Overexpression of the alfalfa WRKY11 gene enhances salt tolerance in soybean

The WRKY transcription factors play an important role in the regulation of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant abiotic stress responses. In this study, the WRKY transcription factor MsWRKY11, containing the plant-specific WRKY zinc finger DNA–binding motif, was isolated from alfalfa. The MsWRKY11 gene was detected in all plant tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit), with high expression in root and leaf tissues. MsWRKY11 was upregulated in response to a variety of abiotic stresses, including salinity, alkalinity, cold, abscisic acid, and drought. Overexpression of MsWRKY11 in soybean enhanced the salt tolerance at the seedling stage. Transgenic soybean had a better salt-tolerant phenotype, and the hypocotyls were significantly longer than those of wild-type seeds after salt treatment. Furthermore, MsWRKY11 overexpression increased the contents of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, but reduced the relative electrical conductivity and the contents of malonaldehyde, H2O2, and O2-. Plant height, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and 100-seed weight of transgenic MsWRKY11 soybean were higher than those of wild-type soybean, especially OX2. Results of the salt experiment showed that MsWRKY11 is involved in salt stress responses, and its overexpression improves salt tolerance in soybean.


Introduction
Soybean is an important economic crop that has a high protein content and is better than any of the other common vegetable sources of protein; and it provides a vital source for human food, cooking oil, animal feed [1,2]. In addition, soybean oil is also used as a fuel source [3] and even as a source for medicines for its anticancer properties [4]. As a legume, soybean can effective improve nitrogen content in soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen [5]. Soybean is considered a moderately salt-tolerant crop, but its productivity is critically affected by soil salinity because the germination rate and seed-setting rate decrease under salt stress [6]. In recent years, soil salinization has been rapidly becoming a serious problem, as 20% of cultivated land and 33% of irrigated land are salt-affected and degraded. The land available for agricultural crops has been decreasing every year [7]. The identification and characterization of salt tolerance genes is a crucial step for obtaining salt-tolerant soybean varieties, and transgenic technology is an important means for engineering salt-tolerant soybean lines. Stress-inducible transcription factors (TFs) are important regulators of the stress response. They bind the cis-acting element to activate gene expression in response to stress, eventually protecting against or reducing damage to plants. Previous studies have reported increased plant salt tolerance due to the overexpression of stress-inducible TFs, such as CBF1/DREB1B, CBF2/DREB1C, DREB1A, DREB2A [8][9][10][11][12], NACs [13,14], bZIPs [15], MYBs [16], and WRKYs [17]. These TFs play a key role in activating the expression of various downstream genes, as well as in effectively protecting plants from salt stress.
WRKY transcription factors are major contributors that play an important role in survival of plants during environmental stress [18]. The WRKY family includes one or two domains, which is composed of about 60 amino acids. It has the conserved amino acid sequence WRKYGQK at the N-terminus and a C 2 H 2 (Cx4-5Cx22-23HxH) or C 2 HC (Cx7Cx23HxC) zinc finger motif at the C-terminus [19,20]. WRKY TFs can regulate the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in the stress response, and also can activate or inhibit the expression of downstream genes through binding to the W-box motif (TTGAC/T) [21]. WRKY-type TFs are involved in multiple aspects of plant growth, development, and stress response. In recent years, an increasing number of WRKY TFs has been found to be involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses [22,23]. For example, the soybean gene GmWRKY21 confers cold tolerance, whereas GmWRKY54 increases tolerance to salt and drought stress [24]. Two wheat WRKY genes, TaWRKY2 and TaWRKY19, contribute to salt and drought tolerance [25], whereas Arabidopsis WRKY8 reacts antagonistically with VQ9 to mediate salt stress responses [26]. Maize ZmWRKY58 enhances drought and salt tolerance [27], and Brassica campestris BcWRKY46 enhances tolerance to freezing, abscisic acid (ABA), salt, and dehydration stresses [28]. Cotton GhWRKY68 increases the resistance to drought and salt and affects several physiological indices [29]. Overall, these studies elucidated that WRKY genes are broadly involved in plant resistance to abiotic stresses.
Physiological traits are important indicative indexes of abiotic resistance in plants. Additionally, salt stress can induce oxidative stress by continuously producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) [30]. SOD and CAT can remove ROS from the body to protect the enzyme system [31,32]. Relative electrical conductivity reflects the state of the plant membrane system, and MDA content denotes the degree of damage to the plant plasma membrane [33]. Soluble sugar and proline maintain osmotic balance as penetrating agents [34]. Currently, studies use physiological indicators as a standard for plant stress resistance analysis. ThWRKY4 overexpression increases the tolerance of Arabidopsis to salt, oxidative, and ABA stress; improves SOD and POD activity; reduces the levels of ROS; and decreases the rate of cell death [35]. Overexpression of DgWRKY3 in transgenic tobacco plants has been found to result in higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, including those of SOD, POD, and CAT, under salt stress [36]. Under salt stress, transgenic DgWRKY5-expressing chrysanthemum had higher activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes than the WT, whereas the accumulation of H 2 O 2 , O 2 − , and MDA was decreased [37]. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a major forage legume cultivated worldwide, is resistant to various abiotic stresses, including salinity [38]. In alfalfa, only a small number of WRKY TFs has been isolated and characterized. Medicago Sativa L. Zhaodong is a highly salt-resistant species; it shows normal growth under 400 mM NaCl treatment. The sequence information of the Zhaodong alfalfa transcriptome under salt stress showed that MsWRKY11 is up-regulated. In addition, a protein sequence analysis showed that the similarity of GmWRKY65 and MsWRKY11 was 71%, and this difference may be one of the reasons that the salt tolerance of Zhaodong alfalfa is stronger than that of soybean. Therefore, we chose Zhaodong alfalfa as the research material and cloned the MsWRKY11 gene.
In the present study, the role of this gene in the plant response to abiotic stresses such as salinity, alkalinity, cold, ABA, and mannitol was examined and confirmed. To test whether MsWRKY11 contributes to the soybean response to salt stress, we transformed this gene into soybean and investigated salt stress tolerance in the transformed soybean seedlings, salt-resistant phenotypes, and physiological characteristics. The results of this study will help to elucidate the role of MsWRKY11 in the response to salt stress and provide a novel gene target for genetic engineering of salt-tolerant soybean lines.

Cloning and sequencing of the MsWRKY11 gene
MsWRKY11 was cloned according to the sequence information of the transcriptome of the alfalfa cultivar Zhaodong under salt and temperature stress. Total RNA was isolated from alfalfa seedlings treated with NaCl solution using an RNA extraction kit (TianGen Biotech, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reaction volumes (20 μL) contained 1 μL of Oligo 20 , 10 μL of RNA, 1 μL of RNase-free double-distilled water, 4 μL of 5× RT buffer, 2 μL of dNTP mix, 1 μL of RNase inhibitor, and 1 μL of reverse transcriptase. The amplification was run at 30˚C for 30 min, 42˚C for 20 s, 99˚C for 5 min, and 4˚C for 5 min (GeneAmp PCR System 9700, USA).
The cloning primers were designed according to the sequence information of the alfalfa transcriptome under salt stress by using Primer 5.0 software (primer 1: 5 0 -CTACCGGATCTACAAC CATTCTAGAGC-3 0 , primer 2: 5 0 -CGAGCTCTCAAAGAGGCTGAGATAT-3 0 ). The cDNA was diluted tenfold and used as the PCR template, and the MsWRKY11 gene was amplified in 50 μL reactions containing 5 μL of cDNA, 5 μL of 10× dNTP mix, 4 μL of primer mix (primers 1 and 2), 0.2 μL of Ex Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/μL), and 31.8 μL of RNase-free double-distilled water. The cycling protocol consisted of the initial denaturation at 95˚C for 3 min; 35 cycles of denaturation at 94˚C for 30 s, annealing at 59˚C for 30 s, and elongation at 72˚C for 1 min; final elongation at 72˚C for 10 min; and extension at 16˚C for 2 h (GeneAmp PCR System 9700). The DNA fragments were recovered from the agarose gel using a DNA Recovery Kit (TianGen Biotech).
The PCR products were sent to Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) for sequencing. The amino acid sequence was inferred by DNAMAN software (Lynnon LLC, San Ramon, CA, USA). Sequences from other species were obtained from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/protein) and aligned with the sequence for MsWRKY11 in ClustalX [39] (Fig 1). The neighbor-joining method was used to generate the phylogenetic tree. The protein sequences of MsWRKY11, GmWRKY65, GmWRKY11, and AtWRKY11 were analyzed using DNAMAN.

Expression of MsWRKY11 in alfalfa
Plant material and treatment conditions. Alfalfa seeds were germinated in pots with distilled water for 2 days in the dark; transferred to vermiculite with ½ Hoagland solution; and kept in a culture room for 4 weeks at 60% relative humidity, 22˚C, and a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark. Four-week-old seedlings were treated with ½ Hoagland solution containing salt (300 mM NaCl), alkali (0.1 M mixed alkaline solution of Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 in a ratio of 1: 2), or ABA (15 μM), or were subjected to cold (−4˚C) or drought (simulated with 150 mM mannitol) stress for 0 (control), 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h. The harvested whole seedlings from each treatment were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80˚C for RNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.
qRT-PCR assays. First-strand cDNA from alfalfa was used for qRT-PCR assays for the expression pattern analysis of the response to abiotic stresses and tissue-specific expression analysis. Total RNA was extracted from the same group of samples that was used in the transcriptome analysis using an RNA extraction kit (TianGen Biotech). qRT-PCR primers were designed using Primer 5.0 software (5'-CTTGTTCTTCAAATCAACGT-3' and 5'-AATTC GTGTTCCGGCGATAA-3').
The reaction mixture (20 μL) contained 10 μL of SYBR Green RealTime PCR Master Mix (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan), 2 μL of cDNA template, and the forward and reverse primers at 0.5 μM each. The actin gene was used as the reference gene. In the salinity, alkalinity, cold, abscisic acid, and drought stress experiments, the Ct value of the actin gene was stable. The amplification was run in an ABI 7300 sequencer (USA) with the following cycling parameters: 94˚C for 30 s, followed by 45 cycles at 94˚C for 15 s, 55˚C for 30 s, and 72˚C for 30 s. qRT-PCR was performed in triplicate to confirm the accuracy of the results. All of the relative expression levels were log 2 -transformed.

Construction of the plant expression vector pTF101.1-MsWRKY11 and its transformation into soybean
Full-length cDNA of MsWRKY11 was obtained from alfalfa, and pMD18-T:: MsWRKY11 (constructed using the TaKaRa Reagent kit) and the expression plasmid pTF101.1-MsWRKY11 were constructed (using the restriction endonucleases XbaI and SacI). The WRKY11 fragment and pTF101.1 plant expression vector were connected using ligase and transformed into Escherichia coli by the thermal stimulation method. Finally, the recombinant plasmid was transformed into Agrobacterium strain EHA101 using the freezing-thawing method. Soybean variety DongNong-50 was transformed using the EHA101 strain (containing the plant expression vector pTF101.1-MsWRKY11) by the Agrobacterium-mediated co-cultivation method. The protocol was previously described by Kim et al. [40][41][42].

Growth conditions for transgenic soybean
Plastic pots (10 cm diameter × 15 cm high) containing 3 kg stroma (peat soil: vermiculite = 1:1, v/v) were used for planting. Three plants per pot were planted and kept in a culture room at

Detection of successfully transformed soybean plants by PCR
T 0 soybean plants were identified by PCR. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method was used for isolation of small amounts of DNA from soybean leaves. Primers for the amplification of MsWRKY11 were as follows: primer 3: 5'-TACCGGATCTACAACCATTCTA GAGC-3' and primer 4: 5'-CGAGCTCTC AAAGAGGCTGAGATAT-3'. Each reaction mixture (10 μL) contained 1 μL of DNA template, 1 μL of 10× PCR buffer, 0.8 μL of dNTP mix (2.5 mmol/L), 0.8 μL of primer mix, 0.05 μL of rTaq DNA polymerase (5 U/μL), and 6.35 μL of RNase-free double-distilled water. The amplification of MsWRKY11 was conducted under the following conditions: 95˚C for 3 min; 34 cycles of denaturation at 94˚C for 30 s, annealing at 59˚C for 30 s, and elongation at 72˚C for 30 s; final elongation at 72˚C for 10 min; and final extension at 16˚C for 2 h (GeneAmp PCR System 9700).

qRT-PCR validation of transgenic lines
Total RNA was isolated from the leaves of transgenic and wild-type soybean plants using an RNA extraction kit (TianGen Biotech) following the manufacturer's protocol. Data were normalized using the actin gene. The RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit (TaKaRa). The qRT-PCR primers were the same as those used in the qRT-PCR analysis of alfalfa. Each 20 μL qRT-PCR reaction contained 10 μL of Thunderbird SYBR qPCR mix (Toyobo), 0.4 μL of 50× ROX reference dye, 1.6 μL of primer mix, 2 μL of diluted cDNA, and 6 μL of RNasefree double-distilled water. The reactions were subjected to an initial denaturation at 95˚C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95˚C for 15 s, 53˚C for 30 s, and 72˚C for 30 s. Amplification was followed by a melting curve analysis of amplified products according to the following protocol: 95˚C for 15 s, 60˚C for 20 s, and 95˚C for 15 s (ABI 7300). Data from the qRT-PCR experiments were analyzed according to the 2 −ΔΔCt method [43]. Each sample was prepared in triplicate.

Salt tolerance experiments
For the seed germination experiment, T 3 homozygous transgenic soybean seeds and wild-type seeds were surface sterilized and placed on ½ Murashige and Skoog basal nutrient salts with B5 vitamins, supplemented with NaCl (0, 100, 200 mM) under a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle at 25˚C for 7 days. Images were taken at the end of each experiment, and hypocotyl length (the length from the cotyledon to the root tip) was recorded.
To examine the salt tolerance of soybean leaves, leaves of 4-week-old T 3 homozygous transgenic lines (OX1, OX2, OX4) and wild-type plants were irrigated with a solution containing 200 mM NaCl for 7 days. Their leaves were collected and soaked in culture dishes that were filled with NaCl solution (200 mM) under a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle and 25˚C. All experiments were repeated thrice, and phenotypic variations in the leaves were recorded daily.
For the assessment of soybean plant tolerance to salt, 4-week-old seedlings of T 3 homozygous transgenic lines (OX1, OX2, OX4) and wild-type plants (3 plants per pot) were irrigated with a solution containing 200 mM NaCl for 10 days. The control group was irrigated with the same volume of water. All of the plants were kept under a 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle at 25˚C.

Estimation of chlorophyll content
Fresh soybean leaves (0.1 g) were placed in 50 mL centrifuge tubes and extracted with 10 mL of 95% ethanol in the dark (24 h [44].

Measurement of physiological parameters under salt stress
Four-week-old seedlings of T 3 homozygous transgenic lines (OX1, OX2, OX4) and wild-type plants were exposed to 200 mM NaCl for 10 days and 0.1 g of leaf tissue was used to measure the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); the content of free proline, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde (MDA), H 2 O 2 , and O 2 -; and the relative conductivity. CAT activity was assayed following Zhang et al. [45]; SOD activity, according to Beauchamp et al. [46]; MDA, according to Hodges et al. [47]; and proline and soluble sugars, according to Lrigoyen et al. [48]. Relative conductivity was assessed following Lutts et al. [49]; H 2 O 2 content, as described by Mukherjee et al. [50]; and O 2 content, as described by Liu et al. [51]. All experiments were repeated thrice.

Statistical analysis
Each physiological parameter measurement was repeated three times. Data were randomly selected and processed using SPSS 13.0 Data Editor. The differences between groups were processed using Duncan's test and Excel was used to draw the chart. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Agronomic character analysis
We randomly measured 30 strains each from three transgenic lines and wild soybean and the average was taken as the final result (Table 1). Agronomic traits included plant height, branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, and 100-seed weight. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS9.0, and the t-test was used to evaluate the results.

Identification and sequence analysis of the MsWRKY11 gene
Cloning primers were designed according to the sequence information of the alfalfa transcriptome under salt stress conditions, and the MsWRKY11 gene was cloned by RT-PCR. The length of the gene is 945 bp, and it encodes 314 amino acids. Protein domain analysis showed These results clearly indicate that this gene belongs to the WRKY gene family (Fig 1).

Homology of the WRKY11 sequence and phylogenetic tree of different plant species
Protein Clustalx analysis of MsWRKY11 with homologous proteins from various species, such as Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Vitaceae, Cruciferae, and Cucurbitaceae, showed that WRKY11s presented a highly conserved domain in experimental material species, including a zinc finger domain and a WRKY domain (Fig 1A). However, the core domain was also different in Rosaceae, Vitaceae, Cruciferae, and Cucurbitaceae species compared with Leguminosae (Fig 2). In Leguminosae plants, the protein sequence of MsWRKY11 revealed 95% identity with MtWRKY, 78% identity with CaWRKY11 and 71% identity with GmWRKY65. In the core domain, MsWRKY11 had 100% identity with MtWRKY (Fig 2A). In the zinc finger domain, GmWRKY11 had insertion of an amino acid compared with MsWRKY11, MtWRKY, and CaWRKY11. In the WRKY domain, CaWRKY11 and GmWRKY65 had a substitution of 5 amino acids compared with MsWRKY11. The protein sequence of GmWRKY11, MsWRKY11, AtWRKY11, and GmWRKY65 is shown in S1 Fig

Expression traits of MsWRKY11 in alfalfa
Four-week-old seedlings were used for qRT-PCR to elucidate the tissue-specific expression of MsWRKY11 in alfalfa. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that MsWRKY11 was highly expressed in the roots and leaves, and trace levels were detected in the stem, flower, and fruit ( Fig 3A).
To analyze the expression pattern of MsWRKY11 under abiotic stresses, alfalfa plants were exposed to salinity, alkalinity, cold, ABA, and drought, and gene expression levels were measured in the roots and leaves using qRT-PCR (Fig 3B and 3C). In treatments with 300 mM NaCl, MsWRKY11 was significantly upregulated in the leaves, but there was no significant change in the expression level in the root tissue. Similar patterns in the expression of MsWRKY11 were observed with alkali, cold, drought, and ABA treatments in the root. In  contrast, the expression of MsWRKY11 in the leaves varied under different treatments. In treatments with 300 mM NaCl, the MsWRKY11 transcript level was significantly reduced at 1 h, increasing subsequently and peaking at 6 h of the treatment. A similar expression pattern was found with drought treatments. Alkali treatment increased the transcript level, which reached the first peak at 3 h. This was then followed by a slight reduction in gene expression after 6 h and 12 h of treatment, but another upregulation followed, with the second peak at 24 h. The response of MsWRKY11 in leaf tissue to cold stress and ABA followed a pattern similar to that under alkaline stress.

Transformation of MsWRKY11 into soybean
The expression vector pTF101.1, which contains the herbicide resistance gene bar, was used for transformation. MsWRKY11 was digested at the XbaI and SacI restriction enzyme sites. The cloning of MsWRKY11 into the plant expression vector is shown in Fig 4A. We obtained 16 seedlings with glufosinate resistance, which were examined by PCR analysis using the MsWRKY11 gene. Finally, we obtained 9 T 0 -positive transgenic lines (Fig 4B).

qRT-PCR validation of transgenic lines
MsWRKY11 expression using qRT-PCR was confirmed in T 0 -positive transgenic soybean lines (OX1, OX2, OX4); the gene was not expressed in the wild type (Fig 5).

Seed germination under salt stress
To determine hypocotyl length in plants with overexpressed MsWRKY11 under salt stress, seeds of T 3 , i.e., the homozygous transgenic progeny of the OX1, OX2, and OX4 lines, were germinated in medium containing different salt concentrations. In treatments with 100 mM NaCl, the hypocotyls were shorter in wild-type plants than in transgenic lines (Fig 6A). Under  the salt concentration of 200 mM, hypocotyl length decreased but remained higher than that of the wild type ( Fig 6B). These results indicate that overexpression of MsWRKY11 could improve the germination rate and hypocotyl length in seedlings under salt stress.

Phenotypic analysis of transgenic plants under salt stress
The phenotypes of the 4-week-old T 3 transgenic plants were determined under high salt stress (200 mM) (Fig 7A). After 10 days of treatment, the leaves of the wild type turned yellow and dropped. By contrast, few leaves of transgenic lines turned yellow, and plant growth remained vigorous (Fig 7B). It is evident that MsWRKY11 overexpression in soybean improved the salt tolerance. Leaves removed from 4-week-old T 3 transgenic plants were assayed under high salt stress (200 mM). The leaves of the wild-type soybean turned yellow after 7 days of salt treatment, whereas those of the transgenic soybean maintained their normal color (Fig 7D).

Chlorophyll content of MsWRKY11 transgenic soybean
Chlorophyll content in the leaves of T 3 transgenic (OX1, OX2, and OX4) and wild-type plants was determined at the pod stage. The chlorophyll content in the leaves of transgenic lines was significantly higher than that in wild-type lines, suggesting that the degree of structural and functional damage of the chloroplast in transgenic soybean was lower than that of the wild type in saline environments (Fig 8). The relative conductivity of the leaves in T 3 transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of wild-type plants (Fig 9A). The MDA, H 2 O 2 , and O 2 contents increased in both transgenic and wild-type plants under salt stress, but the increase was greater in the wild-type plants than in transgenic lines (Fig 9B-9D). Similarly, the CAT, SOD, free proline, and soluble sugar levels increased in both transgenic and wild-type plants, but the increase was greater in transgenic plants than in the wild-type plants (Fig 9E-9H). Furthermore, the free proline and soluble sugar content of transgenic plants and wild-type plants increased under salt stress, but the increase was higher in transgenic plants (Fig 9G and 9H).

Agronomic characteristic analysis
The agricultural yield of T 3 transgenic and wild-type soybean was analyzed, including parameters such as plant height, branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant and 100-seed weight. Alfalfa WRKY11 overexpression and soybean salt tolerance Table 1 shows that plant height, seeds per plant, and 100-seed weight per plant of transgenic MsWRKY11 soybean were higher than those of the wild type, especially OX2.

Discussion
The WRKY family regulates the expression of genes closely related to biotic and abiotic stresses [52]. The functions of WRKY genes have been extensively researched in various plants, including Arabidopsis, rice, soybean, grapevine, sorghum, barley, and maize. However, only a few studies have examined the alfalfa WRKY gene family. Medicago sativa L. Zhaodong has excellent salt tolerance. The protein sequences of GmWRKY65 and MsWRKY11 have many differences, which might explain the higher level of salt tolerance of Zhaodong alfalfa compared to soybean (S1 Fig). In the present study, we successfully cloned a WRKY gene from alfalfa, designated as MsWRKY11. The homologous proteins of MsWRKY11 across various plant families were shown in a phylogenetic tree. Salt tolerance genes having high homology with MsWRKY11 in the phylogenetic tree should be further studied in the future. WRKY TFs have an important role in ABA-responsive signaling networks [22]. In Arabidopsis, WRKY40, WRKY18, and WRKY60 function as negative regulators of ABA signaling directly downstream of the ABA receptor ABAR [53]. In the present study, the qRT-PCR experiment showed that expression of MsWRKY11 was significantly induced under salinity, alkalinity, cold, drought, and ABA stresses. This result demonstrated that MsWRKY11 is a stress-inducible TF and may function via the ABA-dependent signaling pathway in response to stress.
Salinity is a major factor limiting crop yield worldwide. Each crop has a threshold salinity level, beyond which plant growth decreases as salinity increases [54,55]. The WRKY gene family, one of the largest families of TFs, enhances stress tolerance of plants. Overexpression of RtWRKY1 in Arabidopsis confers salt tolerance by regulating plant growth, osmotic balance, Na + /K + homeostasis, and the antioxidant system [56]. DgWRKY3 overexpression in tobacco enhances salt stress tolerance [36]. Despite the current understanding of the functions of WRKY, an extensive study on the possible use of MsWRKY11 for developing soybean cultivars with superior salt tolerance has yet to be conducted. In the present study, the growth of transgenic plants was affected less by salt stress compared to the wild type, and chlorosis of the basal leaves was not detected in transgenic soybean (Fig 6). Chlorophyll content is a vital factor that can be used to determine the quality of plant growth. Overexpression of ThWRKY4 in Arabidopsis increased the chlorophyll contents significantly in transgenic lines as compared to the control [57], and JcWRKY overexpression in tobacco resulted in higher chlorophyll content compared with the wild type under salt stress [35]. Similarly, MsWRKY11 overexpression in Alfalfa WRKY11 overexpression and soybean salt tolerance soybean increased the chlorophyll levels in transgenic plants as compared to those in wild-type plants under salt stress conditions (Fig 8). Taken together, these results suggest that WRKY11 gene expression improves soybean resistance to salt stress. Previous studies reported that overexpression of DnWRKY11 improved the germination rate, root length, and fresh weight of transgenic tobacco under salt and drought stress when compared with the wild type [58], and expression of TaWRKY10 increased seed germination rate and root length [59]. These studies were corroborated by our data, which showed higher germination rates in transgenic soybean seeds than in wild-type seeds.
Salt treatment increased the content of ROS in plants, including H 2 O 2 and O 2 - [60,61]. The main function of CAT is the hydrolysis of H 2 O 2 into H 2 O and O 2 ; SOD eliminates the harmful substances produced by organisms during various metabolic processes. In addition, MDA is toxic to cells and is responsible for the cross-linking polymerization of proteins, nucleic acids, and other living macromolecules. In the present study, relative electrical conductivity and MDA content increased in both transgenic and wild-type plants under salt stress, although the increase was greater in the wild-type plants than in the transgenic lines (Fig 9A and 9B). Salt stress caused increased levels of CAT and SOD in transgenic and wild-type plants, but the increase was higher in transgenic plants (Fig 9C-9F). These data show that the antioxidant ability of transgenic plants was stronger than that of the wild type. Similarly, free proline and soluble sugar content in transgenic and wild-type plants increased under salt stress, with a higher increase in transgenic plants than in the wild type (Fig 9G and 9H). These results indicate that transgenic soybean resisted salt stress by accumulating more soluble protein and proline content. The results presented herein confirm that MsWRKY11 might reduce ROS levels and then increase salt tolerance in soybean.
In conclusion, MsWRKY11 was identified and characterized as a stress-inducible TF that responds to alkalinity, cold, drought, ABA, and especially salt stress. MsWRKY11 overexpression improved the salt tolerance in soybean, which further confirmed the role of the WRKY gene family in the salt stress response and its potential for engineering soybean lines resistant to saline soil. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms and functions of the MsWRKY11 gene in response to other stresses remain to be further investigated.