Identification of novel regulators of STAT3 activity

STAT3 mediates signalling downstream of cytokine and growth factor receptors where it acts as a transcription factor for its target genes, including oncogenes and cell survival regulating genes. STAT3 has been found to be persistently activated in many types of cancers, primarily through its tyrosine phosphorylation (Y705). Here, we show that constitutive STAT3 activation protects cells from cytotoxic drug responses of several drug classes. To find novel and potentially targetable STAT3 regulators we performed a kinase and phosphatase siRNA screen with cells expressing either a hyperactive STAT3 mutant or IL6-induced wild type STAT3. The screen identified cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (CDC7), casein kinase 2, alpha 1 (CSNK2), discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2), cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha (PI4KII), C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase H (PTPRH) as potential STAT3 regulators. Using small molecule inhibitors targeting these proteins, we confirmed dose and time dependent inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription, suggesting that inhibition of these kinases may provide strategies for dampening STAT3 activity in cancers.

The discussion has been shortened and we have tried to avoid repetition of ideas from the introduction.
2. There too much description of the result in the Figure legends, which are in the Results section. Figure Legends should be concise, noting the method, and any specifics; the number biological and technical repeats and statistical significance and method.
We have edited the figure legends accordingly.

How many independent experiments and what do error bars represent?
We have included this information to the figure legends.
4. The Figure legends should all be together after the references in manuscripts.
Figure legends have been moved to after the references.
This has been corrected.
6. Fig 2A and B could be simply described in the methods, as they are repetitive and contain a lot of text.
We have removed Fig 2A and 2B from the main figures.
Reviewer #1: The study authored by Parri et al reports on the identification of partially novel STAT3-regulators. The manuscript is very well written, the figures are clearly represented and overall the study is easy to read and to follow. Especially the description of the materials and methods section is very detailed. The manuscript shows a highly interesting and comprehensive data-set using a sophisticated screening assay (measuring viability, cytotoxicity and STAT3 transcriptional activity) targeting more than 1000 genes and narrowing them down to 7 targets regulating STAT3 activity. There are still a few open questions: 1. Celltiter-Glo and CellTox Green measure viability and cytotoxicity, respectively. It is thus anticipated and was recently nicely shown that these two assays should complement each other and basically show opposite result (please see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540958/). It would be very interesting to know, what the authors think that the reasons might be for the observed differences in cytotoxicity, while the viability stays unchanged when treating the cells with different chemicals and inhibitors ( Figure 1).
We have now addressed this point in the discussion (lines 330-333). We have previously described that in a strong viability response (with relatively fast-growing cells), it is often difficult to separate cytotoxic from cytostatic responses [1]. However, the viability inhibition curves in general in Fig 1 go a bit deeper in the case where greater cytotoxicity is induced.
2. As CDK8, CDC7 and CSNK2A1 represent serine/threonine kinases, it is puzzling why the authors chose to analyse the effect of the respective inhibitors on STAT3-Y705 phosphorylation, rather than STAT3-S727 phosphorylation. It would be advisable to add the effect of kinase inhibition on STAT3-S727 phosphorylation (according to Figure 5). And to make the story complete, please add the inhibitor treatment and STAT3-pY/pS-analysis on IL-6-treated STAT3-WT cells.
This is an important point and we have therefore added data also on pS727 levels with all inhibitor treatments ( Figure 5).
In line 335, the authors mention that CDK8-i causes the strongest reduction of pY705 phosphorylation, but Figure 5 actually shows that CDC7-i is equally potent. It is intriguing that serine kinase inhibition impacts on tyrosine-phosphorylation. It would be highly interesting to know the authors' thoughts about the reason for the reduced Y705-STAT3 phosphorylation upon serine-kinase inhibition.
We agree that CDC7 inhibition is similar in its potency to reduce pY705 levels to CDK8 inhibition and we have therefore have corrected this on lines 316-317.
Our phospho-STAT3 western blotting data suggest that all hit genes likely are indirect regulators of STAT3 (not directly phosphorylating or dephosphorylating STAT3) and therefore assume that the signals that are affected by CDC7 or CDK8 inhibition ultimately lead to reduced phosphotyrosine levels through altered regulation of tyrosine kinases/phosphatases. We have addressed this in in the results and discussion (lines 316-322 and lines 372-380).
3. With regards to the observation, that some of the inhibitors showed a clear kinetic in the STAT3 reporter activity assays in STAT3-mutant cells, the authors conclude that this suggests a difference in protein phosphorylation turnover. Could this observation also be a result of constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in the mutant cell line compared to de-novo-STAT3 activation upon IL-6 in WT cells? Or could this point towards an indirect effect of kinaseinhibition on STAT3 activity? It will be interesting to hear the author's view on this.
We appreciate this point and agree that it is also possible that the difference between STAT3(wt) and STAT3(Y640F) expressing cells is due to the difference in assays. We have therefore addressed this in the manuscript on lines 254-264. Figure 4 suggest that in most cases, kinase inhibition has a more potent effect in STAT3-Y740F cells compared to IL-6-treated STAT3-WT cells. Please discuss these findings in the manuscript. These observations are particularly interesting, as Figure 1 shows that constitutively activated STAT3 protects cells from cell toxicity.

The reporter assays shown in
After reviewing the data, we find that only the DDR2 inhibitor regorafenib has a more potent effect in STAT3 ( In figure 4 we observed an error in the silmitasertib viability curve that has been corrected. Furthermore, we added data from one more biological replicate to the figure and edited the figure legend accordingly. 5. The authors mention that the data in Figure 3 shows that only PI4KII inhibited STAT3 and STAT1 activity. To this reviewer, the effect of CDK8 KD looks very similar in this assay, and also CSK KD seems to have some (counterintuitive) effect on STAT1-activity. Please explain the rational why the authors do not mention these, and please add and/or discuss.
We agree that the CDK8 KD is very similar in in STAT1 assay, but we could not conclude an effect by CDK8 KD on STAT1 transcriptional activity because of having tested only two siRNAs. We have clarified this in the text on lines 241-243.
The counterintuitive CSK KD on effect to STAT3 vs STAT1 could be due to that SRC is activated by IFNγ and is involved in the activation of STAT3 but not STAT1 [2]. However, the effects we see on STAT1 transcriptional activity by CSK knockdown is not consistent enough across the tested siRNAs to draw a conclusion that it causes an inhibition rather than an activation. We have clarified this in the manuscript on lines 241-242 and in discussion lines 376-380.
Additionally, the authors claim that the KD generally caused stronger inhibition of WT STAT3 activity than mutant STAT3. It is not clear how the authors came to this conclusion. Please add the respective data to support this conclusion.
We observed stronger general inhibition of STAT3(wt) in the primary screen (Figure 2A and figure below), but this observation didn't carry through in the validation screen and the same difference was not observed in the final hits. Therefore, we have removed the claim from the manuscript (from figure legend 3).
6. In line, Figure 4 shows that the inhibition of CSNK2 and DDR2 have greater effects on STAT3-reporter activity in STAT3-Y640F mutant cells compared to STAT3-WT cells. Please discuss the discrepancy to the previous point.
The previous comment was about the siRNA screen as whole as mentioned earlier, we realized that this effect was not consistent through the follow-up screens and we therefore removed that statement. As discussed in point 4, in figure 4, although it may first look like several of the small molecule inhibitors were effective at inhibiting STAT3 reporter activity in STAT3 mutant cell than in STAT3 wt cells, only the DDR2 inhibitor has a clear selective effect.
7. In lines 286-289 the authors mention that they see "stronger reduction" or reporter activity in STAT3-Y740F cells than in STAT3-WT cells, but the major difference is not the reporter activity, but the kinetics of it. The authors may consider changing their wording.
It is true that the major difference is the kinetics of the two cell lines. We have changed the wording in the manuscript (lines 269-271).
8. In the discussion in line 387 the authors mention that CDK8 has not been linked to STAT3 Dotted lines represent negative (100 %) and positive (0 %) controls. Dark blue and red lines represent mean and SD of all 1056 screened siRNAs. p < 0.0001 (paired t-test). p < 0.0001 before, although afterwards they clearly discuss the previous findings by Bancerek et al. Likewise, also CSK has been previously (indirectly) linked to STAT3 phosphorylation.
We agree that these were previous links that we had failed to report and the text has now been corrected (lines 374-375).
Minor points: 1. Please explain the molecular details and functional consequences of the STAT3(Y640F) mutation in the manuscript (especially with regards to Y705, S727 phosphorylation and target gene transcription).
The mutations in the SH2 domain, STAT3(Y640F) result in increased hydrophobicity of the STAT3 dimerization site (pY+3 pocket) that results in a more stable form of STAT3 dimer, constitutive Y705 phosphorylation, enhanced nuclear stability and increased transcriptional activity. The STAT3(Y640F) mutation does not have an effect on S727 phosphorylation [3]. We have clarified this in the manuscript (lines 45-49). We have made supplementary figure using raw luciferase data addressing the data mentioned in lines 215 -219 ( Fig S1) and the text is edited accordingly. Furthermore, we have labelled separately siSTAT3 and siDEATH in figure 2A where the positive control is siSTAT3 and assay control is siDEATH.

Is there a reason, why the authors do not mention PI4KII and PTPRH in the abstract?
The reason why we initially did not mention PI4KII and PTPRH in the abstract was that we did not have selective small molecule inhibitors against these proteins. We have included them now in the abstract.

The sentence in lines 273-275 is difficult to understand.
The sentence: "Generally, the reporter activity inhibition occurred more slowly in STAT3(Y640F) expressing cells than the STAT3(wt) cells, suggesting that the STAT3(Y640F) protein phosphorylation turnover is slower." Has been edited to: "We observed that the reporter activity inhibition occurred more slowly in STAT3(Y640F) expressing cells than the STAT3(wt) cells, suggesting that the STAT3(Y640F) protein de-phosphorylation is slower." Lines 254-260.
6. For the purpose of consistency, please add the name of the CDC7 inhibitor in line 289.
We have corrected this to the text. Figure 5, which samples have been analysed after 48 or 72 hours, respectively.

Please indicate in
We have labelled the samples accordingly in figure 5. 8. In line 384 the authors mention that the six kinases and one phosphatase regulate EITHER STAT3-mutant OR STAT3-WT in HEK cells, but it should read AND/OR. The text has been edited according to the suggestion. 9. In the legend of Figure S2: Please add "STAT3"-reporter activity... (line 618).
We have edited the Fig S2 legend according to the suggestion. 10. In Figure 1C and 1C the axis of the GSK-461364 inhibior are not set to 100.
The GSK-461364 data had points outside the range of the ranges of the other data sets and we had therefore set a different scale on the y-axis for this inhibitor. As the reviewer suggests, it makes sense to have the graphs coherent and we have therefore now set the yaxis maximum to 125 for all the inhibitors in figure 1C and 1D.
11. The data in Figure 2D is displayed in a rather complicated manner. Maybe the authors find an easier way to plot their data. Figure 2D (now Figure 2B) has been simplified.

Reviewer #2:
The supplemental files contain processed data, but should be labeled as to their content, and how data was normalized or processed. The supplemental files need legends and supplemental text. I did not see it?
We have added supplemental legends and text explaining the data in supplemental files and corrected the labelling of the files.
Reviewer #3: STAT3 mediates signalling downstream of cytokine and growth factor receptors where it acts as a transcription factor for its target genes, including oncogenes and cell survival regulating genes. STAT3 has been found to be persistently activated in many types of cancers, primarily through its tyrosine phosphorylation (Y705), and it is often taken as an target gene for the cancer therapeutic agents. In this paper, the authors find that constitutive STAT3 activation protects cells from cytotoxic drug responses of several drug classes. After performing a kinase and phosphatase siRNA screen with cells expressing either a hyperactive STAT3 mutant or IL6-induced wild type STAT3, the authors suggest that inhibiting the kinases (CDC7, CSNK2, DDR2 and CDK8 may provide strategies for dampening STAT3 activity in cancers. The manuscript is well organized, but I would like to encourage the authors to do some improvements. Figure 3, what is the meaning of the three bar columns in each group? And why are there only two bars in the CDK8 group of Fig 3C? Each bar represents different siRNAs targeting the labeled gene (i.e Hs_CDC7_1, Hs_CDC7_2, Hs_CDC7_5). The used siRNAs are listed in supporting file S3. The bars are matched so that in the figures 3 A, B, C individual siRNAs are in same order, with exception with siCDK8 in Fig 3C where only the first two siRNAs are matched. The figure has been edited and the different siRNAs are labelled to clarify this.

In
There are only two bars for CDK8 because we only had 2 siRNAs for this gene.
2. It is very interesting that 1μM ruxolitinib could not markedly reduce pY705 STAT3 level in STAT3(Y640F) expressing cells after 48 or 72 hours, but had a strong inhibitory effect on STAT3(wt) Y705 phosphorylation already after 4 hours. Therefore, I suggest that the authors use figure 4S as the formal figure and discuss this phenomenon further.
The difference between the effects on the wild type vs. mutant STAT3 likely comes from that we are comparing de novo vs. persistent phosphorylation. In the STAT3(wt) expressing cells STAT3 is activated by the addition of IL6 after the ruxolitinib addition whereas in the STAT3(Y640F) the Y640F is already phosphorylated before adding ruxolitinib. Therefore, the effects on the wt phosphorylation are assessing the impact of directly blocking JAKdependent phosphorylation of STAT3 (caused by IL6 stimulation). In the mutant case, we assess the impact on turnover of the phosphorylation (dephosphorylation followed by rephosphorylation) of STAT3. Further enhancing the differential effect, The STAT3(Y640F) mutant has been described to cause a more stable dimer than the wild type protein, causing a slower rate of dephosphorylation. Since the pY705 activation by IL6 in STAT3(wt) cells is fairly fast and short-lived we used a 20-minute IL6 stimulation prior to lysing the cells for western blots and a 3-hour stimulation for the luciferase reporter readout. Ruxolitinib serves in this study as control for de novo vs. constitutive STAT3 activation.
To clarify these differences between the wt and mutant-expressing cells, we have addressed this in the text on lines 45-49 and 254-263.
3. If the authors could draw a graph of these small molecular inhibitors on the targets of STAT3 signalling, it would be more helpful for the readers to understand the paper.
We have added a summary figure 6 of the siRNA screen hits and inhibitors targeting them.