Fig 1.
UV-vis-NIR record of the ECS (Insert: ECS sample photograph).
Fig 2.
Four types of the parent/core structures of flavonoid molecules.
Fig 3.
Effect of solvents (−H2O; −MeOH) on the UV-vis absorption spectrum of ECS.
Table 1.
The factors and levels of the orthogonal experiment.
Table 2.
The L9(3)4 orthogonal experiment and its results.
Fig 4.
Absorption spectra of the ECS1 ~ 9# samples in orthogonal experiment.
Fig 5.
Trend charts of the effects of the four factors in orthogonal experiment for ECS.
Fig 6.
Tafel curves of “ECS (various concn. a→f)+1mol/L HCl+WE”.
Table 3.
Electrochemical parameters of the Tafel curves.
Fig 7.
Nyquist plots of EIS for “ECS (various concn.)+1mol/L HCl”.
Fig 8.
Bode |Z| plots of EIS for “ECS (various concn.)+1mol/L HCl”.
Fig 9.
Bode phase angle plots of EIS for “ECS (various concn.)+1mol/L HCl”.
Table 4.
Electrochemical parameters of the EIS results.
Fig 10.
Equivalent circuit (insert) and Nyquist plots of the fitted (●) v.s. measured data (−o−) of ECS (56.6mL/L) sample.
Table 5.
Five isotherm adsorption models and their equations.
Fig 11.
Linear fitting of isothermal adsorption models of ECS adsorbed on WE in 1M HCl at room temperature (5°C).
Table 6.
Linear fitting parameters derived from the Temkin isothermal adsorption model of Fig 11C.