Table 1.
Participant demographics.
Fig 1.
Electrode placement for measuring facial EMG.
Guidelines from Fridlund and Cacioppo (1986) were used to determine correct electrode placement. This image is modified from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database, with “AF06NES” displayed. Reprinted from Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. under a CC BY license, with permission from the Karolinska Institutet original copyright (1998) [81].
Fig 2.
Example stimuli intended to create a realistic simulation of dynamic emotion expressions where 150 still images were compressed into a seamless 1.5 second video progress from 0 (neutral) to 100% (prototypic expression) in 0.5 seconds then followed by a 1 second hold at full emotion intensity. These images were modified from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database, with “AF01NES” and “AF01ANS” displayed. Reprinted from Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. under a CC BY license, with permission from the Karolinska Institutet original copyright (1998) [81].
Table 2.
Calculation of error term from mixed factorial ANOVA for corrugator supercilii EMG activity.
Table 3.
Calculation of error term from mixed factorial ANOVA for zygomaticus major EMG activity.
Fig 3.
Facial EMG activity of control and HNSSI participants in the corrugator supercilii muscle.
Positive values indicate increased activity compared to baseline and negative values indicate decreased activity compared to baseline, signaling muscle relaxation. The HNSSI participants showed less corrugator supercilii activity in response to viewing angry facial stimuli and less of an expected decrease in activity of the corrugator supercilii in response to viewing happy faces.