Table 1.
Detailed demographic, lifestyle, and cognitive characteristics of participants included in the final analysis (n = 710).
Fig 1.
A flow diagram showing the inclusion and exclusion process of study participants. Among the 997 initially recruited Japanese adults, three individuals who did not provide consent for secondary use of data, 279 participants younger than 40 years, and five participants with missing NCI scores were excluded, resulting in 710 participants included in the final analysis.
Table 2.
Associations between NCI scores and the real type variables.
Table 3.
Associations between NCI scores and the categorical type variables.
Fig 2.
Scatter plots of NCI scores against the real type variables identified in partial correlation analysis.
Each plot shows the relationship between NCI scores and the real type variables that exhibited partial correlations with cognitive function after adjustment for sex, age, and years of education (q < 0.1). Lines represent linear regression fits with 95% confidence intervals. NCI, Neurocognition Index.
Fig 3.
Box plots of NCI scores across the categorical type variables identified in ANCOVA.
Each panel shows the distribution of NCI scores according to the categorical type variables that exhibited associations with cognitive function (q < 0.1) in the ANCOVA after adjustment for sex, age, and years of education. Variables include medical history of pneumothorax from the medical history questionnaire and oral conditions from the oral hygiene questionnaire. Boxes represent interquartile ranges, horizontal lines indicate medians, and dots represent individual participants. NCI, Neurocognition Index; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance.