Fig 1.
Diagrams of macroalgal life cycles.
(a) A diagram of the reproduction process assumed in the model. (b) A diagram of the alternation of generations between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte (haploid-diploid life cycle). In this diagram, monoecious is assumed. (c) A diagram of the general life cycle of Florideophyceae (triphasic life cycle). (d) A diagram of the asexual reproduction in macroalgae. Red indicates the haploid phase and blue indicates the diploid phase. The circled states are free-living stages.
Fig 2.
The haploid frequency (() and the biomass measure (
) in a population of a species with obligate sexuality (aH = aD = 0).
(a) Haploid frequency curves; the red line represents the case that the haploid fraction constitutes exactly half of the population (ρH = 0.5). (b) Curves for the biomass measure. The red line represents the case that R0 is exactly equal to one (). Population extinction occurs in the region where
is negative. (c) The haploid frequency as a function of haploid fitness (wH) for different values of diploid fitness (wD). Dashed lines indicate values for extinct populations (
). (d) The biomass measure as a function of haploid fitness (wH) for different values of diploid fitness (wD).
Fig 3.
Haploid frequency () in a population of a species with asexual reproduction when the fitness components for asexual reproduction (
and
) are given.
(a),(b), and (c) Haploid frequency curves. The red lines represent the case where the haploid fraction constitutes exactly half of the population (ρH = 0.5). (d),(e), and (f) The haploid frequency as a function of the haploid fitness component for sexual reproduction () for different values for the diploid fitness component for sexual reproduction (
). Dashed lines indicate values for extinct populations (
). The given parameter values are (a),(d)
and
; (b),(e)
and
; and (c),(f)
and
.
Fig 4.
The biomass measure () in a population of a species with asexual reproduction when the fitness components for asexual reproduction (
and
) are given.
(a),(b), and (c) Curves for the biomass measure. The red lines represent the case that R0 is exactly equal to one (). (d), (e), and (f) The biomass measure as a function of the haploid fitness component for sexual reproduction (
) for different values of the diploid fitness component for sexual reproduction (
). The given parameter values are the same as in Fig 3.
Fig 5.
The haploid frequency () in a population of a species with asexual reproduction when the fitness components for sexual reproduction (
and
) are given.
(a),(b), and (c) Haploid frequency curves. The red lines represent the case that the haploid fraction constitutes exactly half of the population (ρH = 0.5). (d),(e), and (f) The haploid frequency as a function of the haploid fitness component for asexual reproduction () for different values of the diploid fitness component for asexual reproduction (
). Dashed lines indicate values for extinct populations (
). (g) The haploid frequency as a function of the difference in the fitness components for asexual reproduction (
). The given parameter values are (a),(d)
and
; (b),(e)
and
; and (c),(f)
and
.
Fig 6.
The biomass measure () in a population of a species with asexual reproduction when the fitness components for sexual reproduction (
and
) are given.
(a),(b), and (c) Curves for the biomass measure. The red lines represent the case that R0 is exactly equal to one (). (d),(e), and (f) The biomass measure as a function of the haploid fitness component for asexual reproduction (
) for different values of the diploid fitness component for asexual reproduction (
). The given parameter values are the same as in Fig 5.
Fig 7.
The biomass measure () in a population of a species with asexual reproduction when the fitness components for sexual reproduction (
and
) are given.
(a),(b) Curves of the biomass measure. (c),(d) The biomass measure as a function of the haploid fitness component for asexual reproduction () for different values of the diploid fitness component for asexual reproduction (
). The given parameter values are (a),(c)
and
, and (b),(d)
and
.