Fig 1.
Map including historic (museum specimen records), contemporary capture, and acoustic occurrences of Euderma maculatum.
States, provinces, or key localities where the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) occurs are annotated.
Table 1.
Euderma maculatum specimens used for genetic analysis and their geographic origin.
Sample IDs in italics represent specimens that were only able to be sequenced for D-loop, whereas, all others were sequenced at both D-loop and cytB. Any specimen with a holding under the Bat Ecology & Genetics Lab indicates an individual that was genetically sampled in our field surveys.
Table 2.
Polymorphism summaries among 789 sites for D-loop and cytB, used separately or in concatenation for 27–34 Euderma maculatum individuals (NSeq).
This includes segregating sites (S), parsimony informative sites (PIS), haplotypes (Hap), haplotype diversity (Hd), and nucleotide diversity (π). We separately summarized one D-loop dataset that included more individuals, which we used to construct a haplotype network (hap).
Fig 2.
Gained, retained, and receded climate space for Euderma maculatum, predicted from ecological niche modeling (Maxent) (binary threshold = 0.5).
Gained climate space is in dark purple, retained climate space in light purple, and receded climate space in orange. Left to right panels: a stretch of receded climate space spans from the general proximity of central Mexican specimen, approximately along the Sierra Madre Oriental to the lower southwestern United States at the transition of the last interglacial (LIG) and last glacial maximum (LGM), receding by the mid-Holocene (MH) and into contemporary climate space. The majority of gained climate space into the contemporary range can be observed by the mid-Holocene and within the last 6000 years. A convex polygon in dashed lines border the extent of the known species range.
Fig 3.
Maximum parsimony network for 34 Euderma maculatum individuals using only the D-loop marker.
Pies and slices are colored by 14/16 states/provinces the species is in known to occur.
Fig 4.
Incongruent phylogenetic trees (branch lengths = substitutions/sites) for 27 Euderma maculatum individuals (D-loop and cytB) estimated from maximimum likelihood (RAxML-NG) and Bayesian methods (MrBayes and BEAST2).
Geophylogeny vectors from each tip to its corresponding geographic origin are colored by discretized range categories (Northern range = purple, Central range = green, and Southern range = orange). An asterisk indicates ≥ 70% bootstrap clade support for maximum likelihood and ≥ 80% for clades supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities.
Fig 5.
Extended Bayesian Skyline plot based on partitioned D-loop and cytB sequences from 27 Euderma maculatum individuals.
The x-axis is in thousands of years and the y-axis (log10-scaled) is effective maternal population size scaled by an assumed generation time of 2 years. The thick black line is median NE and the orange ribbon indicate 95% central posterior density intervals. The plot is annotated with a vertical ribbon showing that population expansion began approximately by the known temporal range of the last glacial maximum, occurring between 19 and 26.5 Kya [86].
Table 3.
Neutrality test results for 27 Euderma maculatum individuals using cytB (596 bp).
Significance testing was based on 10,000 replicate coalescent simulations (alpha = 0.05).