Clarification of the Phylogenetic Framework of the Tribe Baorini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) Inferred from Multiple Gene Sequences

Members of the skipper tribe Baorini generally resemble each other and are characterized by dark brown wings with hyaline white spots. These shared characteristics have caused difficulties with revealing the relationships among genera and species in the group, and some conflicting taxonomic views remain unresolved. The present study aims to infer a more comprehensive phylogeny of the tribe using molecular data, to test the monophyly of the tribe as well as the genera it includes in order to clarify their taxonomic status, and finally to revise the current classification of the group. In order to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree, the mitochondrial COI-COII and 16S genes as well as the nuclear EF-1α and 28S genes were analyzed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The analysis included 67 specimens of 41 species, and we confirmed the monophyly of Baorini, and revealed that 14 genera are well supported. The genus Borbo is separated into three clades: Borbo, Pseudoborbo, and Larsenia gen. nov. We confirmed that Polytremis is polyphyletic and separated into three genera: Polytremis, Zinaida, and Zenonoida gen. nov., and also confirmed that the genus Prusiana is a member of the tribe. Relationships among some genera were strongly supported. For example, Zenonia and Zenonoida were found to be sister taxa, closely related to Zinaida and Iton, while Pelopidas and Baoris were also found to cluster together.


Introduction
The family Hesperiidae, commonly known as skippers or skipper butterflies, comprises approximately 4000 species belonging to 540 genera worldwide [1] and is defined by the following unique morphological character states: an "eye ring", a wide head, an area of small and specialized scales on the upper side of the hindwing base, and a large thorax, resulting in the mesoscutellum overhanging the metanotum [2]. These unique character states support Mabille, 1904 [6]. Subsequent authors also followed this classification scheme [1, 10-12, 41, 42, 52].
Few phylogenetic analyses involving the tribe Baorini have been published. Dodo et al. analyzed mitochondrial ND5 and COI of Japanese skippers, and concluded that the genera Pelopidas and Parnara were monophyletic groups [53], which we have confirmed in this study. Warren et al. investigated the phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and the circumscription of tribes of the family Hesperiidae based on molecular data [5]. Baorini included only four species belonging to three genera-Pelopidas, Iton, and Polytremis-and it was concluded that the monophyly of the Baorine clade was strongly supported. Warren et al. used 49 morphological characters and molecular data to revise the classification of the family Hesperiidae and confirmed the robust monophyly of the tribe Baorini [2], although, only the above three genera were included. A molecular phylogenetic study of Chinese skippers, which sampled only six species across three genera (Parnara, Pelopidas, and Polytremis), provided evidence that the tribe is monophyletic [54].
Jiang et al. constructed a phylogeny of the genus Polytremis from China using one mitochondrial and two nuclear derived genes and claimed that the monophyly of the genus was supported [55]. Yuan et al. analyzed three mitochondrial genes of three species from China, but could not confirm these findings [54]. Our results also contradict the conclusions made by Jiang et al. [55].
The objectives of the present study were to infer a more comprehensive phylogeny of the tribe Baorini using molecular data, to test the monophyly of the tribe Baorini, to clarify the taxonomic status of multiple genera, and to revise the current classification within this tribe if necessary. A well-resolved phylogeny of the tribe Baorini will enhance the understanding of the evolution and biology among species within this group.

Taxon sampling
Samples were obtained from all major genera in the tribe Baorini except for Brusa. When possible, the type species was included and multiple species were chosen in controversial genera to correctly clarify taxonomic status. In total, 67 specimens representing 41 species across 11 genera of the tribe Baorini were selected as ingroup taxa. Specifically, we included the genus Pseudoborbo, which has been considered a synonym of Borbo by some authors; Prusiana, which was considered a member of Taractrocera group [6]; and Polytremis nascens, the type species of the genus Zinaida, believed to be a synonym of Polytremis. An additional six species, including single representatives from two genera of the Taractrocerini tribe, Taractrocera and Telicota, as well as the genera Aeromachus, Ampittia, Daimio, and Tagiades were used as outgroups to assess the status of the genus Prusiana and the stability of basal relationships among ingroup lineages. Voucher specimens representing all sampled species were deposited in the Insect Collection of the South China Agricultural University (SCAU). Specimen information and location data are presented in Table 1.

DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing
Total genomic DNA was extracted from the thorax of specimens preserved in ethanol, or from one to three legs of dried specimens. The tissues were macerated in 500 μL Proteinase K solution (10 mM Tris HCl, 10 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.5 mg/mL proteinase K), and incubated at 55°C for 2-3 h. The resulting solution was extracted once with phenol saturated with TE buffer (10 mM Tri-HCl [pH 8.0] and 1 mM EDTA), once with phenol/chloroform (1:1), and once with chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The total DNA was precipitated by adding twice the volume of 100% ethanol and one-tenth the volume of 3 M sodium acetate to the supernatant, washed with 70% ethanol, dried, and then dissolved in 80-100 μL TE buffer. DNA from Pseudoborbo bevani, Iton semamora, Prusiana kuehni, and Zenonia zeno specimens was extracted from legs using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacturer's protocol for animal tissue. Four target regions were amplified by PCR using the primers listed in Table 2. PCR reactions were performed in 25 μL volumes containing 2.5 μL 10×PCR buffer (2.0 mM MgCl2), 2 μL dNTPs (containing 2.5 mM of each dNTP), 1 μL of each primer (10 pmol/μL), 1 μL of template DNA, and 1.25 units Taq DNA polymerase (Takara Inc, Shiga, Japan). The amplification cycle was 95°C for 5 min, and for the 16S and 28S genes was followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, then 47°C (16S) or 50°C (28S) for 30 sec and 72°C for 1.5 min. For the COI-COII and EF-1α, the initial 95°C at 5 min was followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 46°C (COI-COII) or 55°C (EF-1α) for 1 min and 72°C for 2 min. All amplification cycles included a final extension period of 72°C for 7 min. Successful amplification was verified using agarose gel electrophoresis.
PCR products were purified with a Gel DNA purification kit (Takara Inc), and were directly sequenced with the same primers listed in Table 2, or cloned and then sequenced. For cloning, the purified PCR products were cloned into the pMD18-T vector (Takara Inc) using Escherichia coli TG-1 as the host. At least three positive clones were selected for sequencing to correct for PCR errors. Sequencing was performed using the ABI 3730 automated sequencer. DNA sequences were assembled and edited with SeqManII in the DNASTAR package (DNASTAR Inc, Wisconsin, USA) and checked manually. All sequences were deposited in GenBank, and the accession numbers for each sequence are listed in Table 1.

Data analyses
Alignments of the rRNA gene sequences were conducted with MAFFT (version 7) using separate gene partitions (16S and 28S) via the online sever (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/). We used the Q-INS-I strategy, which accounts for the secondary structure of the RNA and 16S rRNA LR-J-12887 CCGGTTTGAGCTCAGATCA Simon et al. [56] LR-N-13398 CGCCTGTTTATCAAAAACAT Simon et al. [56] EF-1α ef44 GCYGARCGYGARCGTGGTATYAC Monteiro and Pierce [57] efrcM4 ACAGCVACKGTYTGYCTCATRTC Monteiro and Pierce [57] 28S rRNA 28S-01 GACTACCCCCTGAATTTAAGCAT Kim et al. [58] 28SR-01 GACTCCTTGGTCCGTGTTTCAAG Kim et al. [58] small data sets (with less than 200 sequences), and '1PAM/κ = 2', which is recommended for aligning closely related DNA sequences and the offset was set at 0.1 when large gaps were not expected based on preliminary analyses [59][60][61]. Both the COI-COII (only one 3-bp gap) and EF-1α sequences were aligned using the Clustal X [62] with the default settings. All base frequencies and molecular character statistics were calculated using MEGA 6.0 [63]. Homogeneity of the base frequencies across taxa was tested using the Chi-square test implemented in PAUP Ã 4.0b10 [64]. The incongruence length difference (ILD) test [65] in PAUP Ã was conducted to evaluate the congruence of mitochondrial (COI-II and 16S) and nuclear (EF-1α and 28S) markers and determine if they could be analyzed together. Only taxa with sequence information for all four target regions were included in this analysis. Saturation for each gene and for the codon positions of COI, COII, and EF-1α were assessed using the substitution saturation test [66,67] in the program DAMBE [68]. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum parsimony (MP), maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. MP analyses were conducted using TNT version 1.1 [69] with the following options: parsimony-informative characters were unordered and equally weighted, gaps were treated as missing data, searches heuristic using a "driven search" until the minimum length was hit ten times by means of a combination of TreeFusion, Ratchet, Tree Drifting, and Sectorial searches under default parameters [70]. Branch support was assessed using the bootstrap test [71] with 1000 replicates.
ML analyses were carried out using RAxML version 8 [74] on a concatenated data set of all genes, with 1000 rapid bootstraps using both GTR+G and GTR+I+G. The topologies of the trees were consistent, and support values for the clades only differed slightly. Here, we have only presented the results from the analysis using the GTR+G model. Bayesian analyses were conducted using MrBayes 3.2.2 [75] using the best-fit model determined using the two abovementioned schemes. Four simultaneous chains were run for 5×10 6 generations, and trees were sampled every 100 generations with the first 25% of sampled trees discarded as burn-in. The convergence of the analyses was determined with the program Tracer v1.6 [76] and Bayesian posterior probabilities were used to evaluate branch support. Both MrBayes and RAXML runs were carried out on the online CIPRES Science Gateway resource [77].
Bootstrap support values (BP, for MP; BS, for ML) and posterior probabilities (PP for BI) were used to assess the robustness of the results. In order to discuss the results, we have delimited the support values as strongly, moderately, and weakly supported. In the MP and ML analyses, we regard clades with bootstrap values of 69 and below to be weakly supported, 70-89 to be moderately supported, and 90 and above to be strongly supported. In the BI analyses, we considered clades with posterior probabilities of 0.79 and below to be weakly supported, those with probabilities of 0.80-0.94 to be moderately supported, and those with probabilities of 0.95 and above to be strongly supported.

Nomenclature Acts
The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix"http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 89BFF498-46F3-4007-87A9-F826290724C7. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central, LOCKSS.

Sequence Characteristics
From a total of 71 samples, we obtained 60, 70, 58, and 69 sequences for COI-COII, 16S, EF-1α and 28S sequences, respectively. In addition, we included an additional four sequences from two species from GenBank ( Table 1).
The COI-COII (929 bp) region was composed of 703 bp of the COI gene, the entire 70 bp of the intervening tRNAleu (including one 3-bp gap since Pelopidas agna has a three-basepair insertion), and 156 bp of the COII gene. Due to several small indels in some species, the 16S and 28S sequence lengths varied between 512-520 bp and 825-840 bp, respectively. In total, the alignment of the four regions consisted of a total of 3380 bp (929, 531, 1066, and 854 bp of the COI-COII, 16S, EF-1α and 28S genes, respectively), of which 975 positions were variable, and 747 were parsimony-informative. We failed to obtain sequences for some specimens, and the missing data were designated as a '?' in the alignment. Within the ingroup, average base composition was T = 30.4%, C = 21.1%, A = 28.8%, and G = 19.7%. The Chi-square test revealed no significant base composition heterogeneity across samples employed (df = 150, P = 1.00). For all three codon positions of COII and EF-1α as well as for the three regions tRNAleu, 16S, and 28S, the value of the substitution saturation index (I ss ) was much smaller than the critical value (I ss. c ), assuming either a symmetrical topology or an asymmetrical topology. These results show that these data subsets are unlikely to have reached saturation. For COI, only the third codon position reveals that I ss is larger than I ss.c , assuming an asymmetrical topology. Therefore, there is little substitution saturation in our sequence data.
The ILD test revealed no significant incongruence between the two data sets (mtDNA COI-II and 16S vs. rDNA EF-1α and 28S, P = 0.19), indicating that the sequences could be combined in the phylogenetic reconstruction.

Phylogenetic analyses
The three concatenated analyses (BI, ML, and MP) revealed similar topologies, differing mainly in branch support (Fig 1, S1 Fig); however, the monophyly of the tribe Baorini is strongly supported in all methods (PP = 1.00, BS = 100, BP = 100). Within the tribe, although support for some basal clades is low, the monophyly of the seven traditionally established genera (Parnara, Pelopidas, Baoris, Caltoris, Prusiana, Iton, and Zenonia) is strongly supported in all phylogenetic analyses. On the other hand, contrary to conventional taxonomy, the genera Borbo and Polytremis are not monophyletic. Members of Borbo did not form a cluster, but instead formed three clades-Clade A, the Borbo clade, and the Pseudoborbo clade (which only included the species P. bevani, which was previously placed within Borbo). Clade A is a strongly supported monophyletic group (PP = 1.00, BS = 100, BP = 100) that consists of the following species: B. sp., B. gemella, B. holtzi, and B. perobscura and is, by this analysis, sister to the other remaining Baorini. We designated the clade to have a new genus status, Larsenia gen. nov. The genus Pseudoborbo has a controversial taxonomic status and according to all of the methods is sister to Pelopidas and Baoris, which is moderately supported in BI analysis (PP = 0.80). We determined that Pelopidas is sister to Baoris (PP = 1.00, BS = 100, BP = 97). The genus Borbo, excluding Larsenia and Pseudoborbo, was moderately supported in the BI and ML analyses (PP = 0.83, BS = 70). For the genus Polytremis, all members analyzed here except for P. lubricans, together with the genus Zenonia, formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade (PP = 1.00, BS = 96, BP = 91), which is sister to the genus Iton (PP = 1.00, BS = 85, BP = 65). Within the clade, P. eltola and P. discreta formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (PP = 1.00, BS = 100, BP = 100), which is sister to the genus Zenonia, with moderate support (PP = 0.93, BS = 70, BP = 66). We recognized the P. eltola and P. discrete clade to have a new genus status. Other species of Polytremis sensu Evans [6] including P. nascens (the type species of Zinaida) appeared to form a monophyletic group with strong support (PP = 1.00, BS = 95, BP = 81). P. lubricans, the type species of Polytremis, formed a separate clade from other Polytremis sensu Evans [6] species. Consequently, we propose that the genus Zinaida Evans, 1937 be reinstated. Based on highly supported monophyly of these genera, together with morphological characters, herein we have designated the following fourteen clades as genera: Larsenia gen. nov., Parnara, Gegenes, Borbo, Pelopidas, Baoris, Caltoris, Pseudoborbo, Polytremis, Prusiana, Iton, Zenonia, Zenonoida gen. nov., and Zinaida.

Discussion
Although the basal relationships within Baorini were poorly resolved, proximal clades were strongly supported across all analyses. Of the 14 major lineages we defined here as genera, eight (Parnara, Gegenes, Pelopidas, Baoris, Caltoris, Prusiana, Iton, and Zenonia) are concordant with traditionally established genera, while the others are inconsistent with the previously described genera.
Etymology. The genus is named after the late Dr. Torben Larsen, the leading expert on African butterfly taxonomy, who was a member of this project. He passed away suddenly in May 2015 and therefore did not see the final results of this research; with respect, we would like to name the new genus after him.
In our analyses, four species currently treated as members of the genus Borbo, namely B. gemella, B. perobscura, B. holtzi, and an unidentified species formed a distinct group that is basal and sister to the rest of Baorini. Based on these results, we established Larsenia as a new genus. Before describing Borbo, Evans [19] divided brown skippers into Baoris and Pelopidas. The three species above were all assigned to Pelopidas. After describing Borbo, he divided members into two groups: one with smooth mid-tibia and the other with spined mid-tibia [79]. Both B. perobscura and B. holtzii have spined mid-tibia but not B. gemella. These three species are autapomorphous with respect to their male genitalia, with developed socius. Although it is beyond the scope of this study, a detailed description of the new genus is in preparation pending further research determining which members of the African Borbo that were not included in this study should be assigned to the new genus.

Pseudoborbo Lee, 1966 confirmed status
Our morphological study shows that the type species of both genera are greatly different in wing venation and male genitalia. Specifically regarding wing venation (Fig 2A and 2B) on the forewing, the origin of M 3 is branched midway between M 2 and CuA 1 while on the hindwing, the origin of vein CuA 1 is distinctly closer to M 3 than to CuA 2 in Pseudoborbo. Simultaneously, on the forewing, the origin of the vein M 3 is distinctly closer to M 2 than to CuA 1 , and on the hindwing, the origin of vein CuA 1 is branched midway between M 2 and CuA 2 in Borbo. In the male genitalia (Fig 3A and 3B) of Pseudoborbo, the uncus not separated at tip, while the gnathos is developed and nearly reaches the tip of uncus; the valva lacks transtilla, and the aedeagus is characterized by a thick, long spine and an uneven cornuti. However, in Borbo, the uncus is bifid and bent ventrally at the tip, the gnathos is far from reaching to tip of uncus, the valva harbors transtilla, and the aedeagus is simple without cornuti. Eight species of traditional Borbo, including the type species Hesperia borbonica Boisduval, 1833, as well as the type and sole species of Pseudoborbo, were analyzed in our molecular study. The results revealed that Pseudoborbo bevani is located separately from the two clades of the other members of Borbo. The relationship of P. bevani to the sister clades Pelopidas and Baoris is closer than its relationship to Borbo. Morphologically, Pseudoborbo is also much more similar to Pelopidas and Baoris, especially with regard to the male genitalia.
Based on molecular evidence as well as morphological characters, we propose that the genus Pseudoborbo Lee, 1966 is valid.

Borbo Evans, 1949
Currently, the genus Borbo consists of five Indo-Australian and 18 African species [22]. These species vary extensively in the morphology of the male genitalia, and, therefore, it is necessary to divide them into several groups according to their characteristic genitalia structures [78]. Our analyses clearly indicate that the eight species analyzed here are polyphyletic. Although Borbo, excluding Clade A and Pseudoborbo, forms a moderately supported clade, the relationship among the three sublineages (B. cinnara, B. borbonica, and B. fatuellus+B. ratek) is unclear. We did find that B. fatuellus is sister to B. ratek and each sublineage differs according to male genitalia morphology. Evans [19] determined that Baoris included B. ratek and B. fatuellus and Pelopidas included P. borbonica. Again, mid-tibial characteristics do not appear to be informative, since B. ratek and B. fatuellus have smooth mid-tibia while P. borbonica has a spined mid-tibia. However, since the sample size is not sufficient and the support for the Borbo clade is relatively low (PP = 0.83, B = 70), additional species sampling and gene sequencing are necessary to resolve the phylogeny of Borbo in the future.

Prusiana Evans, 1937 confirmed status
Prusiana, a small genus with only three species, is obviously a monophyletic group with a synapomorphy in which the males have a brand at the base of the space M 1 on the hindwing [6,22]. Nevertheless, the taxonomic position of Prusiana has been controversial, as mentioned above. Based on morphology rather than molecular evidence, Warren et al. included Prusiana in Baorini [2]. The molecular phylogeny presented here clearly indicates that Prusiana is a member of Baorini and that its sister-group relation to Catoris is weakly supported in the BI phylogeny (PP = 0.79, BS = 38). Polytremis Mabille, 1904 In our present analyses (Fig 1, S1 Fig), twelve species of Polytremis, sensu Evans [6], were not determined to be a monophyletic group but were split into three strongly supported and very distant clades, of which the clade with the type species P. lubricans harbors five representative individuals from China and Malaysia. Therefore, we now recognize Polytremis Mabille, 1904 to be a monotypic genus (type species Goniloba lubricans Herrich-Schäffer). Morphologically, the genus is distinguishable based on the male genitalia (where the lateral process of the uncus, which is divided and horn-like, is clearly separated at its base (Fig 3E)) and the female genitalia (with sclerotized fingerlike projections between the anterior and posterior lamella (Fig 3F)).

Zinaida Evans, 1937 reinstated status
Our morphological study shows that Zinaida is quite different from Polytremis in wing venation and genitalia. Unique characteristics in wing venation in Zinaida (Fig 2C) include the forewing, in which the origin of R 1 follows that of CuA 2 and is located nearly midway between CuA 1 and CuA 2 , and the hindwing, in which the origin of Rs is before that of CuA 2 . However, in Polytremis (Fig 2D), the origin of vein R 1 is opposite CuA 2 and the origin of Rs is opposite CuA 2 . In addition, males of most species have a stigma in space CuA 2 on the upper side of the forewing, and in Polytremis males, the hindwing expanded at middle A, basal M 3 , CuA 1 , and CuA 2 . The male genitalia (Fig 3C and 3E) in Zinaida are unique since the uncus is V-shaped, projects at the left and right and is attached at its base, while the gnathos is straight and has an attached uncus. In Polytremis, the uncus is completely separated, and the gnathos is elbowshaped and located far from the uncus.
Of the 18 species included in Polytremis sensu Evans [6], 12 species, including the type species of both Polytremis and Zinaida, were analyzed in our study. Three clades were defined using all methods. One clade consisted of five individuals of P. lubricans; P. discreta and P. eltola and formed a strongly supported clade (PP = 1.00, BS = 100, BP = 100), which is sister to Zenonia with moderate support (PP = 0.93, BS = 70, BP = 66). The other samples, including P. nascens, formed a strongly supported monophyletic group. Our study thus suggests that the monophyly of Polytremis presented by Evans should be rejected and the genus Zinaida reinstated. Our result contradicts that of Jiang et al. [55]. In their analysis, the monophyly of the genus Polytremis is weekly supported in ML analysis (BS = 52 on the concatenated data; and BS = 73 on COI sequence), even though they claim that the monophyly is strongly supported. On the other hand, the clade including P. lubricans, P. eltola, and P. discreta is strongly supported (BS = 99 for both the COI sequence and combined data set). The DNA markers and samples (ingroup and outgroup) selected are essentially why the results are different. First, they used one mitochondrial gene COI (490 bp) and two nuclear genes (the D3 region of 28S rRNA gene and the V4 and V7 regions of the 18S rRNA gene, in total 1048 bp). The trees derived from the separate analyses of COI as well as the concatenated sequences (COI+rDNA) have roughly similar topologies; however, we determined that the COI gene contributed more to the phylogenetic signal, and combined analyses yielded lower resolution. This is because the two slowly evolving rDNA genes are usually used in higher taxonomic levels studies [80,81]. Additionally, different genes are phylogenetically informative at various taxonomic levels [82]. Therefore, choosing suitable genetic markers is a key element in reconstructing improved molecular phylogenies. We chose COI-COII and 16S rRNA from mitochondrial DNA, rDNA EF-1α, and 28S rRNA as molecular markers. All of these markers have been previously used successfully to elucidate the relationships among many groups within the Lepidoptera, including at the levels of genera, tribe, and subfamily [5,57,[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. Second, 15 Chinese species were used as the ingroup and four Baorine genera as the outgroup. Despite the relatively large number of samples included in the ingroup, the result of molecular phylogeny analysis is not ideal due to the unsuitable outgroup. Since relationships among genera in Baorini are unclear and Polytremis is a morphologically diverse group, all available genera should be included as the outgroup in analyses instead of only four. Our study included nearly all the major genera within Baorini all over the world. In order to test previous analyses, our study included 12 species, allowing for a broad representation of lineages within Polytremis, and containing more than three individuals for P. lubricans, P. eltola, and P. discreta. Although our species sampling is less extensive than in previous studies, the present trees (Fig 1, S1 Fig) are better resolved than those from Jiang et al. [55] and reveal that that Polytremis sensu Evans [6] is not a monophyletic group, P. eltola as sister group to P. discreta rather than to P. lubricans.
Etymology. The scientific name, Zenonoida is derived from the genus Zenonia since the new genus is significantly similar to Zenonia with respect to the male genitalia.
In our analyses, P. eltola and P. discreta were assigned to Polytremis sensu Evans [6], which is distantly located from both Polytremis and Zinaida. Thus, we describe Zenonoida as a new genus, and move P. elota and P. discreta from Polytremis sensu Evans [6] to the new genus: Z. elota com. nov., Z. discreta comb. nov.