Fig 1.
A) Natal dispersal distances of urban and rural burrowing owls Athene cunicularia (males: gray bars; females: black bars). The inserted figure shows a detailed distribution of dispersal distances lower than 1km. B) Relationship between natal dispersal distances (log-transformed) and individual personality (measured as FID, flight initiation distance). Lines show the tendency observed for males (gray line) and females (black line). Dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. Dots are raw data (males: gray dots, females: black dots).
Table 1.
Models obtained to assess the relative importance of individual’s traits (sex and personality, measured as FID), and social variables (conspecific density and productivity in the natal area) on the natal dispersal distances of rural and urban (habitat) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
Models shown are the first 10 models ranked using their AICc. K: number of estimated parameters in approximating model, AICc: Akaike information criteria with small sample bias adjustment, ΔAICc: difference between each model and the best model (i.e., the model with the lowest AICc), weight: Akaike weight.
Table 2.
Relative importance of individual’s traits (sex and personality, measured as FID), and social variables (conspecific density and productivity in the natal area) on the natal dispersal distances of rural and urban (habitat) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
Estimates and 95% confidence intervals (2.5% and 97.5%) obtained after averaging models in Table 1 (all models) and using the subset of models that did not include habitat (models without habitat). We considered that a given variable has no, weak or strong support when the 95% confidence interval strongly overlapped with zero, barely overlapped with zero (asterisk), or did not overlap with zero (in bold), respectively. Results remained unchanged when model averaging was performed using all candidate models, not only those with ΔAICc < 2 (S3 Table).
Table 3.
Models obtained to assess the relationship between natal dispersal distances and productivity during the first breeding attempt, and long term productivity of rural and urban (habitat) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
All models were run including year as a random term; models for long term productivity also included individual as a random term. Models shown are the first 10 models ranked using their AICc. K: number of estimated parameters in approximating model, AICc: Akaike information criteria with small sample bias adjustment, ΔAICc: difference between each model and the best model (i.e., the model with the lowest AICc), weight: Akaike weight.
Table 4.
Estimates and 95% confidence intervals (2.5% and 97.5%) obtained after model averaging to assess the relationship between natal dispersal distances and productivity during the first breeding attempt, and long term productivity of rural and urban (habitat) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
We considered that a given variable has no, weak or strong support when the 95% confidence interval strongly overlapped with zero, barely overlapped with zero (asterisk), or did not overlap with zero (in bold), respectively. Results remained unchanged when model averaging was performed using all candidate models, not only those with ΔAICc < 2 (S3 Table).
Fig 2.
Relationship between natal dispersal and survival probabilities of male (gray lines) and female (black lines) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
Solid lines represent the general tendency obtained using the first model shown in Table 5; dashed lines: 95% confidence intervals.
Table 5.
Model comparison to assess the effects of natal dispersal distances (distance) on immediate survival probabilities of urban and rural (habitat) burrowing owls Athene cunicularia.
K: number of estimated parameters in approximating model, AICc: Akaike information criteria with small sample bias adjustment, ΔAICc: difference between each model and the best model (i.e., the model with the lowest AICc), deviance: deviance explained by each model.