Fig 1.
Estimation of metabolites to transport to body from colonic lumen using the difference of concentration between GF and Ex-GF mice (Ex-GF/GF ratio).
(A) Metabolites with similar Ex-GF/GF ratios in colonic feces, colonic tissue, portal plasma, and cardiac plasma were considered to be transported from the colonic lumen to cardiac blood. (B) Metabolites with different Ex-GF/GF ratios between colonic feces and colonic tissue are controlled by (i) membrane transport system (C) Metabolites with different Ex-GF/GF ratios between colonic tissue and portal plasma are controlled by (ii) metabolism during transcellular transport. (D) Metabolites with different Ex-GF/GF ratios between portal plasma and portal.
Fig 2.
Differences in the metabolomes of GF and Ex-GF mice.
(A) Number of metabolites that were significantly (p < 0.05) or not significantly different between GF and Ex-GF mice.(B) PCA of metabolome profiles. Fec-Ex, colonic feces of Ex-GF mice; Fec-GF, colonic feces of GF mice; Col-Ex, colon of Ex-GF mice; Col-GF, colon of GF mice; PP-Ex, portal plasma of Ex-GF mice; PP-GF, portal plasma of GF mice; CP-Ex, cardiac plasma of Ex-GF mice; CP-GF, cardiac plasma of GF mice.(C) PCA of metabolome profiles in each specimen.
Table 1.
The ExGF/GF ratio and the influence of 3 gateways on each metabolite detected in the colonic feces, colon, portal plasma, and cardiac plasma.
Table 2.
Metabolites detected in colonic feces but not in colonic tissue.
Fig 3.
Metabolomic snapshots of the known phenomenon of intestinal microbiome-dependent production of pro-atherogenic trimethylamine N-oxide by degradation of carnitine/choline in the intestinal tract.
FMO: flavin-containing monooxygenase.