Fig 1.
Visual scenes seen inside the virtual reality headset.
The top row displays the virtual corridor (more structured) environment. The bottom row displays the starfield (less structured) environment. The first column shows both virtual environments containing the ground surface with a “grass” texture. The second column shows both environments containing the ground surface without a texture (plain green). The last column shows both environments without the ground surface.
Fig 2.
Visual display of the target environment.
For the Move-To-Target task, this was the target presented in front of the participants at the beginning of each trial. For the Adjust-Target task, this was the target that participants had to adjust to the distance they felt they had been moved.
Table 1.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the different Environmental Structure conditions.
Table 2.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Adjust-Target and Move-To-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with both Environment Structure and Ground Surface Condition set as fixed effects. This table reports differences in Environment Structure. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.
Fig 3.
Box plots of the group gains for both the Move-To-Target (top row) and Adjust-Target (bottom row) tasks for each Environment Structure and Ground Surface Condition. The middle line represents the median, the boxes extend from the first quartile to the third quartile, the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the outliers are shown as individual points beyond the whiskers. The grass texture is represented in maroon (left most), no texture in purple (second from left), and no ground surface in yellow (right most). The black dashed line represents perfect performance (gain of 1).
Table 3.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the different ground surface conditions.
Table 4.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Move-To-Target and Adjust-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with both Environment Structure and Ground Surface Condition set as fixed effects. This table reports differences in Environment Structure. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.
Fig 4.
Visual scenes rendered inside the virtual reality headset.
The top panel shows the natural condition, where objects in the environment were scaled normally. The central panel shows the scaled-up condition, where objects in the environment were 2x larger than the natural condition. The lower panel shows the unnatural condition, where objects in the environment were rotated and scaled randomly.
Table 5.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the different Environment conditions.
Table 6.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Move-To-Target and Adjust-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with Environment Condition set as a fixed effect. This table reports differences in the Environment Condition. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.
Fig 5.
Box plots of the group gains for both the Move-To-Target (top row) and Adjust-Target (bottom row) tasks for each Environment. The middle line represents the median, the boxes extend from the first quartile to the third quartile, the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the outliers are shown as individual points beyond the whiskers. The black dashed line represents perfect performance (gain of 1).
Fig 6.
Visual scenes seen inside the virtual reality headset.
The left panel shows the starfield of 3,000 stars in colour. The right panel shows the same starfield in greyscale.
Table 7.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the coloured and greyscale conditions.
Table 8.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Move-To-Target and Adjust-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with Colour Condition set as the fixed effect. This table reports differences in the Colour. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.
Fig 7.
Box plots of the group gains for both the Move-To-Target (top row) and Adjust-Target (bottom row) tasks for the Colour and Greyscale conditions. The middle line represents the median, the boxes extend from the first quartile to the third quartile, the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the outliers are shown as individual points beyond the whiskers.
Fig 8.
Visual scenes seen inside the virtual reality headset.
The top panel shows the low-density condition, which contained 10 stars. The bottom left panel shows the medium-density condition, which contained 100 stars. The bottom right panel shows the high-density condition, which contained 1,000 stars.
Table 9.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the Starfield Density conditions.
Table 10.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Move-To-Target and Adjust-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with both Starfield Density and Speed set as fixed effects. This table reports differences in Starfield Density. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.
Fig 9.
Gains. Box plots of the group gains for both the Move-To-Target (top row) and Adjust-Target (bottom row) tasks for each Starfield Density and Speed Condition.
The middle line represents the median, the boxes extend from the first quartile to the third quartile, the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range, and the outliers are shown as individual points beyond the whiskers. The 1 m/s is represented in red (left most), 5 m/s in blue (second from left), and 10 m/s in green (right most). The black dashed line represents perfect performance (gain of 1).
Table 11.
Means and standard deviations of the gains for the different speed conditions averaged across the 10-, 100-, and 1,000-star conditions.
Table 12.
Results from the Linear Mixed Models run on data from the Move-To-Target and Adjust-Target tasks with the gain set as the dependent variable, with both Starfield Density and Speed set as fixed effects. This table reports differences in Starfield Density. This table reports unstandardized regression coefficients.