Fig 1.
Conceptual framework of grid-based dynamic model (Grid-DM) for evaluation of spatial planning solutions.
Fig 2.
The calculation of movement rate based on habitat suitability index (HSI) for each PU.
The first step is to fit a sinusoidal function of timesteps by the seasonal HSI data for each PU. Then the movement rate curve is the reflected HSI curve over the line y = 0.5. Considering the time lag in fish response to the habitat suitability [33], the movement rate curve has a horizontal shift.
Fig 3.
Spatial configuration of existing MPAs and Marxan-derived alternative MPA.
Existing MPAs include MPAs in 2011 and additional MPAs expanded respectively in 2014 and 2017.
Table 1.
Summary of parameters used in the model.
LN(0,0.2) indicates a lognormal distribution of error with mean of 0 and standard deviation of 0.2.
Table 2.
Temporal and spatial changes of management measures in 2011–2017.
Fig 4.
Comparison between simulation and observation for the month of September in (a) temporal biomass change from 2011 to 2017 and (b) species spatial distribution in 2017. (a): areas shaded in grey and green indicated 95% and 50% quantile respectively; dashed line indicates the median biomass. (b): standardized median biomass distribution from simulations and standardized biomass distribution from observations were compared in 2017. Darker red represents higher standardized median biomass in simulation than observation (See S5 Fig and S6 Fig for full figures).
Fig 5.
Simulation results of implementing existing MPAs in 2011 and Marxan-derived alternative MPA: (a) total biomass; (b) total catch; (c) biomass inside the MPA; and (d) Median fish density by age class inside the MPA. The simulated biomass and catch from two MPA scenarios were illustrated with median (dashed line), 95% quantile (light green for Marxan MPA and light pink for Existing MPAs), and 50% quantile (dark green for Marxan MPA and dark pink for Existing MPAs).
Table 3.
A preliminary cost-benefit analysis between existing MPAs (2011) and Marxan MPA.
Present harvest revenue and net present value show the median value with 2.5% and 97.5% quantile values in parentheses.