Fig 1.
X.ray-crystallography model of the active center of the MCR; cofactor F430 with methyl iodide and Coenzyme B. Grey: carbon; blue: nitrogen; red: oxygen; yellow: sulfur; pink: iodide; green: nickel(III) [69].
Fig 2.
Methanogenesis in the cattle rumen and its annual methane emissions.
Overview of the workflow for inhibitor development in vitro.
Table 1.
Effect of stimulation with different anti-methanogenic additives on the production of CH4. The reductions are normalized to the corresponding NC and given in percent of the NC. The column labelled “Duration of CH4 reduction” represents the number of days following stimulation during which CH₄ reduction was reduced.
Table 2.
Effect of the stimulation with different anti-methanogenic additives on the production of residual gases. The increases are normalized to the corresponding NC and are presented as an increase compared to the NC. The duration indicates the number of days following stimulation during which H2 production was increased.
Fig 3.
Comparison of efficacy of different anti-methanogenic additives.
(A) Gas production in the negative control. Produced CH4 volumes for the stimulation experiments (B-F) are normalized by CH4 volumes produced in simultaneously conducted negative control experiments. Tested additives are AT: Asparagopsis taxiformis, BF: bromoform, NCOIL: rapeseed oil, IF: iodoform, 3-NOP: 3-nitrooxypropanol, BFOIL: bromoform in rapeseed oil.; (B)-(F) The pink circles represent the lowest inhibitor concentration, the green squares the medium concentration and the brown triangles the highest inhibitor concentration. Error bars represent ± SEM; n = 4 experiment repetitions.
Fig 4.
Comparison of relative abundance of microbial taxa.
(A) Relative abundance of microbial taxa at the phylum level. (B) Relative abundance within the Methanogens/the Euryarchaeota phylum. BF: bromoform, IF: iodoform, 3-NOP: 3-nitrooxypropanol, BFOIL: bromoform in rapeseed oil. Error bars represent ± SEM; n = 4 experiment repetition. Asterisk “*” indicates p < 0.05.