Fig 1.
Experimental procedure and 3D scenes.
After a period of familiarization with the immersive VR setup, participants performed the encoding session (10 minutes) during which they were exposed to different life-like 3D scenes (Fig 1a). Scenes were characterized by a room that contained different items (table, photocopy machine, pen, etc.). In experiment 1, one group of participants performed the retrieval session (30 minutes) immediately after the encoding session or after a one hour delay (see main text for further detail). Figs 1b-d shows the different conditions during the encoding session that we used in experiments 1–3 (the retrieval session was the same across all experiments). Thus, participants always saw the same 3D scenes on the head-mounted display, but the body of the participant was either not seen at all (Fig 1b; body condition), seen as part of the 3D scene (Fig 1c; no-body condition), or instead of the body a control object was seen (Fig 1d; control condition).
Fig 2.
EM performance in experiment 1 (immediate versus one-hour delay condition).
EM performance (hit rate, false alarm rates) and subjective confidence ratings are indicated in percentage + SEM. (**) P < 0.01; (*) P < 0.05. Fig 2a. Hit Rate; Fig 2b. False Alarm Rate; Fig 2c. Confidence ratings (Hits); Fig 2d. Confidence ratings (False alarms). Blue color represents the immediate condition. Green color represents the delayed condition.
Fig 3.
False alarms depend on number of items changed (experiment 1).
EM performance (false alarms) is indicated in percentage + SEM. (**) P < 0.01; (*) P < 0.05. Fig 3a. False Alarm versus Number of Items changed (i.e., 1 item, 2 items, 3 items); Fig 3b. Confidence Rate for False Alarm versus Number of Items changed (i.e., 1 item, 2 items, 3 items).
Fig 4.
Body view enhances recognition (experiment 2).
Immediate versus one-hour delay EM performance is indicated in percentage + SEM is indicated. (**) P < 0.01; (*) P < 0.05. Fig 4a. Hit Rate in immediate body (in purple color) versus immediate nobody (in pink color) condition; Fig 4b. Hit Rate in delayed body (in purple color) versus delayed nobody (in pink color) condition; Fig 4c. False Alarm Rate in immediate body (in purple color) versus immediate nobody (in pink color) condition; Fig 4d. False Alarm Rate in delayed body (in purple color) versus delayed nobody (in pink color) condition.
Fig 5.
No difference between object and no-object view (experiment 3).
One-hour delay EM performance is indicated in percentage + SEM is indicated. (**) P < 0.01; (*) P < 0.05. Fig 5a. Hit Rate for object versus no-object condition; Fig 5b. False Alarm Rate for object versus no-object condition; Fig 5c. Confidence ratings (Hits); Fig 5d. Confidence ratings (False alarms).