profile. On the contrary, an opposite behaviour is shown in the heat sink case. The effect of N b on temperature field is portrayed in Fig 20. It is discovered that the flow temperature drops as N b rises. Brownian motion is a significant factor that enhances the thermal conductivity of nanofluid. It promotes the heat transfer from flow vicinity to the upper wall, which resulting in the temperature of the flow decreases. The variation of N t on temperature field is demonstrated in Fig 21. The flow temperature elevates with enhancement of N t . The thermophoretic force in the nanofluid is induced by the temperature gradient within the flow and the upper wall. This force accelerates the kinetic energy of nanoparticles and consequently, increasing the temperature profile in the fluid vicinity. constructive chemical reaction promotes the reaction rate in the nanofluid and thus, enhances the fluid concentration. Meanwhile, an opposite behaviour is found in the destructive chemical reaction case.

Physical quantities of interest
Skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are the physical quantities of interest in the fluid flow. The friction of the fluid against the boundary plate is illustrated by skin friction parameter. Furthermore, Nusselt and Sherwood parameters are the non-dimensional parameter that represents the rate of thermal and mass transfer within the flow and boundary plate. The definition of skin friction coefficient Cf x , Nusselt number Nu x and Sherwood number Sh x are denoted by [64] where τ w , q w and q s are the skin friction, heat and mass flux on the plate. The expressions of τ w , q w and q s are given as The non-dimensional of Cf x , Nu x and Sh x are ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ð1 À atÞ p Nu x ¼ À y 0 ð1Þ; ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ð1 À atÞ p Sh x ¼ À � 0 ð1Þ: Numerical results of the physical quantities when varying the dimensionless parameters is depicted in Tables 4-7. Table 4 demonstrates the influence of S on skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is found that the skin friction coefficient boosts as S rises, while contrary effect is noted in the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. The internal friction of  the fluid and the boundary surface elevates caused by the flow accelerates as the plates moving closer. Meanwhile, the deceleration of Nusselt and Sherwood numbers rate is caused by the kinetic energy of nanoparticles slows down in the narrow channel. The variation of λ 1 , De, Da and Ha on wall shear stress is presented in Table 5. The skin friction coefficient enhances for increasing Ha, while it drops with raise in λ 1 , Da and De. The velocity profile adjacent the upper boundary raises due to the Lorentz force, which result in enhancing the frictional force in the nanofluid. In contrast, the viscosity of Jeffrey fluid rises as λ 1 and De increases, and thus the velocity decreases in the flow region. Moreover, the increment of Da reduce the flow adjacent the upper boundary. Consequently, the velocity profile declines lead to the drop of skin friction coefficient.  Consequently, this behaviour has caused the Sherwood number declines. Meanwhile, the opposite behaviour is observed for increasing of Le, R and N t . The increment of Sherwood number indicates that Le, R and N t boosts the mass transfer caused by convection.

Conclusions
The impacts of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on unsteady hydromagnetic squeezing flow of Jeffrey nanofluid in a porous channel with heat source/sink was analysed. The presence of joule heating and viscous dissipation is considered. The governing equations is solved using Keller-box scheme and then, the numerical and graphical results are attained via MATLAB software. Comparison of the present results with previous published results is carried out. It is discovered in excellent agreement. Physically, the influences of S, λ 1 , Ha, Da, De, δ, Pr, Ec, R d , γ, Le, N b , N t and R on velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration are examined. The significant results from the analysis are summarized as: 1. The flow velocity increases as the surfaces moving closer (S>0) and it decreases as the plates moving apart (S<0) nearer the upper plate vicinity. 2. The wall shear stress accelerates for increasing Ha and S, whereas it drops with raise in λ 1 , De and Da.
3. The reduction of flow velocity, temperature, and concentration is noticed as λ 1 and Ha increases.
4. The velocity profile adjacent the upper plate vicinity decelerates for increasing Da and De.
5. The temperature profile and heat transfer rate boost with raise in Pr, Ec, γ and N t , whereas opposite impact is observed when N b increases.
6. The increment of R d reducing the temperature profile and it enhancing the heat transfer rate.
7. The nanoparticles concentration drops, and the mass transfer rate accelerates for increasing R, Le and N t .
8. The increase in N b enhance the nanoparticles concentration and decline the mass transfer rate.