Fig 1.
Time schedule of the applied stepped-wedge design.
The time schedule indicates the start and the duration of the period considered as the “intervention period” for the four separate clusters of participating clinics.
Table 1.
Separate intervention elements as offered during the ASP, including when they were offered, who were involved and the estimated time investment for participants.
Table 2.
Classification of veterinary AMU according to Dutch policy on veterinary AMU [26].
Table 3.
Mean (range) or distribution of characteristics of 44 clinics participating in the ASP.
Table 4.
Mean total, 1st, 2nd and 3rd choice AMU (in numbers of DDDA/month and percentage of total AMU) in participating clinics, before and during participation in the antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP).
Table 5.
Stepwise change and change in (linear) trend of total, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd choice AMU.
Fig 2.
Average and clinic-specific effects of the ASP on total, 1st, 2nd and 3rd choice AMU.
Combined effect of participation in the ASP (stepwise change & change in time trend) are shown for the average effect (black) and for each individual clinic (grey) after standardisation to the estimated AMU before the intervention period (as 100%).