Table 1.
Approximate centroid latitude and longitude coordinates of locations included in this study.
Table 2.
Table includes location, species name and taxonomic authority, IUCN Red List Status, known pollinators, known seed dispersal agents and habit.
Fig 1.
Map of locations for the 33 species utilized in this study.
Map created using the R package “maps”. INPA Reserves Amazon Basin, Brazil. Jatun Sacha, Ecuador. Tropenbos International, Bolivia. Catimbau National Park, Brazil. Cocha Cashu, Peru. Bia National Park, Ghana. Southern Guinea Savanna Research Station, Guinea. Isthmus of Kra, Thailand/ Myanmar.
Table 3.
Six datasets were constructed by implementing four different criteria that span four different parameters: (1) maximum number of months flowering, (2) minimum number of herbarium specimens per species, (3) minimum span of years collected in the flowering phenophase, and (4) maximum number of specimens collected in a single day.
Table 4.
Averages pulled from each of the six datasets. Dataset number, average absolute slope, SD, number of species with positive slope (indicating flowering occurring later in the year than historic records), number of species with negative slope (indicating flowering occurring earlier in the year than historic records), average change in flowering date per decade and number of species that met the dataset criteria (Table 3).
Fig 2.
Change in flowering date per decade of species that flower for 4 months or less, with a minimum of 20 specimens, spanning a minimum of 29 years.
Species arranged by location.
Fig 3.
Circular Slope and standard deviation of species that flower for 4 months or less, with a minimum of 20 specimens, spanning a minimum of 29 years.
Species arranged by location.
Fig 4.
Unrooted Maximum Likelihood phylogeny (inferred using the phangorn package) of 33 species included in this study, constructed from multiple representative sequences per each tip species.
Bootstrap support shown below branches where ≥ 70% (values less than 70 were omitted). Change in flowering date per decade was aligned to each species. We calculated Blomberg’s K with 1,000 random permutations to assess statistical significance. Blomberg’s K = 0.266, P = 0.001.