Fig 1.
Tectonic setting of study area.
(a) General map showing the main tectonic features in the eastern Mediterranean. SoG—Sea of Galilee. CF—Carmel fault. DSB—Dead Sea basin. Red dot marks the location of Tel Kabri. Reprinted from [21] under a CC BY license, with permission from [Copernicus Publications], original copyright [2019]. (b) Compiled map of faults in the Galilee area. Thin black lines indicate faults that appear on the 1:200000 geological map (Reprinted from [22] under a CC BY license, with permission from [Geological Survey of Israel], original copyright [1998]). Colored lines mark Quaternary faults (Reprinted from [23] under a CC BY license, with permission from [Geological Survey of Israel], original copyright [2018]): Red—evidence of Quaternary activity; Yellow—marginal faults and main branches; Purple—> 6km segments associated with recent activity; Blue dashed—inferred/subsurface; Thick black—Main strike-slip segments of the Dead Sea fault (DSF). Blue square marks location of geological map shown in Fig 1c. SoG—Sea of Galilee. CF—Carmel fault. KF—Kabri fault. Red circle marks the location of Acco, while the yellow circle marks the ancient city of Hazor. (c) Geological map of the area (Reprinted from [22] under a CC BY license, with permission from [Geological Survey of Israel], original copyright [1998]) showing the mound of Tel Kabri and its associated potentially active tectonic fault. Colored lines mark different interpretations for the Kabri fault: black line after [22]; green line after [24]; red line after [25]. Blue dots mark the location of the four springs located in the vicinity of Tel Kabri. Light blue rectangle marks the location of the study area shown in Fig 2.
Table 1.
Potential (off-fault) Earthquake Archaeological Effects (PEAEs) (after [11]) and corresponding findings in Kabri.
Fig 2.
Plan of Phase III at Tel Kabri.
Text starting with R indicates room numbers mentioned in text; W indicates wall locus numbers. Red circle indicates the location of an Iron Age pit, while red dashed line is the trace of the trench mentioned in the text. Green numbers beginning with L indicate loci where sediment samples were collected for micromorphology and FTIR analysis and green lines show the location of excavation profiles sampled. Blue arrows point to the warped floor in Room 2440 and offset walls of the Orthostat Building, which are aligned and parallel to the trace of the Kabri fault and to the trench. Note that structures located just south of the trench are misaligned with respect to the general trend of palace walls, with their northwestern corners rotated towards this feature (dark green arrows). Green star marks the approximate location of Fig 5a. Yellow star marks the approximate location of Fig 5b. Red and blue stars indicate the location of images presented in S1 Fig. Dashed black rectangles show location of Fig 3 (the Orthostat Building) and Fig 4a (the Southern and Northern Wine Storage Complexes), while dashed blue rectangle marks the location of Fig 4d.
Fig 3.
Each black or white segment on the scale-sticks represents 10 cm. (a) Aerial view showing the Main Room (MR), Back Room (BR), and Trench (T), which is denoted by dashed red lines. Notice that the southern side of the trench is partially obscured by a large stone block, whose flat upper side would have once served as a threshold leading into the back room, but which has now collapsed into the trench. Photo: Griffin Aerial Imaging. (b) The backroom (2411) covered in collapsed mudbrick and plaster. (c) Step or displacement in the floor of the Orthostat Building, just inside the entrance. One of the offset orthostats is visible at the top of the image. (d) The Main Room looking south and showing unbroken warped cross-walls; i.e., with a rise visible in the height of the walls. At the bottom of the image, wall 2404 and the threshold leading into the back room are visibly collapsed and tilting into the trench. (e) The backroom cleared of all rubble shown in Fig 3b, showing the broken and sloping plaster floor.
Fig 4.
The wine cellar (Room 2440 in the Southern Storage Complex).
(a) Aerial view showing the Southern Storage Complex (SSC), the Northern Storage Complex (NSC; blue dashed box) and the Trench (T; also denoted by the dashed red lines). Green star marks the approximate location of Fig 5a. Yellow star marks the approximate location of Fig 5b. Photo: Griffin Aerial Imaging. (b) Room 2440 showing ~48 pithoi found in situ. Note the warping in the eastern wall of the room (W2441 Fig 2). (c) Room 2440 after being cleared of the pithoi. (d) Displaced wall W2443 in Room 2440 marked by blue dashed box on Fig 2.
Fig 5.
Field photos of collapse into the trench.
(a) Photo looking northeast showing the collapse of Wall W2466 into the trench, which is now blocked by it. Arrow indicates north. (b) Photo from above in Room 3306 of the Northern Storage Complex. Left side of the image shows the trench. Right side of image shows pithoi that appear to have rolled southwards towards the trench and the collapse of the plaster floor into this feature. Arrow points to north. Each section of the scale-sticks corresponds to 10 cm.
Fig 6.
Results of micromorphology analysis.
(a) Scan of thin section of a mudbrick from a Phase III wall (sample KAB-2450.5 in S2 Table). (b) Microphotograph of a Phase III mudbrick (sample KAB-2450.5 in S2 Table). (c) Scan of thin section of the fill deposit (5–11 cm) above the palaces’ Phase III floor (sample KAB-B2 in S2 Table). The red particles are pottery sherds. (d) Microphotograph showing the general appearance of the fill deposit shown in (c). (e) Field photo showing the Phase III plaster floor of Room 2553 and the fill deposit covering it. (f) Scan of thin section of the contact shown in (e) (sample KAB-2603.13 in S2 Table). (g) Microphotograph showing the contact between the floor and sediment lying directly on it shown in (f).