Enlarging the Toolbox for Allergen Epitope Definition with an Allergen-Type Model Protein

Background Birch pollen-allergic subjects produce polyclonal cross-reactive IgE antibodies that mediate pollen-associated food allergies. The major allergen Bet v 1 and its homologs in plant foods bind IgE in their native protein conformation. Information on location, number and clinical relevance of IgE epitopes is limited. We addressed the use of an allergen-related protein model to identify amino acids critical for IgE binding of PR-10 allergens. Method Norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) from meadow rue is structurally homologous to Bet v 1 but does not bind Bet v 1-reactive IgE. NCS was used as the template for epitope grafting. NCS variants were tested with sera from 70 birch pollen allergic subjects and with monoclonal antibody BV16 reported to compete with IgE binding to Bet v 1. Results We generated an NCS variant (Δ29NCSN57/I58E/D60N/V63P/D68K) harboring an IgE epitope of Bet v 1. Bet v 1-type protein folding of the NCS variant was evaluated by 1H-15N-HSQC NMR spectroscopy. BV16 bound the NCS variant and 71% (50/70 sera) of our study population showed significant IgE binding. We observed IgE and BV16 cross-reactivity to the epitope presented by the NCS variant in a subgroup of Bet v 1-related allergens. Moreover BV16 blocked IgE binding to the NCS variant. Antibody cross-reactivity depended on a defined orientation of amino acids within the Bet v 1-type conformation. Conclusion Our system allows the evaluation of patient-specific epitope profiles and will facilitate both the identification of clinically relevant epitopes as biomarkers and the monitoring of therapeutic outcomes to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of allergies caused by PR-10 proteins.


Introduction
Millions of patients with allergies to tree pollen are sensitized (produce IgE antibodies) to the major allergen of birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen, Bet v 1 [1]. Bet v 1-binding IgE cross-reacts with Bet v 1-homologous proteins from plant foods, leading to allergy to such foods in a majority of birch pollen-allergic subjects [2]. Despite all efforts so far, a complete IgE epitope profile of Bet v 1 or of a Bet v 1-related allergen is still lacking, although knowledge of clinically relevant IgE binding determinants would benefit diagnosis, therapy, and current understanding of the sometimes puzzling clinical phenomena of pollen-related food allergies. Structural information on IgE epitopes of Bet v 1 and Bet v 1like allergens in foods is limited. To date only IgE epitopes of allergens Art v 1 (pollen), Phl p 2 (grass), and b-lactoglobulin (milk) were determined from X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of IgE-allergen complexes [3][4][5]. Conformational IgE epitopes of allergens from the PR10-protein family, however, are unknown. Allergen variants carrying substitutions of either individual or multiple residues to either attenuate or induce IgE antibody binding (epitope grafting) identified individual residues crucial for IgE recognition by Bet v 1 [6][7][8][9][10] and Bet v 1-type allergens from apple [11,12], cherry [13,14], and celeriac [15]. In addition, monoclonal antibodies have been used to localize potential IgE epitopes of Bet v 1 and related allergens [10,[16][17][18][19]. The only structural information on an epitope of Bet v 1 to date was obtained from X-ray crystallography of a complex between the monoclonal Bet v 1-specific mouse IgG BV16 and the major isoform of Bet v 1, Bet v 1 a [20]. Binding of BV16 to Bet v 1 reduces serum IgE interactions, indicating competition of IgE and monoclonal IgG for an overlapping binding site of Bet v 1 [21,22].
IgE-allergen interactions are usually analyzed with polyclonal serum IgE, making it difficult to differentiate individual IgE interaction sites. Engineering of recombinant allergen variants often changes the native protein conformation which is essential for IgE interaction. Thus we suggest to use a non-IgE binding protein with allergen-like conformation as a scaffold that can be modulated on the individual amino acid level to stepwise induce IgE recognition capabilities. For this purpose we recently cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized the enzyme norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) from the meadow rue Thalictrum flavum as a recombinant protein variant D29NCS [23,24]. As Bet v 1, NCS is a member of the pathogenesis-related protein family (PR- 10) sharing the typical Bet v 1 protein fold [25], but has no known allergenic properties. NCS is thus an ideal protein model candidate to study epitopes of PR-10 allergens.
Here we aimed at establishing a recombinant model protein system to specifically analyze epitopes of PR-10 allergens. For this purpose we used the truncated variant D29NCS. To study the impact of individual amino acids in IgE binding within NCS we generated variants of D29NCS, analyzed their IgE antibody binding with sera of birch pollen allergic subjects and determined the cross-reactivity of suspected IgE epitopes grafted onto NCS.

Patients
Sixty-nine patients with a convincing history of pollinosis to early flowering tree pollen and specific IgE levels.0.35 kU A /L to birch pollen measured by ImmunoCAP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) were included as serum donors. Patients were recruited at the Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland, at the Hospital Borkum Riff, Borkum, Germany, and at the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany. Study participants provided written informed consent. Ethics approval by the local ethics committee 'Kantonale Ethikkomission Zürich, Switzerland' of the University Hospital in Zürich, Switzerland and the local ethics committee 'Ethik-Kommission, Fachbereich Medizin der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitä t, Frankfurt am Main, Germany' of the University Hospital in Frankfurt included consent form and consent procedure. Sera 52-69 were published elsewhere [26]. Serum 70 was purchased from DLab Diagnose GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. Serum from one non-allergic subject was used as negative control for the specific IgE measurements. The positive serum pool (IgE.0.35 kU A /L against D29NCS_5x) comprised sera 11, 14, 20-23, 32, 42, 47, and

Determination of specific IgE
Specific IgE levels to recombinant proteins were determined by ImmunoCAP in Phadia 100 and 250 instruments (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the case of Bet v 1, Api g 1.01 and Cor a 1.04, commercial ImmunoCAP tests were used, whereas for Pru av 1, Dau c 1.01, NCS and its variants, experimental ImmunoCAPs were manufactured by coupling the recombinant allergens individually to the solid phase, as described elsewhere [27,28].
Cloning, expression and purification of D29NCS, Bet v 1 variants, and Bet v 1-related allergens Mutations leading to the amino acid exchanges/insertion in D29NCS N57/I58E/D60N/V63P , D29NCS N57/I58E/D60N/V63P/D68K , and Bet v 1 N43A/E45S/N47A/K55A were sequentially introduced into pET29b-D29NCS [23] and pET15b-Bet v 1, respectively, with the QuickChange kit from Stratagene (Heidelberg, Germany). All protein variants were expressed and purified via their His 6 -tag as described [23] with minor changes. To yield higher amounts of soluble protein, the synthesis of the protein variants was induced by the addition of 1 mM IPTG at 25uC followed by incubation overnight. A synthetic gene encoding soy allergen Gly m 4 was cloned into pET15b and purified as described above for Bet v 1. The following Bet v 1-related allergens were expressed and purified as described: Pru av 1 (cherry) [29], Dau c 1 (carrot) [26], and Cor a 1.04 (hazelnut) [30]. rApi g 1.01 (celeriac) was purchased from Biomay, Vienna, Austria.

Circular dichroism
Far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the D29NCS variants were acquired at 293 K using a Jasco J-810 spectropolarimeter (Japan Spectroscopic, Gross-Umstadt, Germany) at a band width of 1 nm and a sensitivity of 100 mdeg in a 0.2 cm cell. All proteins were analyzed at a concentration of 2.5 mM in 5 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0. Each measurement comprised the average of 10 repeated scans between 260 and 190 nm.
NMR spectroscopy NMR samples were prepared by dissolving lyophilized 15 Nlabeled protein in 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, 1 mM DTT, 0.04% sodium azide and 10% D 2 O. 1 H-15 N-HSQC spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 700 MHz spectrometer at 298 K. NMR data were processed using in-house software and were visualized with NMR view [31].
For the IgE-ELISA inhibition experiment with monoclonal antibody, ascites fluid of Bet v 1-specific antibody BV16 [34] (diluted: 1:1000; 1:10000, and 1:100000 in PBS containing 0.05% Tween and 0.1% BSA) was pre-incubated with 9 ng/well Bet v 1 as inhibitor for 2 hrs at room temperature. As a negative control, dilution buffer alone was preincubated with Bet v 1. After blocking with PBS containing 2% BSA, rBet v 1 and serum pool IgE diluted 1:10 (final concentration) were incubated on the plate for 3 hrs at room temperature. Human IgE was detected as described below.

Indirect ELISA for IgE binding to Bet v 1 variants
For IgE-ELISA experiments, Nunc Maxisorp plates (Nunc via Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany) were coated overnight at room temperature with 25 ng/100 ml recombinant Bet v 1 and Bet v 1_4x, respectively with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Blocking and IgE detection was done as described for IgE ELISA above.

Mediator release from humanized Rat Basophil Leukaemia (RBL) cells
The mediator release assay followed an established protocol [37]. Briefly, RBL cells expressing the a-chain of human FceRI were sensitized overnight with the positive serum pool of human sera (diluted 1:20). After washing, cells were stimulated with serial dilutions of allergens. Degranulation was quantified by photometric measurement of b-hexosaminidase activity in the culture supernatants and was expressed as percent of the total cellular bhexosaminidase content obtained by lysing the cells with Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) after correction for spontaneous release (sensitized cells without allergen).

MS analysis of recombinant protein variants
The identity of recombinant proteins was confirmed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Recombinant proteins were excised from Coomassie stained SDS-PAGE gels and analyzed as described elsewhere [38]. Differing from this, peptides were eluted with 25 mM NH 4 HCO 3 ; 10% aceto nitrile (ACN) and the digestion was stopped by adding 5% formic acid. The peptides were analyzed by using a nano-ultra performance LC system coupled to a nano-ESI-MS (nano Acquity UPLC nanoESI Synapt-MS, Waters, Milford, US) with a 5 mm symmetry 180 mm620 mm c18 pre-column and a 1.7 mm BEH 130 100 mm6100 mm c18 separation column. After 3 minutes of trapping (99% water at 5 ml/minute), a 30 minutes gradient (3-40% ACN at 500 nl/minute) was applied to separate peptides. MS was operated in V mode, acquiring MSE data and applying standard parameters. Data analysis was performed with protein lynx global server version 2.4 (Waters), searching an in house database consisting of the Uniprot database (as of May 2011, restricted to reviewed entries of eukaryotic organisms) and the amino acid sequences of the recombinant variants D29NCS, D29NCS_4x and D29NCS_5x. The identification of a protein was accepted at a false positive rate of less than 4%; peptide mass accuracy was 9 parts per million (ppm) or better.

Miscellaneous
Amino acid sequence alignments were carried out with ClustalO [39]. 3D protein models were analyzed and illustrated using PyMol [40].

D29NCS variants have Bet v 1-type tertiary structure
IgE antibody binding to PR-10 allergens depends on the presence of a native protein fold of the allergen. The crystal structure of recombinant norcoclaurine synthase (NCS, pdb 2VNE) revealed a conformation identical to that of Bet v 1, even though the sequence identity of these proteins is only 25% [25]. We recently optimized purification of a properly folded Nterminally truncated variant of NCS (D29NCS), which comprises the complete structurally corresponding amino acid sequence of Bet v 1 [23]. We generated two D29NCS variants harboring single amino acids of a Bet v 1 epitope for IgG that competes with IgE [20,22] (Figures 1 and 2A). In addition, Asp68 of NCS was exchanged for Lysine, a corresponding amino acid of Bet v 1 involved in IgE binding [22,41] and located directly adjacent to the epitope. Initially we tested whether the rD29NCS variants have the typical Bet v 1 conformation using circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ( Figure 2B, 2C and Figure S1). Both the CD and 1 H 15 N-HSQC NMR spectra of D29NCS N57/I58E/D60N/V63P (D29NCS_4x) and D29NCS N57/I58E/D60N/V63P/D68K (D29NCS_5x) indicated that the amino acid substitutions in the NCS variants did not change the proteins' secondary or tertiary structures and confirmed that the native protein conformation is maintained in the variants ( Figure 2D).

D29NCS variants selectively bind IgE from sera of birch pollen allergic subjects
To assess potential cross-reactive IgE binding to rD29NCS variants, 70 sera of birch pollen allergic subjects were analyzed for IgE binding to a range of PR-10 proteins using ImmunoCAP tests ( Table 1). All sera had sIgE to Bet v 1 (from 0.69 to.100 kU A /L) and a majority to the PR-10 food allergens Pru av 1.01 (cherry, , 0.35 to 58.2 kU A /L), Cor a 1.04 (hazelnut, ,0.35 to.100 kU A /   Table 1. Human sera used in this study.     D29NCS_5x presents an IgE epitope that cross-reacts with a subset of Bet v 1-homologous allergens Since the majority of the patients' sera IgE bound D29NCS_5x, we asked whether this interaction was due to a Bet v 1-specific IgE epitope presented by the D29NCS variant. Therefore we used serum with sIgE to both Bet v 1 and D29NCS_5x and tested its IgE interaction with the D29NCS_5x variant in the presence of Bet v 1 ( Figure 3). As expected, no IgE interaction of the serum pool with D29NCS was observed ( Figure 3A). In contrast, IgE binding to D29NCS _ 5x was inhibited by D29NCS _ 5x itself and Bet v 1 in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the presence of an IgE epitope shared by the two proteins.
Next, we asked whether the IgE epitope presented by D29NCS_5x is cross-reactive with PR-10 food allergens. Thus, we performed competitive IgE binding experiments (ELISA) with the PR-10 food allergens Cor a 1.04, Gly m 4, Dau c 1.01, Api g 1.01, and Pru av 1, respectively ( Figure 3B). Bet v 1 as well as Cor a 1.04 and Gly m 4 competed for serum IgE binding to D29NCS_5x, whereas only very low inhibition of IgE binding to D29NCS_5x was observed with Api g 1, Pru av 1, and Dau c 1, respectively. We conclude that the IgE epitope offered by D29NCS_5x is not ubiquitous but specific for a subgroup of PR-10 allergens.
The IgE cross-reactive epitope of D29NCS_5x overlaps with an IgG binding site D29NCS harbors 47% and D29NCS_5x 76% of the structurally resolved IgG epitope (total of 16 amino acids) of Bet v 1, as defined earlier [20]. We therefore asked whether the IgE binding epitope of D29NCS_5x overlaps with the binding site of BV16 on Bet v 1. Thus, we tested serum IgE binding of immobilized D29NCS_5x in the presence of both Bet v 1 and increasing amounts of BV16 ( Figure 3C). In the absence of BV16, IgE binding to D29NCS_5x was inhibited to 84% by Bet v 1. The observed Bet v 1-induced inhibition of IgE-D29NCS_5x interaction could, however, been abolished by the monoclonal antibody BV16 in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggests a structural overlap between the individual cross-reactive IgE epitope of D29NCS_5x and the Bet v 1-specific IgG epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody BV16. Furthermore, when we tested BV16 binding only Bet v 1, Gly m 4, Cor a 1.04, and D29NCS_5x interacted markedly with the monoclonal antibody, whereas Dau c 1.01, Api g 1.01 1, Pru av 1, and D29NCS did not ( Figure 3D).

Subtle structural differences define the IgE crossreactivity pattern of Bet v 1-homologous allergens
The differential interaction of D29NCS_5x and Pr-10 allergens as above with both serum IgE and the Bet v 1-specific mouse monoclonal BV16 let us to hypothesize that D29NCS_5x displays an epitope shared only with Bet v 1, Cor a 1.04, and Gly m 4, but not with Dau c 1.01, Api g 1.01, and Pru av 1. Thus, we structurally aligned the epitope grafted onto D29NCS_5x and the Table 1. Cont. corresponding surface areas of cross-reactive and non-crossreactive Bet v 1-related proteins (Figure 4). Residue by residue comparison of the epitope revealed that N43, E45, N47, and K55 of Bet v 1 are shared with D29NCS_5x, Gly m 4, and Cor a 1.04, but not with Pru av 1, Api g 1.01, and Dau c 1.01, thus mirroring the IgE/IgG inhibition results (cf. Figure 3) and suggesting that they are critical determinants of IgE cross-reactivity and BV16 binding. To challenge this hypothesis we investigated the substitutional variant Bet v 1_4x (Bet v 1 N43I/E45S/N47D/K55A ). As for D29NCS_5x and D29NCS_4x, the amino acid substitutions did not alter the protein conformation according to CD and 1 H 15 N-HSQC NMR spectroscopy ( Figure S2). Serum IgE binding to Bet v 1_4x was virtually identical to that of wild type Bet v 1 ( Figure 5A). However, inhibition of IgE binding to D29NCS_5x was strongly reduced by Bet v 1_4x as compared to Bet v 1 ( Figure 5B), and interaction of monoclonal BV16 with Bet v 1_4x was virtually abolished ( Figure 5C). The capacity of Bet v 1_4x to induce mediator release in humanized rat basophil leukemia cells via allergen mediated cross-linking of receptor bound human IgE was only slightly reduced as compared to wild type Bet v 1, suggesting the presence of further IgE epitopes compensating for the loss of one IgE epitope in Bet v 1_4x ( Figure 5D). As expected, the D29NCS variants did not induce mediator release due to the lack of a second IgE epitope needed for allergen-mediated IgE cross-linking. Since Bet v 1_4x could not compete with D29NCS_5x for binding to serum IgE, we conclude that we have identified an epitope in a subset of PR-10 allergens that binds cross-reactive IgE and IgG.

Discussion
To analyze epitopes of allergens it is common to genetically engineer specific allergen variants and test their antibody binding capacity in comparison to the respective wild type allergen. A residual response, however, can be misleading if the epitope to be analyzed is conformational and proper binding of the antibody is dependent on the native fold of the allergen. In this case any observed compromised antibody-allergen interaction may well be due to an altered protein conformation of the allergen variant rather than due to the exchange of amino acids crucial for direct antibody binding. Furthermore, the analysis of epitopes in allergens is often hampered by the fact that the polyclonal serum antibody repertoire makes it technically challenging to measure and assign the functionality of single epitopes in the background of the overall multiple antibody binding to the allergen. As the majority of epitopes of inhalative allergens is thought to be conformational and the IgE repertoire of allergic patients to a specific allergen is polyclonal, we circumvented these issues by employing a model protein that i) does not interact with patients' IgE, ii) has a stable allergen-like protein fold, and iii) allows the analysis of individual antibody binding by amino acid substitutions.
Here we analyzed a non IgE-binding variant of the PR-10 enzyme D29NCS of the common meadow rue with Bet v 1-type protein structure [25]. We showed that amino acid insertion/ substitution did not alter the Bet v 1-like protein fold of D29NCS, although it induced significant binding of IgE from sera of birch pollen allergic subjects. IgE that bound to the epitope presented by the model protein D29NCS_5x, cross-reacted with a subgroup of PR-10 allergens. As analyzed with a Bet v 1 variant with exchanged residues that mediate antibody binding to the epitope, the observed IgE cross-reaction depended on a subset of amino acids not ubiquitously present in PR-10 allergens. The functional IgE epitope identified in this study overlaps with the known binding site of the Bet v 1-specific murine monoclonal antibody BV16.
The native protein conformation of Bet v 1 and highly likely other PR-10 allergens is critical for IgE interaction since i) neither sequential IgE binding peptides of Bet v 1 nor IgE binding truncated variants of Bet v 1 have been described so far [42] ii) a folding variant of Bet v 1 with native primary structure, but permanently altered secondary structure has very low IgE reactivity [43]. iii) several Bet v 1 variants with amino acid substitutions that induced an altered protein conformation showed reduced binding of serum IgE [7,44]. Thus we thoroughly studied the secondary and tertiary structure of our model protein by CD and 1 H 15 N-HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The CD spectra of the D29NCS variants were virtually identical and typical for PR-10 proteins. Furthermore, the 1 H 15 N-HSQC spectra of the D29NCS variants were superimposable for the majority of resonances, and the spectra are in agreement with the notion of only minor local differences caused by the amino acid substitutions (cf. Figure 2C), but otherwise identical protein conformation of the D29NCS variants. Hence, the D29NCS variants have the typical PR-10 protein structure and fulfill the essential requirement for molecular epitope analysis.
When we tested the impact of specific amino acids on serum IgE binding, we found that amino acid substitutions in D29NCS with structurally corresponding residues of Bet v 1 induced a significant increase in IgE interaction of the model protein to up to four CAP classes (cf. Table 1). As the protein folds of the D29NCS variants were essentially identical, we concluded that the observed serological IgE interaction of the model protein was caused solely by the residues substituted. This hypothesis was further confirmed by the allergen variant Bet v 1 N43I/E45S/N47D/K55A (Bet v 1_4x) which showed only little competition for serum IgE binding to D29NCS_5x and did not bind the Bet v 1-reactive murine monoclonal antibody BV16. Interestingly, residue E45 of Bet v 1 has already been identified as being critical for both IgE and BV16 interaction [17,22]. Thus we confirmed the existence of a functional overlapping Bet v 1 epitope for human IgE and murine IgG, with the majority (71%) of our study population having serum IgE against the epitope displayed by D29NCS_5x.
Since Bet v 1-specific IgE cross-reacts with PR-10 food allergens [2], we analyzed whether the functional epitope presented by D29NCS_5x is also relevant for IgE cross-reactivity. Binding of patients' IgE to D29NCS_5x could be inhibited by Bet v 1, Gly m 4, and Cor a 1.04, respectively, suggesting that D29NCS_5x displays an epitope shared by these allergens. Interestingly, the PR-10 allergens Pru av 1, Dau c 1.01, and Api g 1.01 did not cross-react with the NCS variant. Since the observed IgE reactivity of the PR-10 allergens we studied correlated well with their binding to the monoclonal antibody BV16, we assumed subtle structural differences within the epitope between the allergens. A sequential/structural alignment of the BV16 epitope indeed revealed that five amino acids are identical and oriented in a similar fashion among the cross-reactive proteins, but not in the non-cross-reactive proteins. To confirm our hypothesis, we generated a corresponding Bet v 1 variant to address these sequential differences and found that the protein variant behaved like the non-cross-reactive Bet v 1-homologous allergens with regard to binding IgG (BV16) and competing with serum IgE for D29NCS_5x.
Whereas the structural epitope of an antigen usually spans a molecular surface area of about 400-1000 Å 2 and comprises 10-25 amino acids, only a small subset of these residues dominates the energetics of the antibody-antigen interaction and thus constitutes the functional (active) epitope [45,46]. Our model system is ideal for the analysis of functional epitopes, since even low-affinity and individual antibody binding might be detected due to the lack of multiple antibody binding sites in our model protein.
Some information on functional IgE epitopes of Bet v 1 and other PR-10 allergens has emerged in recent years. These studies analyzed the interaction of IgE with either native Bet v 1 isoforms or recombinant allergen variants [8,9,[12][13][14][15][16]22,47]. Even though great care had been taken to ensure a Bet v 1-like conformation of the studied protein variants, they were inevitably targeted by a polyclonal IgE antibody response, making it difficult to define the importance and architecture of any single epitope structure. Moreover, bioinformatic approaches are emerging that use either peptide:IgE interaction or structure-based comparison of allergen surfaces to localize Ig epitopes [18,26,[48][49][50]. We believe that our approach to induce measurable antibody interaction of allergenlike protein variants is ideal to identify individual residues critical for antibody interaction. However, the truncated version of NCS used in this study still carries N-and C-terminal extensions that might locally interfere with epitope analysis. Thus our future research aims to further optimize our model protein system and adapt it to the average number of amino acids of PR-10 allergens.
No mediator release in humanized rat basophil leukemia cells sensitized with sera of birch pollen allergic subjects has been observed with the D29NCS variants, indicating that no additional IgE epitope that would mediate IgE receptor cross-linking is displayed in the variants (cf. Figure 5D). In contrast, Bet v 1_4x induced full wild type-like mediator release indicating that the lack of one particular epitope is easily compensated by polyclonal serum IgE. Thus our allergen model system also allows the investigation of the role of epitopes of different affinities to IgE antibodies in the IgE-mediated activation of basophils and mast cells, a crucial step of Type I allergic reactions.
In summary, we have established a protein model system which enables the specific analysis of functional IgE and IgG epitopes and their homologies among PR-10 allergens. Upon single amino acid substitutions of the non-allergenic protein variant D29NCS, individual epitopes are identified in a residue-specific manner by detection of newly generated immunoglobulin interactions of the model protein. Our system allows the evaluation of patient-specific epitope profiles and will facilitate both the identification of clinically relevant epitopes as biomarkers and the monitoring of therapeutic outcomes to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of allergies caused by PR-10 proteins.