%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Annieke C. W. Borst, Wilco C. E. P. Verberk, Christine Angelini, Jildou Schotanus, Jan-Willem Wolters, Marjolijn J. A. Christianen, Els M. van der Zee, Marlous Derksen-Hooijberg, Tjisse van der Heide
Foundation species enhance food web complexity through non-trophic facilitation
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 12 0 R/Contents 13 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
12 0 obj
[14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R]
endobj
14 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref001)>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref002)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref007)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref008)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref009)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref010)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref011)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref012)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref014)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref014)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref019)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref012)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref013)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref020)>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref017)>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref021)>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref020)>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref022)>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref023)>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref024)>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref026)>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref012)>>
endobj
36 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref013)>>
endobj
37 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref021)>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref023)>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref027)>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref030)>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref031)>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref032)>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref024)>>
endobj
44 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref032)>>
endobj
45 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref031)>>
endobj
46 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref034)>>
endobj
47 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref031)>>
endobj
48 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref035)>>
endobj
49 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 50 0 R>>
endobj
50 0 obj
<>
endobj
13 0 obj
[51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R]
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
495.0992 674.9858 m
499.8614 674.9858 l
h
f*
514.0913 596.9764 m
518.8535 596.9764 l
h
f*
524.0693 596.9764 m
528.7748 596.9764 l
h
f*
338.9102 558.0283 m
343.6724 558.0283 l
h
f*
348.0945 558.0283 m
352.8567 558.0283 l
h
f*
294.2929 532.0063 m
303.8173 532.0063 l
h
f*
308.2394 532.0063 m
317.7638 532.0063 l
h
f*
438.6331 493.0016 m
448.1008 493.0016 l
h
f*
453.3165 493.0016 m
462.8409 493.0016 l
h
f*
406.715 466.9795 m
416.2394 466.9795 l
h
f*
421.3984 466.9795 m
430.9228 466.9795 l
h
f*
338.2299 428.0315 m
347.7543 428.0315 l
h
f*
352.2331 428.0315 m
361.7575 428.0315 l
h
f*
366.1795 428.0315 m
375.7039 428.0315 l
h
f*
461.5937 350.022 m
471.0614 350.022 l
h
f*
475.5402 350.022 m
485.0646 350.022 l
h
f*
500.9386 336.9827 m
510.4063 336.9827 l
h
f*
514.885 336.9827 m
524.4094 336.9827 l
h
f*
528.8315 336.9827 m
538.3559 336.9827 l
h
f*
358.1858 311.0173 m
367.7102 311.0173 l
h
f*
372.8693 311.0173 m
382.3937 311.0173 l
h
f*
508.5921 220.0252 m
518.1165 220.0252 l
h
f*
522.5953 220.0252 m
532.1197 220.0252 l
h
f*
536.5417 220.0252 m
546.0661 220.0252 l
h
f*
551.2252 220.0252 m
560.7496 220.0252 l
h
f*
200.0126 206.9858 m
209.537 206.9858 l
h
f*
214.6961 206.9858 m
224.2205 206.9858 l
h
f*
462.4441 194.0031 m
471.9118 194.0031 l
h
f*
476.3906 194.0031 m
485.915 194.0031 l
h
f*
241.5685 142.0157 m
251.0929 142.0157 l
h
f*
255.515 142.0157 m
265.0394 142.0157 l
h
f*
360.6803 115.9937 m
370.148 115.9937 l
h
f*
375.3638 115.9937 m
384.8315 115.9937 l
h
f*
285.3921 90.0283 m
294.9165 90.0283 l
h
f*
299.3953 90.0283 m
308.863 90.0283 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 706.0535 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Introduction)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 689.1023 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Food)Tj
2.2903 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.972 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(consist)Tj
2.9876 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(long)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(focus)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(aim-)Tj
-35.7049 -1.3039 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(understand)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ecological)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(communities)Tj
5.4822 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(There)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(long)Tj
-34.8489 -1.2982 Td
(tradition)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(studying)Tj
3.6681 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.2802 0 Td
(consumer-resource)Tj
7.954 0 Td
(\(or)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(`trophic'\))Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6703 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(differ-)Tj
-35.0813 -1.2983 Td
(ent)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(make)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(describing)Tj
4.3824 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(networks.)Tj
-32.2694 -1.3039 Td
(Collectively,)Tj
5.0966 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(work)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(demonstrated)Tj
5.76 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.2747 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(itself,)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(such)Tj
-35.3761 -1.2983 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(links,)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(connectance)Tj
5.2214 0 Td
(\(realized)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(fraction)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(possible)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(links\),)Tj
-31.8272 -1.2982 Td
(compartmentalization)Tj
9.0934 0 Td
(\(also)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(referred)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(modularity\),)Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(interac-)Tj
-32.7626 -1.304 Td
(tions,)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(important)Tj
4.2859 0 Td
(determinants)Tj
5.5389 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(robustness)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(2)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(Further-)Tj
-33.664 -1.2982 Td
(more,)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(extension,)Tj
4.286 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(findings)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(indicate)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(changes)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.2916 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
-30.8294 -1.2983 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(cascade)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(network,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(thereby)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(destabilizing)Tj
5.2441 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(entire)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(web)Tj
-34.7922 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(corresponding)Tj
6.0604 0 Td
(ecosystem)Tj
4.2917 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2585 0 Td
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-13.6118 -1.3039 Td
(Although)Tj
4.0081 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(networks\))Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(intensively)Tj
4.5127 0 Td
(studied)Tj
3.1578 0 Td
(paradigmatic)Tj
5.4765 0 Td
(examples)Tj
-33.1254 -1.2982 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(ecological)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(networks)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(organisms)Tj
4.3596 0 Td
(do)Tj
1.2529 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(interact)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(feeding)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(interactions.)Tj
-31.6117 -1.2983 Td
(Non-trophic)Tj
5.2724 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.9662 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(habitat)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(modification,)Tj
5.5956 0 Td
(mutualism)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(competition)Tj
5.0966 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(space)Tj
-34.0041 -1.3039 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(suggested)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(indirectly)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(affect)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(topology)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(dynamics)Tj
4.0592 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(affecting)Tj
-33.4089 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(links)Tj
2.143 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(Although)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(numerous)Tj
-31.0675 -1.2982 Td
(recent)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(theoretical)Tj
4.439 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(emphasized)Tj
4.9323 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(urgency)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(integrate)Tj
3.7531 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(non-)Tj
-35.5235 -1.304 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.9719 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(ecological)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(19)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(empirical)Tj
3.9911 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(do)Tj
1.2529 0 Td
(so)Tj
-33.8851 -1.2982 Td
(remain)Tj
3.084 0 Td
(scarce.)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(Indeed,)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(few)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(empirical)Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(address)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(knowledge)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
(gap)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(suggest)Tj
-33.664 -1.2983 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(topology\))Tj
4.0649 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(strongly)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(influenced)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(interac-)Tj
-33.6697 -1.2983 Td
(tions)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(outside)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(20)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0819 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(include)Tj
3.1804 0 Td
(coastal)Tj
-33.8454 -1.3039 Td
(systems)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(very)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(limited,)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(remains)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(unclear)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(what)Tj
2.1657 0 Td
(extent)Tj
2.6815 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(findings)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(can)Tj
-35.6596 -1.2982 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(generalized)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(ecosystems.)Tj
4.8812 0 Td
(Moreover,)Tj
4.3937 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(non-trophic)Tj
5.091 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.9663 0 Td
(typically)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(affect)Tj
-34.9566 -1.2983 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1917 0 Td
(species,)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(levels,)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3087 0 Td
(groups)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web,)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(or,)Tj
1.3209 0 Td
(alternatively,)Tj
-30.2341 -1.3039 Td
(indiscriminately)Tj
6.7464 0 Td
(mediate)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(interactions)Tj
4.9663 0 Td
(throughout)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(has)Tj
-34.8885 -1.2983 Td
(yet)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(resolved.)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(While)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(multiple)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(suggest)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(sessile)Tj
2.6646 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(generally)Tj
3.8325 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(tro-)Tj
-35.2344 -1.2983 Td
(phic)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(benefit)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(others)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(non-trophic)Tj
5.0854 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.5013 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(21)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(work)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(suggests)Tj
-33.9134 -1.3039 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(benefits)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(mobile)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(22)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3946 0 Td
(23)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-31.6854 -1.2982 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(study,)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(general)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(hypothesis)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(speciesspatially)Tj
7.1773 0 Td
(dominant)Tj
-32.224 -1.2983 Td
(habitat-structuring)Tj
7.7952 0 Td
(organisms)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(\(see)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(e.g.)Tj
1.559 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(]\)modify)Tj
7.0412 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(enhancing)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(size)Tj
-34.4634 -1.3039 Td
(\(indicated)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(number\))Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6432 0 Td
(\(indicated)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(link)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(density\))Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.3777 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.4957 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.138 -1.2983 Td
(species,)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(regardless)Tj
4.1953 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(ecosystem)Tj
4.286 0 Td
(type.)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(Additionally,)Tj
5.4482 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3152 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.5931 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6498 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.033 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.041 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(proper-)Tj
-34.5371 -1.2982 Td
(ties)Tj
1.5703 0 Td
(caused)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(occurs)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.372 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(throughout)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.2649 -1.2983 Td
(entire)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.372 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1917 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(belong)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(certain)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(lev-)Tj
-35.9147 -1.3039 Td
(els)Tj
1.2472 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.3087 0 Td
(groups.)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(Although)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8369 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(like)Tj
1.6498 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(other)Tj
-34.4974 -1.2983 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(\(e.g.)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(prey)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(predator\),)Tj
4.2349 0 Td
(numerous)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(strongly)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(facilitate)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(the)Tj
-36.2095 -1.2983 Td
(associated)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(community)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(creating)Tj
3.4525 0 Td
(new)Tj
1.8766 0 Td
(habitat)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(alleviating)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(physical)Tj
3.4525 0 Td
(stress)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7404 0 Td
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.3947 0 Td
(21)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
-33.6527 -1.3039 Td
(27)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(30)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(form)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(non-trophic)Tj
5.0853 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(occur)Tj
-34.1572 -1.2982 Td
(across)Tj
2.6758 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(wide)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ecosystems)Tj
4.6545 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(environmental)Tj
6.1115 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(32)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(harsh)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(coastal)Tj
-32.9213 -1.2983 Td
(zones,)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(corals,)Tj
2.7893 0 Td
(kelps,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(mussels,)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(oysters,)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(seagrasses,)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(mangroves,)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(salt)Tj
1.5591 0 Td
(marsh)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(plants)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(facilitate)Tj
-32.6605 -1.3039 Td
(organisms)Tj
4.3539 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(attenuating)Tj
4.7679 0 Td
(currents)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(waves,)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(providing)Tj
4.1442 0 Td
(aboveground)Tj
5.4935 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(shelter)Tj
-33.2275 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(attachment,)Tj
4.9492 0 Td
(concentrating)Tj
5.777 0 Td
(nutrients,)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(reducing)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(desiccation)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(stress)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(tide)Tj
-34.9452 -1.2983 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(32)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(benign)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(systems,)Tj
3.5207 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(trees)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(forest,)Tj
-33.2445 -1.3039 Td
(shrubs)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(grasses)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(savannahs,)Tj
4.5524 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(macrophytes)Tj
5.3574 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(freshwater)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(systems,)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(found)Tj
-35.189 -1.2982 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(play)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(major)Tj
2.6079 0 Td
(habitat-structuring)Tj
7.8009 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(34)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5432 0 Td
(Ultimately,)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(increase)Tj
-32.7569 -1.2983 Td
(habitat)Tj
2.9876 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6375 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(availability,)Tj
4.7508 0 Td
(thereby)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(partitioning)Tj
5.006 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(enhancing)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(niche)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(space)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(avail-)Tj
-34.7468 -1.2983 Td
(able)Tj
1.8311 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(31)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(35)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 415.1055 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Foundation)Tj
5.1378 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.5504 0 Td
(boost)Tj
2.6221 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.1331 0 Td
(web)Tj
2.0197 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01991)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(52)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(August)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(31,)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(2018)Tj
34.0302 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
0.496 0 Td
(15)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-0.025 Tc
-66.402 84.0904 Td
(analysis,)Tj
3.4086 0 Td
(decision)Tj
3.2953 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.9497 0 Td
(publish,)Tj
3.1393 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0064 0 Td
(prepara)Tj
2.8205 0 Td
(tion)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9496 0 Td
(the)Tj
-17.1851 -1.3748 Td
(manuscript.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -2.126 Td
(Competing)Tj
4.3795 0 Td
(interests)Tj
3.3307 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
0.4819 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(authors)Tj
3.0401 0 Td
(have)Tj
1.963 0 Td
(declared)Tj
-14.7827 -1.3749 Td
(that)Tj
1.6228 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.1693 0 Td
(competing)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(interests)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
57 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
58 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
59 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
60 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
61 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
62 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
63 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
64 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
65 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
66 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
69 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
70 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
71 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
72 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
73 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
75 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
76 0 obj
<>stream
BT
10.3394 79.2147 Td
(exist.)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
77 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 79 0 R/Contents 80 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
79 0 obj
[81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R]
endobj
81 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.g001)>>
endobj
82 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.g002)>>
endobj
83 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.t001)>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.s001)>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.s005)>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.t001)>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.ref036)>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.s002)>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.s002)>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.s002)>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.t001)>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.g002)>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.g003)>>
endobj
94 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0199152.g003)>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 96 0 R>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<>
endobj
80 0 obj
[97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R]
endobj
97 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
508.3087 602.3055 m
528.378 602.3055 l
h
f*
466.9228 458.9291 m
486.4819 458.9291 l
h
f*
490.9039 458.9291 m
520.1575 458.9291 l
h
f*
539.6031 458.9291 m
563.9244 458.9291 l
h
f*
401.4992 406.9417 m
435.4016 406.9417 l
h
f*
241.6252 380.9197 m
270.822 380.9197 l
h
f*
203.4142 315.9496 m
212.9386 315.9496 l
h
f*
513.0709 289.9276 m
544.252 289.9276 l
h
f*
530.022 263.9055 m
560.126 263.9055 l
h
f*
364.0252 237.9402 m
394.9795 237.9402 l
h
f*
222.7465 185.8961 m
251.9433 185.8961 l
h
f*
271.4457 185.8961 m
291.0047 185.8961 l
h
f*
414.2551 146.948 m
433.8142 146.948 l
h
f*
245.8772 107.9433 m
271.2189 107.9433 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 211.9748 707.4141 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0.008 Tc
0 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3662 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.6498 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(consistently)Tj
5.0966 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.5717 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(as)Tj
-36.544 -1.3039 Td
(hypothesized,)Tj
5.8506 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(sampled)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(dominated)Tj
4.6828 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.2075 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.041 0 Td
(well-)Tj
-34.2763 -1.2982 Td
(documented)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2983 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(habitats)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(\(29)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0977 0 Td
(webs\))Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(nearby)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(bare,)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(unmodified)Tj
-30.6196 -1.2983 Td
(areas)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(\(29)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(webs\))Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0602 0 Td
(seven)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(ecosystem)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(types,)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(including)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7462 0 Td
(terrestrial,)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(freshwater)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.6822 -1.2983 Td
(three)Tj
2.3243 0 Td
(marine)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(ecosystems.)Tj
5.0117 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(sampled)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(area,)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(constructed)Tj
5.0626 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5081 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.1685 -1.3039 Td
(retrieved)Tj
3.889 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0785 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(literature)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(surveys,)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(stable)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(isotope)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(analyses,)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(models,)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(after)Tj
-34.7808 -1.2982 Td
(which)Tj
2.7098 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.3427 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.3994 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5081 0 Td
(bare)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(species-dominated)Tj
7.9087 0 Td
(food)Tj
-33.3182 -1.2983 Td
(webs.)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(Next,)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(removed)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(constructed)Tj
5.057 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(species-domi-)Tj
-31.5834 -1.3039 Td
(nated)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0601 0 Td
(neighbouring)Tj
5.7883 0 Td
(bare)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.3018 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(By)Tj
1.2813 0 Td
(com-)Tj
-34.9226 -1.2983 Td
(paring)Tj
2.8969 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.3131 0 Td
(simulated,)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(random-removal)Tj
7.1999 0 Td
(networks)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(food)Tj
-35.5632 -1.2983 Td
(webs,)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(investigate)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.5602 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5081 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(modifications)Tj
5.8903 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.2076 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(species)Tj
-33.2388 -1.3039 Td
(arose)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.1226 0 Td
(selective)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(facilitation)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.1226 0 Td
(functional)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(groups)Tj
3.0388 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.5859 -1.2982 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(network.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 516.0188 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Results)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 499.011 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Despite)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(large)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(differences)Tj
4.5638 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5262 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(seven)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(ecosystems)Tj
4.6545 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(terms)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(environmental)Tj
6.1115 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
-32.3884 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(structure,)Tj
4.0479 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(discovered)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(size)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(complexity,)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(expressed)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(as)Tj
-36.3342 -1.2982 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(richness)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(link)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(density,)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(respectively,)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(consistently)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(enhanced)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(spe-)Tj
-35.3137 -1.2983 Td
(cies-dominated)Tj
6.4005 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2463 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(nearby)Tj
2.9593 0 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(2)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.9184 0 Td
(Table)Tj
2.4434 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
0.6974 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7291 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
-35.1267 -1.2983 Td
(Specifically,)Tj
4.9095 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(richness)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.27 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(2.1)Tj
1.3947 0 Td
(times)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(higher,)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(link)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(density)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(increased)Tj
4.0024 0 Td
(1.6)Tj
-35.0359 -1.3039 Td
(times)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6714 0 Td
(species.)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(Connectancethe)Tj
7.6365 0 Td
(realized)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(fraction)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(possible)Tj
-33.9985 -1.2982 Td
(linksshowed)Tj
6.0944 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(opposite)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(decreased)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(0.75)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(times.)Tj
2.6136 0 Td
(Out)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(19)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8369 0 Td
(metrics)Tj
-34.333 -1.2983 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
(\(full)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(description)Tj
4.7339 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(calculated)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(metrics)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0375 0 Td
(S1)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(Table)Tj
0 g
(\),)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(13)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(differed)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(significantly)Tj
5.091 0 Td
(between)Tj
-33.9248 -1.3039 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6714 0 Td
(species-dominated)Tj
7.7046 0 Td
(areas,)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(suggesting)Tj
4.405 0 Td
(pervasive)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(modifications)Tj
5.7316 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
-35.6709 -1.2983 Td
(structure)Tj
3.821 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(instance,)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(distribution)Tj
4.9662 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(fraction)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.4725 -1.2983 Td
(basal)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(decreased)Tj
4.1328 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(30%,)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(intermediate)Tj
5.3234 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(fraction)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(increased)Tj
3.9969 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(40%,)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.8829 -1.3039 Td
(top)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(fraction)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(remained)Tj
4.0365 0 Td
(unchanged)Tj
4.6432 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6772 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(presence.)Tj
3.9402 0 Td
(Further-)Tj
-33.9815 -1.2982 Td
(more,)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(shortest)Tj
3.3675 0 Td
(chain)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(basal)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(increased)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(30%,)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(average)Tj
-33.8341 -1.2983 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(path)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(\(measure)Tj
3.9175 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(energy)Tj
2.9083 0 Td
(transfer)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(efficiency)Tj
-32.5131 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(36)Tj
0 g
(]\))Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(increased)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(10%.)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(Vulnerabilityi.e.)Tj
7.5741 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(consumers)Tj
4.5638 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(speciesdid)Tj
5.244 0 Td
(not)Tj
-36.2208 -1.3039 Td
(differ)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(significantly)Tj
5.0853 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(species,)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(indicating)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(are)Tj
-35.3421 -1.2982 Td
(not)Tj
1.5703 0 Td
(consumed)Tj
4.3597 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.661 0 Td
(less)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(S2A)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(We)Tj
-35.206 -1.2983 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(total)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(links)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(almost)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(half)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(com-)Tj
-34.3386 -1.3039 Td
(pared)Tj
2.4944 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(average)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(links)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(rest)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(network)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(S2B)Tj
2.092 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
-34.7525 -1.2983 Td
(Moreover,)Tj
4.3936 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(remained)Tj
4.0308 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(comparing)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(links)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(basal)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(foun-)Tj
-34.7525 -1.2983 Td
(dation)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(versus)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(basal)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(S2C)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
-17.0417 -1.3039 Td
(Random)Tj
3.6793 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(species-dominated)Tj
7.6989 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0522 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(until)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.7695 -1.2982 Td
(species)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(matched)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(numbers)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(simplified)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(trophic)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(networks,)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.6618 -1.2983 Td
(altered)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(properties)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(resembled)Tj
4.3257 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(sam-)Tj
-34.9339 -1.3039 Td
(pled)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Table)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
0.6916 0 Td
(and)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(2)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(Moreover,)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(combined)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(metrics)Tj
3.1805 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
-33.0007 -1.2983 Td
(species-dominated,)Tj
7.9256 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(bare,)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(Principle)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(Components)Tj
-30.2114 -1.2983 Td
(Analysis)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(\(PCA\),)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(discovered)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(variation)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(\(96.6%\))Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(metrics)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-35.3137 -1.2982 Td
(densed)Tj
3.033 0 Td
(onto)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(single)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(Principle)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(Component)Tj
5.057 0 Td
(axis,)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(PC1)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(PC2)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(explained)Tj
4.0706 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(another)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(1.6%)Tj
-35.121 -1.3039 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(variation\).)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(PC1)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(clearly)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(differentiated)Tj
5.6069 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(bare,)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(foundation)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(species-structured)Tj
7.4777 0 Td
(food)Tj
-34.9509 -1.2983 Td
(webs)Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(\(F)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 230.57 120.359 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2,)Tj
0.9902 0 Td
(78)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 247.2377 122.0031 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(79.9,)Tj
2.092 0 Td
(p)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0 Tc
(<)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(0.0001\),)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(differentiate)Tj
5.0739 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6895 0 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(removal)Tj
-34.3385 -1.2982 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(webs)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(Fig)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(3B)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(indicates)Tj
3.7701 0 Td
(that,)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(analyzing)Tj
4.0308 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(repsonse)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0522 0 Td
(web)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(met-)Tj
-35.1039 -1.3039 Td
(rics,)Tj
1.8651 0 Td
(networks)Tj
3.9117 0 Td
(created)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(corresponded)Tj
5.7259 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7928 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.6595 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(real)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(bare)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(areas.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 415.1055 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Foundation)Tj
5.1378 0 Td
(species)Tj
3.5504 0 Td
(boost)Tj
2.6221 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.1331 0 Td
(web)Tj
2.0197 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01991)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(52)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(August)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(31,)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(2018)Tj
34.0302 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
98 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
99 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
100 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
101 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
102 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
103 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
104 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
105 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
106 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(15)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
107 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 110 0 R/Contents 111 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
109 0 obj
<>stream
xX[ ݉zk\vww* b &({sH|9sv~3gZ[~~OA@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@A@gO9|gNCA@A@A@A@A@8q[[?o)veȜ! EՊ>|#iڵѢEKfa?A@A@A@A@A@A@ 'F̄q▶.ϰy
0r7gm۶n" lߺ
|&+uOExB;, Dm3Z
ژIA@A@A@A@A@}֯[gWtqς @p=8hIZA@A@A@A@A@A8·E
A@%iA@A@A@A@A@|/_>}Go|)η?&q j~Gݻw_~/{ϟWyCb///xxP#' vHrcWv8u777ZcW)o=<<}p߱3A@A@A@A@A@A |;0Cß+;'*aJ(;E{LH!| _$aA&4JW-%djA@A@A@A@A@B@߿C;8sZJ#)6ir Dޘ9d=hZ%2t D][gzuU7K5 (0twZrc7^"KrE "ߎT;K[Ks%Nj{%i'?~[U&T|QA@C$S/"/ʍPi
kT$ ]rA_~["A@"S/,ܒE"DvT!# Ӯ
(