Fig 1.
Drawings of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov.
Holotype in ventral view from Nibea soldado (A), male copulatory organs (MCO) drawings of different Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov. individuals from the fish hosts Otolithes ruber (upper row of five MCOs) and Nibea soldado (6×), partially shown with position of muscular genital atrium/disc (mga), egg and prostatic reservoir (pr) (B) and of the opisthaptor with anchors, bars and seven pairs of hooks (the red arrow defines measuring) (C); scale bars A: 50 μm; B & C: 10 μm.
Fig 2.
Confocal photos of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov.
Confocal microscopy illustrations of male copulatory organ (MCO) of Pseudempleurosoma haywardi sp. nov. with accessory pieces (A-K), from different angles (A-C), at different levels (D-G) and from a second worm (H-K), and of the opisthaptor with its hooks, anchors and bars (dorsal bar concave anterior) (L) as well as from different levels of the dorsal anchor apparatus (outer root extension with chitin containing cap, inner root extension with saucer-type excrescence) (M-P); additional confocal photos are shown in the supporting information S1 Fig, https://figshare.com/s/75cc37ed9297dc11d983.
Table 1.
Key characteristics of the genera within the “Diplectanotrema-group.”
Table 2.
Comparative linear measures for Pseudempleurosoma spp.
Fig 3.
Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the analysis of LSU rDNA.
The generated sequences were aligned with their closest matches in GenBank (23 ingroup and Actinocleidus recurvatus as an outgroup taxa). Phylogenetic analysis based on General Time Reversible Model with complete deletion used as gaps missing data treatment. The robustness was assessed using a bootstrap procedure with 1,000 replications [20–21]. For sequence details, see S1 Calculation (calculation of best scoring model for phylogeny studies) and S2 Fig (alignment of sequences), https://figshare.com/s/75cc37ed9297dc11d983.
Fig 4.
Biogeography of Pseudempleurosoma spp.
All records of the genus are shown together with the reference, based on English, Russian, Vietnamese and German literature. The record from the Coral Sea [24] is doubtful (see Discussion below) and the record from Vietnam [25] is considered as Pseudempleurosoma (see Discussion). Reprinted with permission from Esri Inc. (Environmental System Research Institute) under a CC BY license, original copyright 2017 (see supporting information S1 Permission to use Fig 4), https://figshare.com/s/75cc37ed9297dc11d983.
Table 3.
Pseudempleurosoma spp. fish host species ecology and economic value.
Note that almost all host species are aggregating or schooling, reef-associated or associated to muddy bottoms, and of commercial importance (fish ecology and economy data from [26]).