Evaluation of the eNutri automated personalised nutrition advice by users and nutrition professionals in the UK

Nutrition apps have great potential to support people to improve their diets, but few apps give automated validated personalised nutrition advice. A web app capable of delivering automated personalised food-based nutrition advice (eNutri) was developed. The aims of this study were to i) evaluate and optimise the personalised nutrition report provided by the app and ii) compare the personalised food-based advice with nutrition professionals’ standards to aid validation. A study with nutrition professionals (NP) compared the advice provided by the app against professional Registered Dietitians (RD) (n = 16) and Registered Nutritionists (RN) (n = 16) standards. Each NP received two pre-defined scenarios, comprising an individual’s characteristics and dietary intake based on an analysis of a food frequency questionnaire, along with the nutrition food-based advice that was automatically generated by the app for that individual. NPs were asked to use their professional judgment to consider the scenario, provide their three most relevant recommendations for that individual, then consider the app’s advice and rate their level of agreement via 5-star scales (with 5 as complete agreement). NPs were also asked to comment on the eNutri recommendations, scores generated and overall impression. The mean scores for the appropriateness, relevance and suitability of the eNutri diet messages were 3.5, 3.3 and 3.3 respectively.


 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease. '  SALT Your intake is VERY HIGH -Your diet is very high in salt.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Low fat milk (semi-skimmed milk) 2. Non-creamy soups (minestrone, vegetable) 3. Tomato sauces (in Bolognese, on meatballs or pasta) 4. Pizza, calzone 5. Dark sauces (gravy, stir-fry sauces) -Try to limit your intake of high salt foods, such as dark sauces, bacon, smoked sh, sausages and cured meats. Instead, opt for leaner, unprocessed alternatives such as chicken breast. Avoid adding salt at the table.
-A low salt intake has been shown to bene t heart health as high amounts have been linked with the development of high blood pressure and kidney disease. '  HEALTHY FATS Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some healthy fats in your diet but would bene t from more.
-Increase your healthy fat intake by swapping butter with liquid plant oils, and by choosing lean cuts of meat. Try having a handful of nuts each day as a snack.
-Healthy fats may help lower blood cholesterol and the chances of developing heart disease and strokes. Healthy fats are also a great source of vitamin E. ' This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. Hi Participant 3, This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 ALCOHOL
Your intake is VERY HIGH -Your alcohol intake is very high.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Beer, lager, cider 2. Spirits (Gin, brandy, whiskey, vodka) -Try to reduce your alcohol intake, for example by having smaller amounts (e.g. a small glass of wine instead of a large) or swapping strong beers or wines for ones with a lower strength (ABV in %). Alternating between alcoholic and soft drinks will also help to keep you hydrated. It is also important to avoid binge drinking (i.e. drinking very large quantities of alcohol over a short period of time).
-Cutting down on alcohol helps to increase energy levels, avoid weight gain and improve mood, sleep and heart health.
'  RED AND PROCESSED MEAT Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
Your intake is VERY LOW -The amount of oily sh in your diet is low.
-Try to include a portion of oily sh, such as a salmon or fresh tuna, the size of a deck of cards in your weekly diet (e.g. instead of red meat for dinner) to ensure that you are meeting the minimum requirements.
-Adding more sources of oily sh into your diet will help to maintain healthy blood fat levels and prevent heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 RED AND PROCESSED MEAT
Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! Your diet contains some fruits but you would bene t from having even more.
-Adding a heaped tablespoon of dried fruit or a handful of fresh berries to your cereal and swapping a snack with a piece of fresh fruit are fun and easy ways to boost your fruit intake.
-Regular vitamin-rich fruit intake has been shown to have bene cial health effects and may lower the chances of developing several cancers and heart disease.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some nuts and legumes in your diet but would bene t from more.
-Adding a handful of seeds to your salad, a cup of legumes such as lentils to your main meals or having a handful of nuts as a snack are easy ways to boost your intake.
-Nuts and legumes are an excellent source of bre, vitamins and minerals, which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. Hi Participant 5, This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 RED AND PROCESSED MEAT
Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 DAIRY PRODUCTS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not including enough dairy sources in your diet.
-Having a glass of milk with your breakfast, low-fat cheese in your sandwich or cup of yoghurt as a snack are simple ways to increase your dairy intake.
-Dairy products are an important source of calcium, protein and vitamin D, which all play a vital role in bone health.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers.
-Adding a variety of oily sh in your diet will ensure that you are meeting your requirement. Choose from smoked salmon/mackerel and non-smoked sh, such as fresh tuna and sardines.
-Oily sh helps to reduce your blood fat levels and therefore lowers your chances of developing heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. '

 RED AND PROCESSED MEAT
Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
Your intake is VERY LOW -The amount of oily sh in your diet is low.
-Try to include a portion of oily sh, such as a salmon or fresh tuna, the size of a deck of cards in your weekly diet (e.g. instead of red meat for dinner) to ensure that you are meeting the minimum requirements.
-Adding more sources of oily sh into your diet will help to maintain healthy blood fat levels and prevent heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
 RED AND PROCESSED MEAT Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some whole grains in your diet but would bene t from having more.
-Try to include a wide variety of grains in your diet by having whole grain cereal or oats, whole grain bread instead of white bread and by swapping white rice or pasta with brown rice/pasta.
-Whole grains are high in bre, B vitamins and minerals and have been shown to be protective against heart disease, some cancers and diabetes.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. Hi Participant 9, This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
 SUGARS Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating lots of sugary products.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Fruit squash, cordial, nectar 2. Sweet biscuits, chocolate (digestive, cookies) 3. Sugar (added to tea, coffee, cereal) 4. Baked beans 5. White bread -Try to have less in your diet. If you are craving something sweet, try having a banana, a handful of dried fruits or a sugar-free soft drink. These are sweet and healthier alternatives. Avoid adding sugar to hot drinks and breakfast cereals.
-Foods and drinks that are rich in sugars have been linked with the development of several diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. Hi Participant 10, This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

 SUGARS
Your intake is MODERATE -Good job! You have been avoiding some sugary products.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Sweet biscuits, plain (nice, ginger) 2. Sugar (added to tea, coffee, cereal) 3. Jam, marmalade, honey 4. Chocolates, single or squares 5. Crispbread (ryvita) -Try to swap foods that are rich in free sugars such as donuts, cakes and sugary drinks with dried fruits, a small piece of dark chocolate, low-fat milk or a piece of fruit.
-High amounts of foods and drinks that are high in sugars may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Reducing your intake is extremely bene cial to your health.

 HEALTHY FATS
Your intake is ADEQUATE -Well done! Your diet contains good sources of healthy fats.
-Replacing butter with liquid plant-based oils in your cooking is an easy way to boost your healthy fat intake.
-Healthy fats may lower cholesterol levels, the chances of developing heart disease and strokes and are a great source of essential vitamins.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. -Try to have less in your diet. If you are craving something sweet, try having a banana, a handful of dried fruits or a sugar-free soft drink. These are sweet and healthier alternatives. Avoid adding sugar to hot drinks and breakfast cereals.
-Foods and drinks that are rich in sugars have been linked with the development of several diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

 RED AND PROCESSED MEAT
Your intake is VERY HIGH -You are eating high amounts of red and processed meats.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap red meat with skinless chicken breast, oily sh such as salmon, turkey or legumes as they are all sources of lean protein. Swap processed meats, such as ham, with low-fat cheese in your sandwiches.
-Red and processed meats are high in saturated fat and have been linked to the development of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. '

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 HEALTHY FATS
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some healthy fats in your diet but would bene t from more.
-Increase your healthy fat intake by swapping butter with liquid plant oils, and by choosing lean cuts of meat. Try having a handful of nuts each day as a snack.
-Healthy fats may help lower blood cholesterol and the chances of developing heart disease and strokes. Healthy fats are also a great source of vitamin E.

 FRUITS
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! Your diet contains some fruits but you would bene t from having even more.
-Adding a heaped tablespoon of dried fruit or a handful of fresh berries to your cereal and swapping a snack with a piece of fresh fruit are fun and easy ways to boost your fruit intake.
-Regular vitamin-rich fruit intake has been shown to have bene cial health effects and may lower the chances of developing several cancers and heart disease.
'  DAIRY PRODUCTS Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some dairy sources in your diet but would bene t from even more.
-Low-fat yoghurt, low-fat cheese and/or a glass of milk are quick and easy snacks to include in your daily diet.
-Dairy products are important for bone health and are rich in calcium, vitamin D and protein.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. Hi Participant 13, This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 ALCOHOL
Your intake is VERY HIGH -Your alcohol intake is very high.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Wine 2. Beer, lager, cider -Try to reduce your alcohol intake, for example by having smaller amounts (e.g. a small glass of wine instead of a large) or swapping strong beers or wines for ones with a lower strength (ABV in %). Alternating between alcoholic and soft drinks will also help to keep you hydrated. It is also important to avoid binge drinking (i.e. drinking very large quantities of alcohol over a short period of time).
-Cutting down on alcohol helps to increase energy levels, avoid weight gain and improve mood, sleep and heart health.
'  WHOLE GRAINS Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. '

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers. '

 HEALTHY FATS
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some healthy fats in your diet but would bene t from more.
-Increase your healthy fat intake by swapping butter with liquid plant oils, and by choosing lean cuts of meat. Try having a handful of nuts each day as a snack.
-Healthy fats may help lower blood cholesterol and the chances of developing heart disease and strokes. Healthy fats are also a great source of vitamin E.

'
 SUGARS Your intake is MODERATE -Good job! You have been avoiding some sugary products.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: -Try to swap foods that are rich in free sugars such as donuts, cakes and sugary drinks with dried fruits, a small piece of dark chocolate, low-fat milk or a piece of fruit.
-High amounts of foods and drinks that are high in sugars may contribute to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Reducing your intake is extremely bene cial to your health.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 WHOLE GRAINS
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough whole grains in your diet.
-Swapping white our/bread/rice/pasta with brown and whole grain alternatives and sweetened cereals with whole grain cereals such as bran akes are simple ways to increase your intake of whole grains.
-Whole grains are a great source of bre, which is bene cial for digestion and may help to reduce the risk of heart disease and some cancers.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

'
 OILY FISH Your intake is VERY LOW -The amount of oily sh in your diet is low.
-Try to include a portion of oily sh, such as a salmon or fresh tuna, the size of a deck of cards in your weekly diet (e.g. instead of red meat for dinner) to ensure that you are meeting the minimum requirements.
-Adding more sources of oily sh into your diet will help to maintain healthy blood fat levels and prevent heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups. This is your personalised report.
The following messages present the most important diet changes recommended for you.

 NUTS AND LEGUMES
Your intake is VERY LOW -You are not eating enough nuts and legumes.
-Try to have more nuts and legumes in your diet by adding a handful of nuts to your cereal, swapping a cup of rice with a cup of lentils or chickpeas, or adding seeds to your salad.
-Nuts and legumes are rich in plant-based proteins and a great source of bre, vitamins and minerals which can lower the risk of heart disease.

 HEALTHY FATS
Your intake is MEDIUM -Good job! You are including some healthy fats in your diet but would bene t from more.
-Increase your healthy fat intake by swapping butter with liquid plant oils, and by choosing lean cuts of meat. Try having a handful of nuts each day as a snack.
-Healthy fats may help lower blood cholesterol and the chances of developing heart disease and strokes. Healthy fats are also a great source of vitamin E.

'
 SUGARS Your intake is LOW -Well done! You are avoiding high sugar products.
-Based on your questionnaire, these are the food items that contributed the most to this component: 1. Pure fruit juice (orange) 2. Jam, marmalade, honey 3. Dark wholemeal breads (rye or soda) 4. Breakfast cereals (muesli, cruesli) 5. Breakfast wholegrain cereals (bran akes, barley akes) -Try to reduce your intake even further for maximum health bene t by swapping sugary zzy drinks with sparkling water and sweet desserts with a piece of fruit/dried fruit.
-Foods that are rich in sugar have been linked with the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

'
This section presents a summary of your progress. For each component, you receive a score between 0 and 100. Foods are divided into two groups: (1) recommended foods (the more the better, and (2) foods to limit (less is better). Your overall Healthy Eating Score is a combination of your scores from these two groups.