Table 1.
Biochemical and clinical parameters in healthy and T1D patients of the two age groups ≤15 years and >15 years.
Table 2.
Biochemical and clinical parameters in healthy and T1D patients with fasting blood sugar (BS) ≤160 mg/dl and (BS) >160mg/dl.
Table 3.
Biochemical parameters in Healthy and T1D patients of the two age groups ≤15 years and >15 years.
Table 4.
Biochemical parameters of healthy control subjects and T1D patients with fasting blood sugar (BS) ≤160 mg/dl and >160mg/dl.
Fig 1.
Shift in the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes with age and glycemic condition of the T1D patients.
(A) Activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GR and GST in healthy control subjects and T1D patients of age groups ≤15 years and >15 years. (B) Activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GR and GST in healthy control subjects and T1D patients with fasting blood sugar (BS) ≤160 mg/dl and >160 mg/dl. Data represent mean ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired student’s t-test and represented as *p≤0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 2.
Variations in the level of plasma Nitric oxide with age and glycemic condition of the T1D patients.
Plasma Nitric Oxide levels in healthy control subjects and T1D patients grouped on the basis of (A) age (≤15 years and >15 years) and (B) fasting blood glucose levels (≤160 mg/dl and >160 mg/dl). Data represent mean ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired student’s t-test and represented as *p≤0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 3.
Changes in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the T1D patients with age.
Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (A) IL-1β (B) IL-17A and expression fold in the whole blood of pro-inflammatory cytokines (C) IFN-γ and (D) TNF-α in healthy control subjects and T1D patients of age groups ≤15 years and >15 years. Data represent mean ± Standard Deviations from three separate experiments. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired student’s t-test and represented as *p≤0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 4.
Changes in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the T1D patients with varying blood glucose threshold.
Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (A) IL-1β (B) IL-17A and expression level of cytokines (C) IFN-γ and (D) TNF-α in healthy control subjects and T1D patients with fasting blood sugar (BS) ≤160 mg/dl and >160 mg/dl. Data represent mean ± Standard Deviation from three separate experiments. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired student’s t-test and represented as *p≤0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Fig 5.
Up-regulation of IL-23 expression in T1D patients.
mRNA expression level of cytokine IL-23 in T1D patients, (A) with varying blood sugar level (B) with the progression of age, when compared to healthy control subjects. Data represent mean ± Standard Deviation from three separate experiments. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired student’s t-test. The p values represented as *p≤0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 were considered statistically significant.