Fig 1.
Results of systematic review identification, screening, and inclusion.
Table 1.
Overview of review characteristics.
Fig 2.
Results of the risk of bias evaluation of included systematic reviews using the ROBIS tool (Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews), categorized per its four domains; D1 -study eligibility criteria, D2 –identification and selection of studies, D3 –data collection and study appraisal, D4 –Synthesis and findings.
Fig 3.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting mortality of prolonged infusions versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 4.
Effect of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactam antimicrobials on mortality.
*Lee 2017 –Did not report event rates. RR was therefore not converted to OR. **Roberts 2016 –individual patient data analysis.
Fig 5.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting mortality of prolonged vs. intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%.
Fig 6.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting clinical cure of prolonged infusions versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 7.
Effect of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactam antimicrobials on clinical cure.
*Lee 2017 –Did not report event rates. RR was therefore not converted to OR. **Roberts 2016 –individual patient data meta-analysis. ***Chant 2013 –reported treatment failure. RR = 0.60 [0.40–0.87], I2 = 69%. Results were inverted to represent clinical cure or success.
Fig 8.
Pairwise CCA of reviews reporting clinical cure of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%.
Fig 9.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting microbiologic cure of prolonged infusions.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 10.
Effect of prolonged infusions versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactam antimicrobials on microbiologic cure.
Fig 11.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting microbiologic cure of prolonged versus intermittent beta-lactam infusions.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%.
Fig 12.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting length of stay of prolonged infusions versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 13.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting length of stay of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%.
Fig 14.
Citation matrix for review reporting adverse events of prolonged infusions versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion, Grey—included primary studies not reported for the specified outcome.
Fig 15.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting adverse events or prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%. N/A indicated where primary studies included were not reported by systematic review.
Fig 16.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting cost of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 17.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting cost of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%. N/A indicated where primary studies included were not reported by systematic review.
Fig 18.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting emergence of resistance of prolonged versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion, Grey—included primary studies not reported for the specified outcome.
Fig 19.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting emergence of resistance of prolonged versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%. N/A indicated where primary studies included were not reported by systematic review.
Fig 20.
Citation matrix for reviews reporting PK/PD outcomes of prolonged versus intermittent infusions of beta-lactams.
Green—primary studies included in systematic review, Red—primary study not included in systematic review, Black—primary studies published after systematic review and therefore ineligible for possible inclusion.
Fig 21.
Pairwise CCA for reviews reporting PK/PD outcomes of prolonged versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactams.
Colors indicate degree of overlap, as calculated with CCA, for visual clarity. White = ≤5%, green 5.1–9.9%, yellow 10–14.9%, red ≥15%. N/A indicated where primary studies included were not reported by systematic review.