Fig 1.
Frequency of taxa representing the laccate Ganoderma species collected in the United States.
Percentages are representative of the total collections (n = 507). Species in the legend are represented in a clockwise order on the pie chart.
Fig 2.
Distribution of collections of the laccate Ganoderma species studied.
Species are shaded in different colors in each state where a collection of that species was made.
Fig 3.
In situ photos of the laccate Ganoderma species in the United States.
A) G. curtisii fruiting at the base of a dead oak tree (Quercus sp.) in Georgia (290GA), B) G. lucidum fruiting from near an oak (Quercus sp.) in California (not in collection) (photo credit: Shane Hanofee), C) G. martinicense fruiting from a southern red oak (Quercus falcata) in Georgia (230GA) (photo credit: Bill Sheehan), D) G. curtisii f. sp. meredithiae fruiting from slash pine roots in Florida (140FL), E) G. oregonense fruiting on white fir (Abies concolor) in California (no collection data) (photo credit: Arthur Grupe), F) G. polychromum fruiting on a pruning wound on a coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) in California (331CA) (photo credit: Drew Zwart), G) G. ravenelii fruiting from the roots of an oak tree (Quercus sp.) in Florida (no collection data), H) G. sessile fruiting on the lower bole and root flare of honeylocust (Gleditsia tricanthos) in New York (276NY) (photo credit: Margery Daughtrey), I) G. tsugae fruiting on the trunk of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in Wisconsin (342WI), J) G. tuberculosum fruiting on the root flare of pongam tree (Pongamia pinnata) in Florida (335FL), K) G. cf. weberianum near a recently removed live oak tree (Quercus virginiana) in Florida (261FL), L) G. zonatum fruiting on the trunk of an American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) in Florida (283FL), and M) Tomophagus colossus fruiting on the cycad Macrozamia moorei in Florida (255FL) (photo credit: Michael Calonje).
Fig 4.
Contextual colors (A) and features (B) of the laccate Ganoderma species of the U.S. (bars = 20 μm) A) broad categories of the context tissue colors, where arrows point to context tissue; i) white context tissue (324WI, G. tsugae), ii) light buff to cream context tissue (112CA, G. polychromum), and iii) dark brown context tissue (265FL, G. zonatum). B) contextual features such as melanoid bands (“Mb”), concentric growth zones (“Cz”), and contextual chlamydospores (“Ch”); i) melanoid bands embedded in context tissue of pileus and stipe (158FL, G. curtisii), ii) concentric growth zones in context tissue of the pileus (171FL, G. sessile), iii) close-up (10x) of melanoid bands in the context tissue of the pileus (NCSCLG 1804, G. curtisii f.sp. meredithiae), iv) close-up (10x) of melanoid bands and concentric growth zones in context tissue of the pileus (NCSCLG 19006, G. martinicense), v) double walled, globose contextual chlamydospore (255FL, T. colossus), and vi) double walled contextual, globose chlamydospore with striated margin (FLAS F59210, G. cf. weberianum).
Table 1.
Morphological assessment of the laccate Ganoderma species present in the United States.
Fig 5.
Examples of basidiospore morphology (bars = 10 μm).
A) “smooth” (finely echinulated) from G. sessile (287SC), B) “rough” (coarsely echinulated) basidiospores from G. curtisii (158FL), and C) elongated, elliptical basidiospores of G. zonatum (265FL).
Fig 6.
Host substrate affinities for the laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species collected in the U.S., where host substrate was known (n = 298).
Table 2.
Key to the laccate Ganoderma species in the United States.
Members of the laccate Ganoderma are have shiny or varnished pilei, and can be sessile, stipitate or pseudostipitate. The context tissue of the laccate Ganoderma species is corky to felty in texture, and generally white, cream to light buff, or cinnamon brown. Context tissue can have melanoid/resinous bands and/or concentric growth zones present or absent. Some taxa produce contextual chlamydospores that are double-walled, hyaline to pigmented, and ornamented or smooth. The basidiospores are double-walled, golden-brown in 5% KOH, echinulated and generally broadly ovoid to elliptical with a truncated apex at maturity. Ecologically these species are associated with a white rot type decay typically on hardwood, coniferous, or palm substrates. Disclaimer: This key is solely based on morphology, host preference and known geographic distributions of the laccate Gaonderma present in the U.S. based on this study.
Table 3.
Sample accessions, location, and GenBank Accession numbers for ITS, tef1α, rpb1, and rpb2 used in phylogenetic analysis.
Fig 7.
Tree topology derived from RAxML analysis of a multilocus alignment (ITS + tef1α + rpb1 + rpb2) with 2470 characters under a GTR model with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
Statistical values shown are ML-bootstrap values above 75%, and the second value is the posterior probability (PP) where values above 95% are shown. Species native to Asia are in blue font, species native to Europe are in green font, and species native to North American are in black font. Red asterisks indicate G. curtisii f.sp. meredithiae. There are three major clades (A, B, and C), and subclades with names derived from the taxon that was described first.
Table 4.
Comparisons of terminal clades and associated bootstrap scores for the laccate Ganoderma taxa present in the United States using RAxML analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replications for ITS, tef1α, rpb1, rpb2, and ITS+tef1α+ rpb1+rpb2.