Evaluation of the Potency of the Anti-Idiotypic Antibody Ab2/3H6 Mimicking gp41 as an HIV-1 Vaccine in a Rabbit Prime/Boost Study

The HIV-1 envelope protein harbors several conserved epitopes that are recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies. One of these neutralizing sites, the MPER region of gp41, is targeted by one of the most potent and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 2F5. Different vaccination strategies and a lot of efforts have been undertaken to induce MPER neutralizing antibodies but little success has been achieved so far. We tried to consider the alternative anti-idiotypic vaccination approach for induction of 2F5-like antibodies. The previously developed and characterized anti-idiotypic antibody Ab2/3H6 was expressed as antibody fragment fusion protein with C-terminally attached immune-modulators and used for immunization of rabbits to induce antibodies specific for HIV-1. Only those rabbits immunized with immunogens fused with the immune-modulators developed HIV-1 specific antibodies. Anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies were affinity purified using a two-step affinity purification protocol which revealed that only little amount of the total rabbit IgG fraction contained HIV-1 specific antibodies. The characterization of the induced anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies showed specificity for the linear epitope of 2F5 GGGELDKWASL and the HIV-1 envelope protein gp140. Despite specificity for the linear epitope and the truncated HIV-1 envelope protein these antibodies were not able to exhibit virus neutralization activities. These results suggest that Ab2/3H6 alone might not be suitable as a vaccine.


Introduction
Currently 33 million people are living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) worldwide. In 2009 2.6 million people became newly infected and 1.8 million people died in the course of AIDS [1]. During the last decades several efforts to induce HIV-1 defending neutralizing antibodies (Abs) have failed [2][3][4] but also promising results were reported [5], [6]. One of the most potent neutralizing HIV-1 Abs isolated so far is the monoclonal Ab (mAb) 2F5 [7][8][9][10][11] which binds to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the virus envelope glycoprotein gp41 [12,13]. The potency of such neutralizing Abs alone and in combination was demonstrated by passive immunization and viral challenge in non-human primate models [14][15][16][17]. Therefore the specific induction of likewise broadly neutralizing Abs against the MPER, 2F5-like Abs, is a major goal for Ab-based HIV-1 vaccine strategies. Despite a strong humoral response to gp41 during the course of HIV-1 infection is evident [18], approaches to elicit cross-clade neutralizing Abs against the MPER region were difficult to achieve [19][20][21].
An alternative method to induce neutralizing Abs is the antiidiotypic (Id) approach. This approach is based on the idiotype network theory postulated by Jerne about the Ab (Ab1) -anti-Id Ab (Ab2) -anti-anti-Id Ab (Ab3) cascade stimulation, whereby specific anti-Id Abs can serve as an "internal image" of the target antigen and can be used to induce Ab3s that can bind to the cognate antigen [22]. Anti-Id Abs have been proposed as vaccines for cancer immunotherapy and significant success has been achieved using anti-Id vaccines mimicking tumor-associated antigens in animal studies [23][24][25][26] as well as in clinical trails [27]. The anti-Id Ab Ab2/3H6 was developed at the Department of Biotechnology [28] and is directed against mAb 2F5. The chimeric as well as humanized version of Ab2/3H6 significantly inhibits the binding of mAb 2F5 to its synthetic epitope ELDKWA in an equimolar ratio and also decreases the in vitro neutralization potency of mAb 2F5 in a dose-related manner [29][30][31]. Ab2/3H6 is therefore estimated to mimic the epitope of mAb 2F5 and would be of great therapeutic interest as an anti-Id HIV-1 vaccine. To improve the potency of the anti-Id Ab we designed fusion proteins consisting of Ab2/3H6 Ab fragments (Ab2/ 3H6 Fab ) and C-terminally attached polypeptides to induce T-cell responses against the virus.
One molecule with a wide range of biological activities is the immune stimulatory cytokine interleukin 15 (IL15). It is involved in the activation and proliferation of CD8+ T-cells and natural killer T-cells, the maintenance of CD8+ memory cells, and the differentiation and maturation of B cells [32,33]. Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of IL15 into vaccinia-based smallpox vaccine [34] or tuberculosis vaccine [35] induces high avidity, long lived antigen specific memory T-cells as well as persistent antigen specific Ab responses.
Other interesting immunostimulatory peptides are the so-called ''promiscuous'' T-cell epitopes from tetanus toxin (TT), measles virus, or E6 transforming protein [36,37]. It has been proposed that T-cells provide ''help'' to B cells under genetic control which can be provided by incorporation into an effective vaccine. Previous studies showed that co-immunization of the consensus cavealin-1 binding domain peptide with the T-cell epitope from TT increased the production of HIV-1 neutralizing Abs in a macaque prime/boost study [38].
Therefore we recombinantly expressed fusion proteins of Ab2/ 3H6 Fabs with the IL15 and alternatively an epitope of TT, respectively. In this study we immunized rabbits with the different Ab2/3H6 Fabs and evaluated the humoral immune response as well as the neutralization potency of the obtained Ab3s to those generated with Ab2/3H6 Fab only.

Ethics Statement
Serological tests of rabbits were performed at the Institute of Small Farm Animals, Animal Production Research Center, Nitra (Slovakia) in accordance with Slovak and EU regulations concerning animal experiments (Slovak national law 115/1995). Study approval was issued based on the study protocol by ethics committee of the Institute of Small Farm Animals, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra under the approval ID SK P 28004.

Expression Vectors
The Ab2/3H6 Fab expression vectors containing the murine variable regions of Ab2/3H6 (ABP04229, ABP04230) and the human constant CH1 and Ckappa regions were described previously [29]. The coding region of the heavy chain (HC) genes of Ab2/3H6 Fab -IL15 and Ab2/3H6 Fab -TT were cloned into pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) containing the CMV promoter and the neomycin phospho-transferase gene (neo). pIRESdhfr [39] was used as backbone for the coding region of the Ab2/3H6 light chain (LC). The genes of Ab2/3H6 Fab -IL15 HC and Ab2/3H6 LC were synthesized by Geneart (Regensburg, Germany) including the Gaussia luciferase signal peptide [40] for both, the HC and LC. The sequence of the human IL15 (P40933) gene was obtained from the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. The TT epitope (YSYFPSV) [41] was introduced by PCR amplification of Ab2/ 3H6 Fab HC sequence with the sense primer 59-accctggtgaccgtgtcc-39 and antisense primer 59-aggagcggccgcctatacagatggaaaatatgaataggcagatcctcctccgcc-39 containing a NotI restriction site for exchange of the IL15 tag.

Expression of Ab2/3H6 Fab Variants in CHO Cells
Stable cell lines were generated by co-transfection of corresponding HC and LC plasmids into CHO dhfr negative cells (ATCC CRL-9096; [42]). Clones were selected with Geneticin G418 (Fisher Scientific) and methotrexate (MTX) (Sigma) in combination with limiting dilution subcloning. Collected supernatants were concentrated by the Stirred cell 8200 with UF Discs Ultracel RC 10 kD (Millipore) before purification.

Purification of Ab2/3H6 Fab Variants
Purification of all Ab2/3H6 Fab variants was performed on a BioLogic Duo Flow chromatography system (Biorad). Concentrated cell culture supernatant was diluted 1:2 in buffer A (20 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , pH 7.2) and filtered through a 0.22 mm syringe filter (Millipore). The UNO Q 1.3 ml anion exchange (AIX) column (Biorad) was equilibrated with 5 column volumes (cv) buffer A.
Five millilitre of the concentrated sample were loaded onto the column using direct injection via the DuoFlow F40 pump at a flow rate of 1 ml/min corresponding to a linear velocity of 155.9 cm/h. The column was washed with buffer A until the optical density returned to base line. Ab2/3H6 Fab s were eluted from the AIX column using a 3 step gradient of 20, 40 and 100% of buffer B (20 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1 M NaCl pH 7.2) in buffer A in 5 cv at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min (155.9 cm/h). Ten microlitres samples from the eluted AIX chromatography fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE and NN-silver stain. Quantification of Ab2/3H6 Fab was done by double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ab2/3H6 Fab containing fractions were further purified on a Superdex 75 prep grade Tricorn 10/300 column (GE) with PBS as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, corresponding to a linear velocity of 38.2 cm/h.

Animals and Immunization
Ab2/3H6 Fab , -IL15, and -TT preparations were used for the immunisation of New Zealand white rabbits. Six rabbits (groups of two rabbits per preparation) were immunised subcutaneously and intramuscularly with 0.1 mg of purified Ab2/3H6 Fab proteins emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and boosted two times with the same Fab preparations in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at three-week intervals.

Purification of Antibody Fractions from Crude Sera
Purification of rabbit IgG. Purification of rabbit IgG from crude sera was performed on an Ä kta Purifier chromatography system (GE) with the UNOsphere SUPrA Mini cartridge column (Biorad). IgGs were eluted from the Protein A column using a step gradient of 80% of buffer B (100 mM Glycin pH 3.5) in buffer A (100 mM Glycin, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0). Quantification of rabbit IgG was done by double sandwich ELISA.
Immunoaffinity purification of gp140/ELDKWA specific Ab3s. HIV-1 specific Ab3s were purified from rabbit IgG fractions using an affinity column coupled with recombinant gp140 (HIV-1 cladeA, 92/UG/037), named UG37 [43] and the synthetic mAb 2F5 epitope (GGGELDKWASL). The affinity matrix was prepared with the AminoLink Plus Immobilization Kit (Thermo Scientific) following the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, a mixture of 1.5 mg UG37 combined with 0.5 mg GGGELDKWASL (both Polymun Scientific, Inc) was coupled to the beads using the pH 10 coupling procedure. Pooled rabbit IgG fractions were diluted 1:2 with binding buffer and 2 ml batches were incubated with the conjugated beads for 1h at RT. The eluted fractions were pooled, concentrated using Amicon Ultra-15 3k columns (Millipore) and named Ab3 pool.

Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response
ELISA. Rabbit IgG concentration and specificity for Ab2/ 3H6 Fab and HIV-envelope were analysed by ELISA. The 96-well microtiter plates (Nunc) were coated over night at 4uC with 1 mg/ mL of anti-rabbit IgG (Sigma), Ab2/3H6 Fab , UG37 or GGGELDKWASL peptide, respectively. Plates were blocked with PBS containing 3% BSA and 0.1% Tween 20 in PBS (RT, 1 h) and incubated with serial twofold dilutions of heat inactivated serum samples or purified rabbit IgG (RT, 1 h). Afterwards plates were incubated with peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Sigma) and reactions were visualised with o-phenylenediamine and H 2 O 2 (Merck). Cut-off values were estimated from ELISA using the two-fold OD value of the negative control.
Affinity analysis. Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) was used for determination of binding affinity of Ab3s and 2F5 single chain/ fragment crystallisable fusion protein (2F5scFc) at a starting concentration of 400 nM. Kinetic measurements were performed with the Octet QK (fortéBio). Streptavidin (SA) biosensor tips were loaded with 13 mg/mL of biotinylated UG37 or biotinylated GGGELDKWASL peptide according to the manufacturer's instructions. The assay was performed at 30uC in PBS buffer with 1000 rpm agitation. Association and dissociation curves (5 min each) were recorded for the individual samples and data were processed and analyzed using the Octet data analysis software 6.4 (fortéBio).
Competition assay. BLI was used for competition experiments as describes elsewhere [44]. Biotinylated GGGELDK-WASL peptide or biotinylated UG37 was coupled onto SA biosensor tips. Antigen coated tips were dipped into wells of 2F5scFc or the Ab3 pool (each at 400 nM, 5 min) until saturation, and then moved into wells containing the ''competing'' Ab (Ab3s or 2F5scFc; 400 nM, 5 min).
Neutralization assay. Pseudotyped virions were generated in HEK293T (ATCC: CRL-11268) cells by co-transfection with HIV-1 Env plasmid SF162 (NIHARRRP; contributed by L. Stamatatos and C. Cheng-Mayer) and the HIV-1 Env-deleted backbone plasmid pSG3DEnv (NIHARRRP; contributed by J. Kappes and X. Wu), as previously described [45]. Virions were added to the same volume of serially diluted mAbs (starting at 25 mg/mL) and incubated for 1 h at 37uC. Then, freshly trypsinized TZM-bl reporter cells (NIHARRRP; contributed by J. Kappes and X.Wu) (10,000 cells in 100 mL growth medium supplemented with DEAE-dextran at a final concentration of 10 mg/mL) were added and the plates were incubated at 37uC. After 48 h incubation, the medium was removed and 50 mL lysis buffer (25 mM glycylglycin, 15 mM MgSO4, 4 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100 in H2O, pH 7.8) was added. Finally, 50 mL Bright-Glo reagent (Promega) was added and luminescence was measured using a luminometer (Tecan). All experiments were performed at least in duplicate. The IC50 was calculated with GraphPad Prism 5.04 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) using a four parameter fit.

Expression and Purification of Ab2/3H6 Fab Fusion Proteins
Ab2/3H6 Fab fusion proteins ( Figure 1A) were expressed in CHO cells by cotransfecting pAb2/3H6 Fab -IL15 or pAb2/ 3H6 Fab -TT in combination with pAb2/3H6LC. The previously developed recombinant cell line expressing Ab2/3H6 Fab [29] was used for purification of Ab2/3H6 Fab . Culture supernatants containing approximately two mg of each of the recombinant Ab2/3H6 Fab variants were purified on a Q-Sepharose column followed by a size-exclusion step. Purified proteins were quantified by ELISA, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot ( Figure 1B).

Humoral Immune Response in Rabbits
New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with three different Ab2/3H6 Fab variants in duplicates in a prime/boost regime. Ten days after the final boost animals were bled to death and serum was collected. Afterwards IgG was purified from rabbit sera to avoid nonspecific binding of accompanied serum proteins. Preimmune sera and immune sera of all immunized animals as well as sera of the two control rabbits were screened for total rabbit IgG content ranging from 9 to 22 mg/ml per animal. Immunization with the IL15 or TT fusion protein did not increase total IgG levels significantly compared to immunization with Ab2/3H6 Fab (data not shown). Samples from individual rabbits were coded accordingly: Fab-1 and Fab-2 for Ab2/3H6 Fab immunized animals; IL15-1 and IL15-2 for Ab2/3H6 Fab -IL15 immunized   animals, TT-1 and TT-2 for Ab2/3H6 Fab -TT immunized animals and N-1 and N-2 for control rabbits. Specificity against Ab2/3H6 Fab and HIV-1 epitopes. The specificity of IgG fractions to the Ab2/3H6 Fab antigen was estimated in an ELISA starting with a concentration of 10 mg/ml rabbit IgG. Fab-1, Fab-2, IL15-1, IL15-2 and TT-1 samples show a similar binding curve resulting in cut-off concentrations between 0.2 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml whereas the TT-2 sample (cut-off 1.4 mg/ml) shows weaker binding (Figure 2A; upper panel). Rabbit IgG of purified pre-immune sera as well as control animals showed no binding towards Ab2/3H6 Fab (Figure 2A; lower panel).
Additionally, the IgG fractions were tested on HIV-1 envelope protein UG37 coated ELISA plates with a starting concentration of 125 mg/ml rabbit IgG. The rabbit IgG samples IL15-1, IL15-2 and TT-2 showed significant specificity to UG37 as shown in Figure 2B (upper panel) with cut-off concentrations of 21, 7 and 6 mg/ml. Fab-1, Fab-2 and TT-1 did not bind to UG37 despite the immunized rabbits developed antibodies with high specificity for the immunogen Ab2/3H6 Fab . One of the pre-immune samples (from animal IL15-1) bound to UG37 ( Figure 2B; lower panel). This pre-immune fraction exhibits a 5-fold stronger binding to UG37 than the corresponding immune-fraction. The reason for this unexpected result is not clear.
The statistical significance between immunized and nonimmunized rabbits or rabbits immunized with the immunemodulator fusion proteins and Ab2/3H6 Fab was analysed using the Fisher's Exact test (p,0.05).
The calculated p-value for the induction of anti-Ab2/3H6 Fab Abs is 0.0003 (Table 1) indicating a strong significant correlation between immunized and non-immunized animals. The p-value for the induction of anti-UG37 Abs is 0.4000 (Table 1) indicating no statistical significance using Ab2/3H6 Fab Abs with or without immune-modulators.
Characterization of the immunoaffinity purified Ab3 pool. Pooled rabbit IgG samples IL15-2 and TT-2 were purified with a second affinity purification step, using a UG37/ GGGELDKWASL coupled column. The results of the affinity purification step are summarized in Table 2 and show that only 1.5% of the rabbit IgG fraction contained Ab3s. The collected Ab3 pool was tested for specificity to UG37 and the linear epitope GGGELDKWASL starting with 1 mg/ml rabbit IgG in ELISA. UG37 and GGGELDKWASL specificity was estimated by cut-off values ( Figure 3) indicating approximately 10-fold stronger binding of the Ab3 fraction to the linear epitope GGGELDKWASL than to UG37. In comparison mAb 2F5 exhibits a seven-fold weaker binding to UG37 than to GGGELDKWASL (Figure 3).
We confirmed the ELISA binding studies with affinity analysis using BLI. GGGELDKWASL or UG37 coated sensor tips were used for affinity measurements of the specific Ab3 pool. Sample and 2F5scFc as positive control were measured in decreasing concentrations (400, 200, 100 and 50 nM). Figure 4A (GGGELDKWASL biosensor tips) and Figure 4B (UG37 biosensor tips) display the association and dissociation curves, indicating specific binding and dissociation of the induced Ab3s to both GGGELDKWASL and UG37. The binding properties shown by the k on , k off and K D values of 2F5scFc and the Ab3 pool to GGGELDKWASL are comparable meaning similar affinity of 2F5scFc and Ab3 pool to the synthetic epitope while the affinity of the Ab3 pool to UG37 is five-fold lower compared to 2F5scFc (Table 3).
Competition assay. Competition tests were generated using the BLI method to verify the specificity of the induced Ab3s to GGGELDKWASL and UG37. The assay setup is shown in Figure 5 (upper panel). GGGELDKWASL or UG37 saturated tips were incubated with the Ab3 pool. For competition the sensor tips were transferred to a solution of 2F5scFc or the Ab3s for selfcompetition as control. The obtained competition curves indicate that 2F5scFc is able to displace the Ab3 pool from both epitopes (GGGELDKWASL and UG37) ( Figure 5A). In a second assay 2F5scFc was allowed to bind to GGGELDKWASL or UG37 tips until saturation. Afterwards the saturated sensor tips were transferred to a solution of the Ab3 pool for competition or 2F5scFc for self-competition as control. The recorded competition curves showed that the Ab3 fraction was not able to compete with 2F5scFc ( Figure 5B).
Neutralization assay. To investigate the neutralization potency of the purified gp140 specific Ab3 pool a TZM-bl Envpseudotyped virus assay against the HIV-1 SF162 Env clone was performed. In this assay mAb 2F5 inhibits entry of the pseudotyped virus with an IC 50 of 130 ng/ml. The purified Ab3s induced by immunization of rabbits with Ab2/3H6 shows no neutralization activity (data not shown).

Discussion
The global HIV pandemic is still expanding and thus the development of a preventive vaccine is of high priority. One approach is to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs against the MPER  region that resembles similar potency as the mAb 2F5. In previous studies MPER-containing proteins [46,47] or MPER-containing peptides [48][49][50] failed to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, presumably due to the poor immunogenicity of the MPER [21]. It was also suggested that the native gp41 exodomain is structurally more complex than represented by the linear epitope [51,52] and thus incorrect conformation of MPER-based peptide immunogens result in suboptimal presentation of neutralizing epitopes [53,54]. Additionally, a so far unidentified part of a second epitope has been proposed [55] to interact with the long CDR-H3 loop of mAb 2F5. This could be an alpha-helix Cterminal of the core epitope DKW [56] or membrane compounds from the infected cells [57][58][59]. Such a rather complex neutralizing epitope calls for an alternative vaccine approach and we decided to continue with anti-Id antibodies. In previous studies Ab2/3H6 showed promising results mimicking the gp41 epitope of mAb 2F5. Gach et al. demonstrated that Ab2/3H6 is able to inhibit the binding of mAb 2F5 to its synthetic epitope ELDKWA and to induce Ab3s (2F5-like Abs) in a mouse immunization study [29,30]. But due to the small amount of mouse sera obtained more extensive characterizations could not be performed. Co-crystallization of Ab2/3H6 in complex with mAb 2F5 and comparison with epitope/mAb 2F5 co-crystals revealed that Ab2/3H6 only partly overlaps with the HIV-1 epitope on mAb 2F5 but does not center on the core epitope binding site of mAb 2F5. Thus Ab2/ 3H6 was classified as a gamma-class anti-Id Ab [60]. However, since mAb 2F5 crystals were generated with a small peptide of the MPER only, the exact binding mechanism of mAb 2F5 to HIV remains elusive and the most critical paratope responsible for the neutralization activity of mAb 2F5 might not be identified yet.
In this study we aimed to induce 2F5-like Abs using an anti-Id network approach, instead of using MPER epitopes to elicit neutralizing Abs. We constructed Fab fusion proteins of Ab2/3H6 containing the molecular adjuvant IL15 or a ''promiscuous'' T-cell epitope of TT and administered them in a rabbit prime/boost regime. Total rabbit IgG levels, Ab2/3H6 Fab and specificity for HIV-1 epitopes were measured in an ELISA showing that the use of IL15 and TT as immune stimulators do not significantly influence total rabbit IgG levels (data not shown). However, after protein A purification we were able to detect UG37 binding Ab3s ( Figure 2B) in three out of six animals. Interestingly these three animals were immunized using fusion proteins of Ab2/3H6 Fab with immune-modulators.
This observation could not be approved statistically (Table 1) due to the small test group used and the fact that one animal immunized with immune-modulator fusion protein did not show binding to UG37. We strongly believe that by increasing the number of animals tested the specificity and the advantage of immune-modulators for induction of Ab3s might also be confirmed statistically. In the next step we immunoaffinity purified selected rabbit IgG samples to enrich the induced Ab3s using a UG37/GGGELDKWASL coupled column with a rather low recovery of 1.5% of the rabbit IgG fraction (Table 2). This immunoaffinity enriched Ab3 pool shows significant binding to GGGELDKWASL and also considerable interaction with UG37 ( Figure 3 and 4). But affinities were lower compared to the 2F5scFc; approximately five-times lower for UG37 and slightly lower for GGGELDKWASL (Table 3). Competition data revealed that the purified Ab3 pool is not able to displace 2F5scFc for its epitopes but on the other hand 2F5scFc replaces the Ab3 pool from its binding to GGGELDKWASL and UG37 ( Figure 5A and 5B). The lack of competition ability of the Ab3 pool is probably based on the higher affinity of 2F5scFc for its epitopes. Since the neutralization assays failed to indicate that neutralizing Abs were generated in rabbits, we hypothesize a second epitope that is responsible for the neutralization potency of mAb 2F5. Additionally, the long H3 loop of mAb 2F5 indicates intensive somatic mutagenesis and it is questionable if a seven week prime/boost schedule in rabbits can reflect the maturation of the human immune system.
To conclude on this study, Ab2/3H6 in combination with immune-modulators like IL15 or TT was capable to induce antianti-idiotypic Abs against the synthetic epitope of mAb 2F5 as well as the HIV-1 envelope protein UG37. Despite the induced Ab3s were not able to inhibit infection of TZM-bl cells in an Envpseudotyped neutralization assay Ab2/3H6 at least mimics part of Figure 4. Affinity measurement of Ab3 pool to GGGELDKWASL and UG37. Affinity purified Ab3 pool and 2F5scFc were tested in a BLI assay for binding affinity to GGGELDKWASL and UG37. Binding curves of mAb 2F5scFc (green) and Ab3 pool (blue) are displayed. Each antibody was applied with a starting concentration of 400 nM and was further two-fold diluted in a dilution row. The data was fitted using the 1:1 model (curve-fit not shown). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039063.g004 the epitope. Affinity and competition data proved their specificity but weaker binding of the induced Ab3s compared to mAb 2F5 is evident.
After decades of intense research regarding the induction of 2F5-like Abs a potent immunogen that is able to induce broadly neutralizing 2F5-like Abs is still missing. Deciphering the complete and correct mechanism on how mAb 2F5 prevents gp41 to fuse with the host cell membrane is the major task in developing HIV-1 vaccines able to induce broadly neutralizing anti-MPER Abs. Unfortunately, the anti-Id approach using Ab2/3H6 does not lead to the desired outcome.