Fig 1.
Two types of medical expenditures as the share of income, by cumulative percentage of population.
The horizontal axis represents the cumulative share of the sample, ordered according to the ratio of OOP to the household income (HI), beginning with individuals with the largest ratio, while the vertical axis represents medical payment as a share of income. There are two curves, with the upper one being the TME/HI (TME curve), and the lower one representing the OOP/HI (OOP curve). Zcat is the threshold, Hcat is the incidence of CHE based on OOP/HI, and Kcat is based on TME/HI.
Table 1.
Independent variables.
Table 2.
General characteristics, 2017.
Fig 2.
Concentration curve of indicators, 2017.
The upper left graph is the CE, and the right is the Co; the lower left graph is the SCE, and the right is the TSCo. The red line in each plot is the equality line. The rest curves represent the distribution of the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and national health insurance benefits coverage incidence or intensity by household income according to several thresholds. The further is the concentration curve from the equality line, the more it is concentrated on the lower-income class.
Fig 3.
Health insurance coverage on the incidence and intensity of CHE (2011, 2017).
The graphs represent the how the national health insurance (NHI) mitigates the intensity of the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). The y-axis is the proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses or total medical expenses (TME) to income. The x-axis starts with households with the highest proportion of OOP and TME to income and ranks them in descending order. The red curve is the OOP/HI, and the blue bar graph is the difference between the TME/HI and OOP/HI, which is the national health insurance benefits coverage. HI: household income.
Table 3.
Traditional CHE and NHI benefit coverage on CHE (2011–2017; threshold: 10%).
Table 4.
Factors associated with the incidence and intensity of CHE.
Table 5.
Incidence and intensity of CHE based on OOP and TME in South Korea, 2017.