Fig 1.
Sketch map of expressway service area.
Fig 2.
Proposed research framework.
Table 1.
Speed performance index with traffic state.
Fig 3.
XGBoost schematic.
Fig 4.
Illustration of the case study corridor.
Table 2.
Variables of raw data.
Fig 5.
Time dependence of traffic flow and pause rate change curve.
A: Time dependence of traffic flow. B: Time dependence of pause rate.
Fig 6.
Correlation of traffic composition with time and pause rate.
A: Time dependence of traffic composition. B: Correlation of traffic composition with pause rate.
Table 3.
Variable description.
Fig 7.
Boxplot of travel time.
Fig 8.
A: PDF of travel time. B: CDF curves of travel time.
Table 4.
Samples of the feature vector.
Fig 9.
Correlation analysis of feature vector.
Table 5.
Optimal combination of parameters.
Fig 10.
Prediction of pause rate.
Fig 11.
Scatterplot of bias versus pause rate and the regression line.
A: Scatterplot of bias versus pause rate. B: Regression line.
Table 6.
Evolution metrics for linear regression.
Fig 12.
Comparison before and after adding the correction term.
A: Comparison before adding the correction term. B: Comparison after adding the correction term.
Table 7.
Comparison of traffic congestion measurement.