Fig 1.
Main experimental steps for studies in the current paper.
Fig 2.
Distributions of manipulation check measures by Cyberball condition in Study 1.
Dotted lines show the overall mean response value for each measure. All comparisons by Cyberball condition were significant at p < .001. For estimating the percentage of ball tosses, participants typed a number between 0 and 100. For the questions on feelings of belonging, being excluded, and being ignored, participants answered using 5-point scales (1 = Not at all; 5 = Extremely). For questions on positive and negative emotions, we created composite indices using the individual valenced items from the Affect-Adjective Scale (1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much so).
Fig 3.
Error bars show ±1 SE.
Fig 4.
Error bars show ±1 SE.
Fig 5.
Error bars show ±1 SE.
Fig 6.
Distributions of manipulation check measures by intervention condition in Study 4.
The main participants in Study 4 were only assigned to the exclusion condition in Cyberball. Dotted lines show the overall mean response value for each measure. There were no differences by intervention group for any of the measures. For estimating the percentage of ball tosses, participants typed a number between 0 and 100. For the questions on feelings of belonging, being excluded, and being ignored, participants answered using 5-point scales (1 = Not at all; 5 = Extremely).
Fig 7.
The number of completed reward tasks is shown on the y-axis, and intervention conditions are color-coded. The blue dotted line shows the grand mean reward task completion for all inclusion participants in Study 2 that were earning rewards on behalf of their teams. The red dotted line shows the grand mean reward task completion for all exclusion participants in Study 2 that were earning rewards on behalf of their teams. Grand means for Study 2 inclusion and exclusion participants are shown as a reference, given the similarity in task design and reward structure. Error bars show ±1 SE.
Fig 8.
Distributions of manipulation check measures by condition in Study 5.
Dotted lines show the overall mean response value for each measure. All main effects by condition were significant at p < .001. For estimating the percentage of ball tosses, participants typed a number between 0 and 100. For the questions on feelings of belonging, being excluded, and being ignored, participants answered using 5-point scales (1 = Not at all; 5 = Extremely). For questions on positive and negative emotions, we created composite indices using the individual valenced items from the Affect-Adjective Scale (1 = Not at all; 7 = Very much so).
Fig 9.
Error bars show ±1 SE.