Fig 1.
Flow chart with inclusion criteria from catheter and echocardiography databases, identification of individual patients, and exclusion due to loss of clinical follow-up. Abbreviation: RHC right heart catheterization.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population.
Table 2.
Hemodynamic characteristics of the study population.
Fig 2.
Survival of patients with or without PH as diagnosed by RHC visualized by Kaplan-Meier curves.
Abbreviations: PH pulmonary hypertension, RHC right heart catheterization, mPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure, HR hazard ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval.
Fig 3.
Survival of patients with or without PH as suggested by Doppler echocardiography visualized by Kaplan-Meier curves.
Abbreviations: PH pulmonary hypertension, sPAP systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, HR hazard ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval.
Fig 4.
Outcome differentiated by PAP for subgroup of patients: left ventricular cardiomyopathy (CMP):A,B; valvular heart disease: C,D; ischemic heart disease (IHD): E,F and rare cardiac diseases: G;H. Invasive measurements by RHC (A,C,E,G) are compared to non-invasively assessment by DE (B,D,F,G). Abbreviations: m/sPAP mean/systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, HR hazard ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval, ns not significant.
Fig 5.
Kaplan-Meier curves for survival of patients with PH due to LHD or precapillary PH defined by RHC according to mPAP and PCWP (A) or elevated PVR (≥ 250 dynxsxcm-5 or 3.1 WU, B). Abbreviations: PH pulmonary hypertension, LHD left heart disease, RHC right heart catheterization, PAP pulmonary arterial pressure, mPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure, PVR pulmonary vascular resistance, WU Wood Units, HR hazard ratio, 95%CI 95% confidence interval, ns not significant.
Table 3.
Univariate survival analysis by Cox proportional regression.
Table 4.
Multivariate analysis for independent predictive parameters.
Fig 6.
Incremental predictive information for survival of multimodal clinical settings based on complete-case data (n = 395).
Abbreviations: Clin: clinical assessment (age, sex, NYHA functional class), Clin+Echo: clinical assessment and transthoracic (Doppler) echocardiography (LV-EF, RV dysfunction, sPAP, RAP), Clin+Sero: clinical assessment and cardiac serological parameters (NT-proBNP, cTnT); Clin+Sero+Echo: clinical assessment, cardiac serological parameters and transthoracic echocardiography combined; Clin+Sero+Echo+RHC: Non-invasive diagnostics and RHC (CI, mPAP, RAP) combined; Clin+RHC: clinical assessment and RHC (CI, mPAP, RAP) combined. **p<0.001. NYHA New York Heart Association, LV-EF left ventricular ejection fraction, sPAP systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, RAP right atrial pressure, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide, cTnT cardiac troponin T, CI cardiac index, mPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure, RHC right heart catheterization.