%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Gerald G. Carter, Sofia Forss, Rachel A. Page, John M. Ratcliffe
Younger vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) are more likely than adults to explore novel objects
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 12 0 R/Contents 13 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
12 0 obj
[14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R]
endobj
14 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref024)>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref024)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref024)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref025)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref029)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref028)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref029)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref030)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref029)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref031)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref036)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref027)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref037)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref039)>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref024)>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref040)>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref041)>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref042)>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref040)>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref043)>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref044)>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 36 0 R>>
endobj
36 0 obj
<>
endobj
13 0 obj
[37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R]
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
514.2614 693.2976 m
523.7858 693.2976 l
h
f*
491.811 641.3102 m
501.3354 641.3102 l
h
f*
290.8913 615.3449 m
300.4157 615.3449 l
h
f*
281.4803 563.3008 m
291.0047 563.3008 l
h
f*
296.1638 563.3008 m
305.6882 563.3008 l
h
f*
431.9433 550.3181 m
441.4677 550.3181 l
h
f*
512.5606 537.3354 m
522.085 537.3354 l
h
f*
526.5638 537.3354 m
536.0882 537.3354 l
h
f*
257.8394 498.3307 m
267.3638 498.3307 l
h
f*
271.8425 498.3307 m
281.3669 498.3307 l
h
f*
286.526 498.3307 m
296.0504 498.3307 l
h
f*
518.6835 472.3087 m
528.2079 472.3087 l
h
f*
314.6457 459.326 m
324.1701 459.326 l
h
f*
329.3291 459.326 m
338.8535 459.326 l
h
f*
409.2661 446.3433 m
418.7906 446.3433 l
h
f*
336.0189 433.3039 m
345.4299 433.3039 l
h
f*
428.9953 342.3118 m
438.4063 342.3118 l
h
f*
442.7717 342.3118 m
452.126 342.3118 l
h
f*
397.1906 159.9307 m
406.715 159.9307 l
h
f*
411.137 159.9307 m
420.6614 159.9307 l
h
f*
425.1402 159.9307 m
434.6646 159.9307 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 211.9748 707.4141 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(If)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(early)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(enhanced)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(exploration)Tj
4.8075 0 Td
(increases)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(opportunities)Tj
5.6296 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(learning,)Tj
3.7473 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(could)Tj
-34.4066 -1.3039 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(particularly)Tj
4.8074 0 Td
(adaptive)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(long-lived)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(flexible)Tj
3.0898 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(strategies)Tj
3.9232 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(Most)Tj
-33.1594 -1.2982 Td
(mammals)Tj
4.1555 0 Td
(appear)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(become)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(proficient)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(growth)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(reproductive)Tj
5.3291 0 Td
(devel-)Tj
-35.0529 -1.2983 Td
(opment)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(complete.)Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0819 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(proficiency)Tj
4.7112 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(delayed)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(closer)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(first)Tj
-34.0778 -1.2983 Td
(reproduction)Tj
5.5105 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(mammalian)Tj
5.0456 0 Td
(species)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(complex)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(strategies,)Tj
4.1442 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(development,)Tj
-30.2851 -1.3039 Td
(post-weaning)Tj
5.6238 0 Td
(provisioning,)Tj
5.5276 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(sociality,)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(sharing)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(resources)Tj
3.9854 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0807 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(traits)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(have)Tj
-35.7333 -1.2982 Td
(been)Tj
2.1202 0 Td
(argued)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(causal)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(factors)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(unusually)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(delayed)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(skill)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(acquisition)Tj
4.6261 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(humans)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(rela-)Tj
-35.7276 -1.2983 Td
(tive)Tj
1.661 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(primates)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-7.5514 -1.3039 Td
(Common)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()-6()8()10()6()4()12()-4()]TJ
4.5694 0 Td
[()20()12( )7()12(\n)6()12()-4()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\))Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(possess)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(traits.)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(They)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5364 0 Td
(flexible)Tj
-33.8057 -1.2983 Td
(stalking)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(tactics)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(feed)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(upon)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(blood)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(diverse)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(vertebrate)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(hosts,)Tj
2.5001 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(characterized)Tj
-31.1695 -1.2983 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(long)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(lifespan,)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(reproduction,)Tj
5.7373 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(parental)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(investment,)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(long-term)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(cooperative)Tj
-31.4756 -1.3039 Td
(social)Tj
2.4547 0 Td
(relationships)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(Individuals)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(survive)Tj
3.084 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(29)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(captivity)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(\(GGC,)Tj
-34.6448 -1.2982 Td
(personal)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(observation\))Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(17)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(wild)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(gestation)Tj
3.821 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8347 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
-34.9112 -1.2983 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(5.5)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(7.3)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(months,)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(sexual)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(maturity)Tj
3.6906 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(take)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(9.5)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(months)Tj
3.2825 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7404 0 Td
(30)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Young)Tj
-34.3896 -1.3039 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.5035 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(depend)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(mothers)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(longer)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(species.)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(Lactation)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(periods)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(tem-)Tj
-35.0926 -1.2983 Td
(perate)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(neotropical)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(typically)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(312)Tj
2.1657 0 Td
(weeks,)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(nurse)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(pups)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(for)Tj
-35.3421 -1.2982 Td
(810)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(months)Tj
3.2768 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7405 0 Td
(31)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(36)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(Regurgitated)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(sharing)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(important)Tj
4.286 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(indi-)Tj
-35.3534 -1.2983 Td
(viduals)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(die)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(consecutive)Tj
4.8756 0 Td
(unfed)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(nights,)Tj
2.9084 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6487 0 Td
(younger)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(fail)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.4589 -1.3039 Td
(feed)Tj
1.8821 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(roughly)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(one-third)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(nights,)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(parasitizing)Tj
4.8586 0 Td
(abundant)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(livestock)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(27)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Such)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(age-)Tj
-35.7786 -1.2983 Td
(dependent)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(success)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(37)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(39)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(consistent)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(greater)Tj
3.0048 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(learning)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(mam-)Tj
-34.6901 -1.2983 Td
(mals)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(slow)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(development)Tj
5.4085 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0467 0 Td
(provisioning)Tj
5.3007 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-0.01 Tc
-19.3888 -1.3039 Td
(During)Tj
3.101 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(previous)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(experiment)Tj
4.7168 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(40)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(isolated)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(unfed)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7552 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.778 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.8161 -1.2982 Td
(larger)Tj
2.4944 0 Td
(flight)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(housing)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(colony,)Tj
3.0897 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(donors)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(regurgitate)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(food)Tj
-35.6879 -1.2983 Td
(across)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(bars)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(recipient)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(bat.)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(noticed)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.2711 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(consistently)Tj
-32.8589 -1.3039 Td
(visited)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(group)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7972 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(never)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.77 0 Td
(food.)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(young)Tj
-33.3068 -1.2983 Td
(males)Tj
2.4717 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(visit)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(collectively)Tj
4.558 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(explore)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(micro-)Tj
-33.1821 -1.2983 Td
(phones)Tj
3.067 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(cables)Tj
2.5795 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(land)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(crawl)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(upon)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(people)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(entering)Tj
3.515 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(cage.)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(increased)Tj
-31.9802 -1.2982 Td
(boldness)Tj
3.6509 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(exploration)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(fact)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(typically)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(disperse)Tj
-33.3805 -1.3039 Td
(from)Tj
2.1769 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(natal)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.863 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.4866 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(1218)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(months)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(41)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7121 0 Td
(42)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0829 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1338 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.6781 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(general)Tj
-34.7185 -1.2983 Td
(effect)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(age.)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(define)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(`young')Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7971 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(less)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1565 0 Td
(months.)Tj
-0.004 Tc
-21.1179 -1.2983 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.3256 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7767 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(males,)Tj
2.7325 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(general,)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(older)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.4101 -1.3039 Td
(explore)Tj
3.1747 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(objects,)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3322 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(tests)Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(exploration)Tj
4.8018 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(captive)Tj
-33.9361 -1.2982 Td
(group)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(above,)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5059 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(females,)Tj
-33.7263 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(second)Tj
3.0103 0 Td
(mixed-age)Tj
4.3994 0 Td
(captive)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(six)Tj
1.3153 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(six)Tj
1.3153 0 Td
(young)Tj
-33.0857 -1.3039 Td
(male)Tj
2.1429 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(bats.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 234.9921 cm
BT
/F3 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Experiment)Tj
5.6173 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
-5.6173 -1.4976 Td
(Methods)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 200.0125 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(work)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(approved)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(University)Tj
4.405 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Maryland)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(Institutional)Tj
5.1647 0 Td
(Animal)Tj
3.2202 0 Td
(Care)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Use)Tj
-34.3613 -1.3039 Td
(Committee)Tj
4.7394 0 Td
(\(Protocol)Tj
3.9799 0 Td
(R-1063\).)Tj
4.1782 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8084 0 Td
(captive)Tj
3.0388 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.9026 0 Td
(contained)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(females,)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(eight)Tj
-34.503 -1.2982 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(males,)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(12)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(adult)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(females,)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(adult)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(males.)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(born)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(captivity,)Tj
3.8608 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.4215 -1.2983 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.9083 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(detail)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(elsewhere)Tj
4.1046 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(40)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(43)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.4003 0 Td
(44)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(were)Tj
-33.4599 -1.2983 Td
(unmarked,)Tj
4.592 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(34)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(unique)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(forearm)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(band)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(combinations.)Tj
5.9357 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(fact)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(eight)Tj
-34.6958 -1.3039 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(individually)Tj
4.989 0 Td
(distinguished)Tj
5.5899 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(lead)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(double-counting)Tj
6.8938 0 Td
(because)Tj
-33.8681 -1.2982 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(simply)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(counted)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(maximum)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(seen)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(simultaneously)Tj
6.2419 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.595 -1.2983 Td
(get)Tj
1.4059 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(conservative)Tj
5.1874 0 Td
(low-end)Tj
3.5092 0 Td
(estimate)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(unmarked)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(visited.)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(approach)Tj
-30.9541 -1.3039 Td
(worked)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(unmarked)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(visited)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(explored)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(simultaneously)Tj
-30.0583 -1.2983 Td
(\(see)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(below\).)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 443.622 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Age-based)Tj
4.9748 0 Td
(exploration)Tj
5.0174 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9779 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(bats)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01968)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(89)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(May)Tj
2.0906 0 Td
(3,)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(2018)Tj
35.7806 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(11)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 57 0 R/Contents 58 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
57 0 obj
[59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R]
endobj
59 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref040)>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref045)>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.ref046)>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.s001)>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0196889.g001)>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 65 0 R>>
endobj
65 0 obj
<>
endobj
58 0 obj
[66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R]
endobj
66 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
500.315 667.3323 m
509.6693 667.3323 l
h
f*
222.1795 368.3339 m
231.7039 368.3339 l
h
f*
236.126 368.3339 m
245.6504 368.3339 l
h
f*
440.9575 368.3339 m
476.1638 368.3339 l
h
f*
529.0583 260.1071 m
547.937 260.1071 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 211.9748 707.4141 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.014 Tc
0 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.593 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(captive)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(kinds)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(stimuli:)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(\(1\))Tj
1.3493 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(conspecific)Tj
4.5637 0 Td
(group-)Tj
-34.1685 -1.3039 Td
(mate)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(\(2\))Tj
1.3436 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(inanimate)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(object.)Tj
2.7893 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.337 0 Td
(17)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(one-hour)Tj
-33.63 -1.2982 Td
(trials,)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3096 0 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(inside)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(floor)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(larger)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(flight)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.206 -1.2983 Td
(recorded)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(infrared-illuminated)Tj
8.2091 0 Td
(video)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(Sony)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(Nightshot)Tj
4.1216 0 Td
(camcorder)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(\(see)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(40)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8141 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(details\).)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(We)Tj
-36.1244 -1.2983 Td
(counted)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(`visit')Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6407 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
(approaching)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(then)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(touching)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(holding)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(\(e.g.)Tj
-35.155 -1.3039 Td
(sniffing)Tj
3.1747 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0772 0 Td
(crawling)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(it\).)Tj
1.3096 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5873 0 Td
(counted)Tj
3.4073 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(30)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(min)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(each)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9978 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(17)Tj
1.1565 0 Td
(trials.)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3152 0 Td
(test)Tj
-35.3307 -1.2982 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(responding)Tj
4.6602 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(novelty,)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3039 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4344 0 Td
(colony)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(novel)Tj
-33.6526 -1.2983 Td
(inanimate)Tj
4.1668 0 Td
(objects,)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(including)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5193 0 Td
(empty,)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(seven)Tj
2.381 0 Td
(similarly-sized)Tj
5.8791 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(as)Tj
-36.1811 -1.3039 Td
(cardboard)Tj
4.2349 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0771 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(boxes.)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(Again,)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3096 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(as)Tj
0.9921 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(touching)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.44 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(object.)Tj
-0.004 Tc
-30.2057 -1.2983 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(counted)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(unique)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(visitors)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(response.)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(get)Tj
1.406 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(conservative)Tj
5.1874 0 Td
(minimum)Tj
-33.3465 -1.2983 Td
(estimate)Tj
3.5432 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.7361 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(unmarked)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(males,)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(counted)Tj
3.481 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(greatest)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.6312 -1.3039 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(seen)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(visit)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(together)Tj
3.5376 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(trial)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(minimum)Tj
4.2917 0 Td
(number)Tj
-34.2196 -1.2982 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(visitors)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(trial\).)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(seven)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(unmarked)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(crawling)Tj
-33.4599 -1.2983 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(video)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(frame,)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(visiting)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(scored)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(seven.)Tj
-34.469 -1.3039 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(approach)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(highly)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(conservative)Tj
5.1874 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.9197 0 Td
(underestimate)Tj
5.947 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.2281 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(males,)Tj
-34.3273 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(tested)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(alternative)Tj
4.4164 0 Td
(hypothesis)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(males.)Tj
-24.2587 -1.2982 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7767 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(explore)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(objects,)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7767 0 Td
(they)Tj
-35.4838 -1.2983 Td
(were)Tj
2.1202 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(likely)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(visit)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(groupmates)Tj
4.9436 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(inanimate)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(objects,)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(Fish-)Tj
-35.07 -1.3039 Td
(er's)Tj
1.5873 0 Td
(exact)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(compare)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(summed)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1451 0 Td
(trials)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(stimulus)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(type)Tj
-34.7298 -1.2983 Td
(\(trapped)Tj
3.6509 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(object\))Tj
2.9763 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(category)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(\(young)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(other\).)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(Second,)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3267 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(permutation)Tj
-32.3204 -1.2983 Td
(tests)Tj
1.9615 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(generalized)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(linear)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(\(binomial)Tj
4.1556 0 Td
(distribution,)Tj
5.1931 0 Td
(logit)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(link)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(function\))Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(for)Tj
-36.2435 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(effect)Tj
2.3641 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(stimulus)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(type)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(others.)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(tests)Tj
-35.8013 -1.2982 Td
(compare)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(coefficients)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(expected)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(null)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(hypothesis,)Tj
4.6941 0 Td
(simulated)Tj
4.1215 0 Td
(by)Tj
-35.4951 -1.2983 Td
(randomizing)Tj
5.3857 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(stimulus)Tj
3.6284 0 Td
(type)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(across)Tj
2.6816 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(\(5000)Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(randomizations\).)Tj
7.0923 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(calculate)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(95%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(confi-)Tj
-33.8 -1.3039 Td
(dence)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(intervals)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(\(CI\))Tj
1.9048 0 Td
(around)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(proportion)Tj
4.6318 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(category)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(visited)Tj
2.8177 0 Td
(each)Tj
-33.8511 -1.2983 Td
(stimulus)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(type,)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(nonparametric)Tj
6.1851 0 Td
(bootstrapping)Tj
5.8167 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.3776 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(BCa)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(method)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(boot)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(package)Tj
-33.766 -1.2983 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(R)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(45)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(46)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(Data)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(R)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(code)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(attached)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(supplement)Tj
4.9039 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(S1)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(Script)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 343.2188 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Results)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 326.211 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.02 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(response)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(towards)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(conspecifics)Tj
4.8416 0 Td
(versus)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(depended)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2472 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(category)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9865 0 Td
(bat.)Tj
-35.6256 -1.2982 Td
(Most)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(notably,)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.9922 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4229 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3188 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6419 0 Td
(males.)Tj
2.6305 0 Td
(The)Tj
-35.6879 -1.3039 Td
(17)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(resulted)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(least)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(106)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(unique)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(\(six)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(trial\))Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(but)Tj
-34.7638 -1.2983 Td
(only)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(unique)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1317 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4229 0 Td
(34)Tj
1.1396 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(\(1)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(trial\),)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(whereas)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4174 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3188 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(resulted)Tj
-33.698 -1.2983 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(least)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(59)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(unique)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4229 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6419 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(\(7)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(per)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(trial\))Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(zero)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(\(Fish-)Tj
-35.0076 -1.3039 Td
(er's)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(exact)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(test:)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(odds)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(ratio)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(~)Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(0,)Tj
0.8901 0 Td
(p)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0 Tc
0.7256 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.02 Tc
0.9865 0 Td
(0.001,)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(permutation)Tj
5.0569 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(interaction)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(effect:)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(p)Tj
0.7257 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(0.002,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
2.4775 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(\).)Tj
1.2132 0 Td
(The)Tj
-35.5462 -1.2982 Td
(young)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.525 0 Td
(visit)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(conspecifics)Tj
4.8358 0 Td
(significantly)Tj
4.8813 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0658 0 Td
(less)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(than)Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(objects)Tj
2.8856 0 Td
(\(per-)Tj
-34.8545 -1.2983 Td
(mutation)Tj
3.7813 0 Td
(test,)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(p)Tj
0.7144 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(0.1\),)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.491 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4117 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.4854 0 Td
(\(permutation)Tj
5.3688 0 Td
(test,)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(p)Tj
0.7144 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(0.004\).)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(minimum)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(propor-)Tj
-34.5484 -1.3039 Td
(tion)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9865 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.6419 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(visited)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5251 0 Td
(differ)Tj
2.2903 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.4186 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.635 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.1974 0 Td
(bat)Tj
1.4117 0 Td
(\(mean)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(0.78,)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(95%)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(CI:)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(0.63)Tj
-35.0076 -1.2983 Td
(0.88\))Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6838 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6349 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.5399 0 Td
(\(mean)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(0.92,)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(95%)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(CI:)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(0.810.97\),)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(bats,)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(proportion)Tj
-32.4508 -1.2983 Td
(of)Tj
0.9807 0 Td
(visitors)Tj
2.9821 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6497 0 Td
(greater)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(trapped)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7518 0 Td
(\(mean)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(0.03,)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(95%)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(CI:)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(0.020.05\))Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(than)Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3188 0 Td
(objects)Tj
-33.4316 -1.3039 Td
(\(zero)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(visits)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0035 0 Td
(25)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(trials\).)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5251 0 Td
(disentangle)Tj
4.5864 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.423 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9808 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(sex)Tj
1.4174 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.2088 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(two)Tj
-33.9078 -1.2982 Td
(young)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(female.)Tj
2.9651 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.5817 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(performed)Tj
4.3256 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(presentations)Tj
5.3745 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0034 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.635 0 Td
(second)Tj
-33.1878 -1.2983 Td
(captive)Tj
2.9253 0 Td
(group)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9808 0 Td
(bats)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(sourced)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6406 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(wild)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(population.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 131.0173 cm
BT
/F3 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Experiment)Tj
5.6173 0 Td
(2)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
-5.6173 -1.5023 Td
(Methods)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 95.9811 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(work)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(approved)Tj
3.9742 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Smithsonian)Tj
5.2781 0 Td
(Tropical)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(Research)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(Institute)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(Animal)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(Care)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Use)Tj
-35.909 -1.2982 Td
(Committee)Tj
4.7394 0 Td
(\(#2015-0915-2018-A9\),)Tj
9.5187 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(Panamanian)Tj
5.2497 0 Td
(Ministry)Tj
3.6793 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(Environment)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 443.622 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Age-based)Tj
4.9748 0 Td
(exploration)Tj
5.0174 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9779 0 Td
(vampire)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(bats)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01968)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(89)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(May)Tj
2.0906 0 Td
(3,)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(2018)Tj
35.7806 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
69 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
70 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
71 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
72 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
73 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(11)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
75 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 78 0 R/Contents 79 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
77 0 obj
<>stream
x\G`Ab=K];\RL1=ohFMlI4Ŏ({uD3