Fig 1.
Change of muscle strength due to aging.
Forelimb grip strength of 8-week-old (n = 25), 70-week-old (n = 21), and 80-week-old mice (n = 14). Grip strength significantly decreased with age (F(2,57) = 20.4, p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA). *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 (Tukey posthoc test).
Fig 2.
Taste sensitivity changes due to aging.
The preference ratios for (A) salty (300 mM of NaCl) and (B) bitter taste (1 mM of denatonium) to water are shown (8-week-old mice for n = 24–25, 70-week-old mice for n = 19, 80-week-old mice for n = 13). The preference ratio to NaCl significantly decreased with age (F(2,54) = 8.34, p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA). The preference ratio to denatonium tended to decrease with age (F(2,53) = 2.65, p = 0.08; one-way ANOVA). ** p < 0.01 (Tukey posthoc test).
Fig 3.
Short-term memory changes due to aging.
(A) The total number of arm entries and (B) the alteration ratio are shown (8-week-old mice for n = 25, 70-week-old mice for n = 21, 80-week-old mice for n = 14). The total number of arm entries and alternation ratio significantly decreased with age (F(2,57) = 44.0, p < 0.0001 for the total number of arm entries, F(2, 57) = 7.77, p < 0.001 for the alternation ratio; one-way ANOVA). * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 (Tukey posthoc test).
Fig 4.
Comparison of mRNA expression in the hippocampus.
Quantitative mRNA expression for (A) nerve growth factor, (B) NADPH oxidase, (C) nitric oxide synthase, (D) inflammatory, and (E) long-term memory store-related genes of 8-week-old (white column, n = 6) and 80-week-old mice (gray column, n = 6). * p > 0.05 (Welch’s t-test).