Fig 1.
The workflow of this study was demonstrated in this flowchart.
Table 1.
Demographic information.
Fig 2.
Univariate statistical analysis volcano plots (fold change value > = 1.2 or < = 0.8333, and t test p-value <0.05) and heatmaps for differential metabolites between the T2DM patients and healthy individuals in positive ion mode.
(A) volcano plot in serum;(B) volcano plot in urine; (C) heatmap in serum; (D) heatmap in urine. In volcano plots, each dot represents a metabolite, those in red are potential differential metabolites based on univariate statistical analysis while light purple ones are not eligible.
Fig 3.
Multivariate statistical analysis PLS-DA for identifying differential metabolites between T2DM and healthy individuals in positive ion mode.
(A) PLS-DA in serum post and pre Tai Chi, R2 = 0.893, Q2 = -0.010; (B) PLS-DA in urine post and pre Tai Chi in positive ion mode, R2 = 0.8454, Q2 = 0.0747.
Table 2.
Identified differential metabolites in serum and urine between the T2DM group and healthy control group in positive (+) and negative (-) ion modes.
Fig 4.
Univariate volcano plots and multivariate PLS-DA in serum and urine metabolomics change of T2DM post and pre Tai Chi in positive ion mode.
Volcano plots for differential metabolites post and pre Tai Chi. (A) volcano plot in serum post and pre Tai Chi; (B) volcano plot in urine post and pre Tai Chi. PLS-DA for identifying differential metabolites post and pre Tai Chi. (C) PLS-DA in serum post and pre Tai Chi, R2 = 0.957, Q2 = -0.246; (D) PLS-DA in urine post and pre Tai Chi, R2 = 0.8007, Q2 = -0.9697.
Table 3.
Identified differential metabolites in serum of T2DM patients post and pre Tai Chi in positive (+) and negative (-) ion modes.