Fig 1.
Study site and distribution of forest within Madagascar.
a) Location of study site within Madagascar. b) Location of the study site within Ankarafantsika National park. c) Close up of study site showing the fragmented landscape, consisting of 42 fragments of dry deciduous forest separated by a mainly homogeneous matrix of grassland. Survey fragments are represented in dark grey and continuous forest in light grey and grassland in white.
Table 1.
Primate species characteristics and patch occupancy in Ankarafantsika National Park found within study site.
Fig 2.
Probability of occurrence among patches for four lemur species in a fragmented landscape.
Colors represent the probability of occurrence: red reflects the highest probability of occurrence for a species within a fragment and white the lowest. The probability of occurrence is based on the fitted incidence function model with α parameterized from the data (IFM) for C. medius, M. murinus, and E. fulvus and the IFM with α determined from the literature (IFMlit) for M. ravelobensis. The size of each circle represents the size of each fragment relative to one another. The position of fragments is based on Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system. Northing is equivalent to latitude and easting is equivalent to longitude.
Table 2.
Metapopulation models of six lemur species in 42 fragments in a fragmented landscape.
Table 3.
Univariate GLM results for the probability of occurrence (Ji) for lemur species against area and connectivity.
Fig 3.
Simulations of metapopulation dynamics for four lemur species over 200 time steps in a fragmented landscape when the five largest and five smallest fragments are removed.
Simulated species occurrence over time using a Markov chain process. The five largest (A) and five smallest (B) fragments (black lines), respectively are removed from the rest of the fragments (n = 37; red lines) at time period 101(vertical line). After this point we ran simulations, to time period 200, separately to demonstrate the impact of either removing the largest (A) or smallest (B) fragments (black). We ran simulations using the IFM with α parameterized from the data (IFM) for C. medius, M. murinus, and E. fulvus and the IFM with α determined from the literature (IFMlit) for M. ravelobensis.
Fig 4.
Simulations of metapopulation dynamics for four lemur species over 200 time steps in a fragmented landscape when the five most connected and five least connected fragments are removed.
Simulated species occurrence over time using a Markov chain process. We removed the five most connected/closest (A) and five least connected/furthest (B) fragments, respectively (black lines) from the rest of the fragments (n = 37; red lines) at time period 101(vertical line). After this point we ran simulations, to time period 200, separately to demonstrate the impact of either removing the most/closest (A) or least/furthest (B) connected fragments (black). We ran simulations using the IFM with α parameterized from the data (IFM) for C. medius, M. murinus, and E. fulvus and the IFM with α determined from the literature (IFMlit) for M. ravelobensis.