Fig 1.
Temporal segmentation of calls.
Shown here is the waveform (top trace) and spectrogram (bottom trace) of a call of female Odorrana tormota. The call was segmented into segments containing harmonic (Ha), subharmonics (Sh), deterministic chaos (Ch). This particular call does not show biphonation segments. Downward arrows indicate the times of occurrence of frequency jumps (FJ).
Fig 2.
Time of calling of female O. tormota.
Temporal distribution of calling activities of female Odorrana tormota. Shown are the composite data from six females (solid line; N = 671 calls), as well as the data from one of the females (dashed line; N = 174 calls).
Fig 3.
Calls of female O. tormota show individual variability.
Representative calls of four females Odorrana tormota. Shown are four calls from each female (a through d). The majority of calls of two females (Female #152 in a and Female #155 in c) contain subharmonics, deterministic chaos, and/or frequency jumps (see Fig 1 legend for definitions of these terms). In contrast, most of the calls of the other two females (Female #154 in b and Female #156 in d) show little or no trace of NLP. Calls not exhibiting NLP are marked with *.
Fig 4.
Temporal and intensity characteristics of calls of female O. tormota.
(a) Distribution of the call duration of female Odorrana tormota. Shown is the data from six females (N = 671 calls); note that there are five overflow data points beyond the 600 ms range. (b) Distribution of the call intensity (N = 671 calls). (c) Distribution of the duration of signal break in multi-note calls (N = 63 calls).
Table 1.
Frequency of occurrence of NLP in vocalizations of female O. tormota.
Table 2.
Temporal characteristics of calls of female O. tormota.
Table 3.
Spectral characteristics of calls of female O. tormota.
Table 4.
Variability of temporal and spectral characteristics of calls of female O. tormota.
Table 5.
Results of univariate ANOVA tests that examined between-female variability.
Table 6.
Results of stepwise forward discriminant function analysis (DFA).
Fig 5.
2D signal space plot of calls of female O. tormota.
Shown here is the two-dimensional signal space plot of vocal calls of five individual females as defined by the first two canonical scores.