Fig 1.
Flow chart of reference standard for COVID-19 with pneumonia and COVID-19 without pneumonia.
CR, chest radiography; CT, computed tomography; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients.
Fig 2.
Results of the deep learning (DL) algorithm analysis of the localization of COVID-19 with pneumonia.
(A, B, C) Chest radiography (D, E, F) DL algorithm heatmap overlaid on the image feature related to pneumonia. (G, H) Computed tomography scan, showing lung consolidation and ground-glass opacities that are suitably localized and detected by the DL algorithm.
Table 2.
Performance of deep learning algorithm for detection of COVID-19 with and without pneumonia on chest radiography.
Table 3.
Performance of deep learning algorithm for the detection of COVID-19 with and without pneumonia on chest radiography and in computed tomography performed on COVID-19 patients.
Fig 3.
False-positive interpretations of DL algorithm.
DL algorithm heatmap overlaid on image feature related to (A) interstitial thickening and (B, C) normal vascular marking.
Fig 4.
False-negative interpretations of DL algorithm.
(A, B) DL algorithm classified chest radiography as negative for pneumonia. Chest computed tomography scans show (C) focal GGOs in the right middle lobe, (D) multifocal consolidations in the right lower lobe, and (E, F) small amounts of GGOs.